Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Introduction to the International Trade and Capital Flows tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài t...
1 IDIC – SANS GIAC LevelTwo ©2000, 2001 1 Network Based Intrusion Detection Tutorial 1 Introduction to the basic approaches and issues of Intrusion Detection Hello! Welcome to the first half of our network based intrusion detection tutorial, where we will introduce you to the basic approaches of intrusion detection. In this section, we will discuss a rule- based analysis process by going through the topics listed on your next slide. At the end of the section we will talk about some of the methods currently used to perform intrusion detection. 2 IDIC - SANS GIAC LevelTwo ©2000, 2001 2 • False positives, False negatives • EOI, dictionary signatures, profile changes • Severity = (criticality + lethality) – countermeasures (system + network) • Long term conditions Before We Begin We will begin our discussion by talking about false positives and false negatives, which are ever present factors in the life of an intrusion analyst. We will then discuss the notion of Events of Interest (EOI), and their relevance to the event analysis process. We will also go over techniques for judging the severity of a particular event. Additionally, we will propose a way to handle long term conditions that might result from a prolonged exposure to attacks. 3 IDIC - SANS GIAC LevelTwo ©2000, 2001 3 Sources of Data All data: observable or not Collectable Events of Interest There are very few situations in which we are able to collect all the data. We need to develop techniques that allow us to routinely locate Events of Interest (EOI) in the data we are able to collect, so that we know where to focus our attention. 4 IDIC - SANS GIAC LevelTwo ©2000, 2001 4 False Positives and Negatives False positives False negatives All Data Real EOI False positives are “false alarms.” The detects match only some of the criteria for indicators of possible intrusion. False positives tend to wear down incident handling resources and make us slower to react in the future. False negatives are the actual intrusions and intrusion attempts that we do not detect. These can allow an adversary to establish a significant presence in our information systems before we begin to react. 5 IDIC - SANS GIAC LevelTwo ©2000, 2001 5 What Are Events Of Interest • Since we can’t collect, store, or analyze all possible events, we focus our collection efforts on stuff that might prove useful, EOI. – Dictionary: known attack signatures, known attackers – Short term significant changes in system or user profile The reality of limited computing and personnel resources is such that we cannot collect, store, and analyze all possible events. Therefore, analysts tend to focus their collection efforts on events that might prove useful – Events of Interest (EOI). Unfortunately, focusing helps reduce the false alarms or false positives, but increases the chance of missing an EOI. One of the ways to help ensure that an EOI is not missed is to compare suspicious events against a dictionary of known attacks or attackers. You can’t afford not to test against a dictionary! Another way to widen our field of vision is to monitor for changes in system or user profiles. Consider the following example: You have noticed an increase in the number of probes and intrusion attempts at your site. DNS and mail relay systems are always high profile targets, so you are Introduction to the International Trade and Capital Flows Introduction to the International Trade and Capital Flows By: OpenStaxCollege A World of Money We are all part of the global financial system, which includes many different currencies (Credit: modification of work by epSos.de/Flickr Creative Commons) More than Meets the Eye in the Congo 1/3 Introduction to the International Trade and Capital Flows How much you interact with the global financial system? Do you think not much? Think again Suppose you take out a student loan, or you deposit money into your bank account You just affected domestic savings and borrowing Now say you are at the mall and buy two T-shirts “made in China,” and later contribute to a charity that helps refugees What is the impact? You affected how much money flows into and out of the United States If you open an IRA savings account and put money in an international mutual fund, you are involved in the flow of money overseas While your involvement may not seem as influential as someone like the president, who can increase or decrease foreign aid and, thereby, have a huge impact on money flows in and out of the country, you interact with the global financial system on a daily basis The balance of payments—a term you will meet soon—seems like a huge topic, but once you learn the specific components of trade and money, it all makes sense Along the way, you may have to give up some common misunderstandings about trade and answer some questions: If a country is running a trade deficit, is that bad? Is a trade surplus good? For example, look at the Democratic Republic of Congo (often referred to as “Congo”), a large country in Central Africa In 2012, it ran a trade surplus of $688 million, so it must be doing well, right? In contrast, the trade deficit in the United States was $540 billion in 2012 Do these figures suggest that the economy in the United States is doing worse than the Congolese economy? Not necessarily The U.S trade deficit tends to worsen as the economy strengthens In contrast, high poverty rates in the Congo persist, and these rates are not going down even with the positive trade balance Clearly, it is more complicated than simply asserting that running a trade deficit is bad for the economy You will learn more about these issues and others in this chapter Introduction to International Trade and Capital Flows In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • • • Measuring Trade Balances Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Trade Balances and Flows of Financial Capital The National Saving and Investment Identity The Pros and Cons of Trade Deficits and Surpluses The Difference between Level of Trade and the Trade Balance The balance of trade is any gap between a nation’s dollar value of its exports, or what its producers sell abroad, and a nation’s dollar worth of imports, or the foreignmade products and services that households and businesses purchase Recall from The Macroeconomic Perspective that if exports exceed imports, the economy is said to have a trade surplus If imports exceed exports, the economy is said to have a trade deficit If exports and imports are equal, then trade is balanced But what happens when trade is out of balance and large trade surpluses or deficits exist? 2/3 Introduction to the International Trade and Capital Flows Germany, for example, has had substantial trade surpluses in recent decades, in which exports have greatly exceeded imports According to the Central Intelligence Agency’s The World Factbook, in 2012, Germany ran a trade surplus of $240 billion In contrast, the U.S economy in recent decades has experienced large trade deficits, in which imports have considerably exceeded exports In 2012, for example, U.S imports exceeded exports by $540 billion A series of financial crises triggered by unbalanced trade can lead economies into deep recessions These crises begin with large trade deficits At some point, foreign investors become pessimistic about the economy and move their money to other countries The economy then drops into deep recession, with real GDP often falling up to 10% or more in a single year This happened to Mexico in 1995 when their GDP fell 8.1% A number of countries in East Asia—Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, and Indonesia—came down with the same economic illness in 1997–1998 (called the Asian Financial Crisis) In the late 1990s and into the early 2000s, Russia and Argentina had the identical experience What are the connections between imbalances of trade in goods and services and the flows of international financial capital that set off these economic avalanches? We will start by examining the balance of trade in more detail, by looking at some patterns of trade balances in the United States and around the world Then we will examine the intimate connection between international flows of goods and services and international flows of financial capital, which to economists are really just two sides of the ... A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters . . . a guide to the proper care and feeding of capital letters A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize the first word of every sentence — unless that sentence is in parentheses incorporated within another sentence. Capitalize the personal pronoun I. Glacial till or debris (some geologists call this material “garbage”) is often deposited in formations called morains. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize the names of family relations when they are used as substitutes for names: I went to visit my Uncle Ted and Aunt Margaret. I went with my mom and dad to visit my aunt and uncle. Grandma and Grandpa live with Dad and Mom now. Notice the role of the modifying pronoun here. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters In titles, capitalize the first, last, and all important words. Usually, we don’t capitalize articles, prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions. In the Lake of the Woods War and Peace I Know This Much Is True A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize names of specific persons, places, and geographical locations. Don’t capitalize directions. My brother Charlie, who used to live in the Middle East and write books about the Old West, now lives in Hartford, Connecticut. They moved up north, to the southern shore of Lake Erie. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize names of days of the week, months, and holidays. Don’t capitalize the names of seasons. Valentines Day, which is always on February 14, falls on Tuesday this year. Next fall, before the winter storms begin, we’re heading south. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize the names of historical events. Capitalize the names of religions and religious terms. The Battle of the Bulge was an important event in World War II. God, Christ, Allah, Buddha, Christianity, Christians, Judaism, Jews, Islam, Muslims The Reformation took place in the sixteenth century. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize the names of nations, nationalities, languages, and words based on such words. We usually don’t capitalize “white” and “black.” Somalia, Swedish, English muffin, Irish stew, Japanese maple, Jew’s harp, French horn There are very few blacks in this predominantly white community. A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize the names of academic courses when they’re used as titles. Brand names . . . . He took Carpentry 101, but he did much better in his economics and English literature courses. Ford, Kleenex, Levi’s (not jeans), xerox on a Xerox copier, Advil (but aspirin) A CAPITAL IDEA! The Uses and Rules of Capital Letters Capitalize titles when they precede names. . . . usually not after a name . . . . Dean Arrington introduced President Carter to Secretary Bogglesworth. Joe [...]... example, there are today millions of marriages between citizens of different states The question then arises as to which law should be applicable to such a mixed nationality marriage Is it the law of the husband’s state of origin or that of the wife’s state of origin? Should the marriage and the family arising from it be subjected to the law of the husband or the bride, to the law of the place of celebration... peaceful means However, the Pact of Paris was devoid of any mechanism for enforcement It contained norms, but no machinery to implement them Of course, these two attempts to outlaw war failed The reason was not so much the imperfections and timidity of the legal instruments, it was rather the lack of political will of the great powers, Great Britain and France, who failed to back the League of Nations and... PART I INTRODUCTION TH EPART I : I N TROD U CONFLI CT LAW OF ARM ED CTI ON 1 THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT AS A BRANCH OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW Learning objectives: To understand the concept of public international law (PIL) and its relationship with the law of armed conflict (LOAC) 1 Since time immemorial, humans have divided themselves into innumerable groups, variously known as, amongst others, tribes,... of war and of the law of peace’,9 first published in 1625, shows this indissoluble link, which permeates the body of PIL The LOAC is thus a branch of PIL More precisely, it is that branch which regulates the conduct of warfare, the protection of persons and of goods and the conditions of the states not participating in a war, known as neutrals This branch of the law is set in motion every time the peace... only the object of moral and religious rules; only later did they become the object of legal rules, originally rules of prohibition and criminal sanction, and today rules of family law 5 We have seen that any society has rules, and that among these rules there will be legal rules In the world of today, there are innumerable societies: the family, the football club, the county, the trade union, the Church,... celebration of the marriage or to the law of [...]... FROM THE SEMANTIC WEB TO SEMANTIC WEB SERVICES Once we have understood the core building blocks of the Semantic Web, and after we have experienced the value added by the Semantic Web vision, the next logical question to ask would be what the Semantic Web can do for Web services Currently, this is one of the most active research areas, and it is true that adding semantics to Web services will change the. .. more on the Web The answer to this question intuitively introduces the need for adding semantics to the Web, which leads to the concept of the Semantic Web Given the relationship between metadata and the Semantic Web, a comprehensive introduction to metadata is also included in this chapter Chapter 2: Search Engine in Both Traditional and Semantic Web Environments The goal of this chapter is to further... is the potential value that can be added by the vision of the Semantic Web Chapter 1: From Traditional Web to Semantic Web This chapter presents a careful introduction to the concept of the Semantic Web We start the discussion by summarizing the structure of the current Web and the main activities conducted on it; we then move on to the key question about what is it in the traditional Web that stops... experiencing with the Web, and more importantly, the reasons for these difficulties At this point, we will introduce the concept of the Semantic Web and, hopefully, this concept will be less confusing to you Furthermore, based on this basic understanding of the Semantic Web, we will “add” some semantics to the Web, and reexamine the topic of search engine: How does the added semantics change the way a search... one step further by pointing out one of the most fundamental aspects of the Semantic Web: the connection between two worlds — the semantic world and the Web world — has to be built in order to turn the vision of the Semantic Web into reality More specifically, this connection is built by semantically marking up Web pages This is where the idea of “adding semantics to Web is translated into action Examples... this chapter, you should be able to gain more insights into the benefits offered by the Semantic Web vision PART 2: THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF SEMANTIC WEB TECHNOLOGY After establishing a good understanding of the Semantic Web concept, we use four chapters to present the technical details of the Semantic Web and its core components Chapter 3: The Building Block of the Semantic Web: RDF This chapter presents... discussed first to make you understand the importance of RDFS and how it fits into the vision of the Semantic Web The language features and constructs of RDFS are then presented in great detail As RDFS is mainly used to construct ontology, the concepts of taxonomy and ontology are formally introduced in this chapter To understand what ontology is and to make RDFS language features and constructs easier to follow,... ontologies, and how they are used to make the Web a more interesting and useful information resource Many examples are included in this chapter, such as creating your own FOAF document and publishing it on the Web to get into the “circle of friends.” The goal of discussing FOAF is to let you see a real-world example of the Semantic Web and to give you the MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MASTER THESIS IMPROVING THE POLICIES AND LAWS SYSTEM TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE IN VIETNAM’S COMMERCIAL BANKS Major: International Trade Policy and Law Student: Hoang Thi Thu Phuong Instructor: Associate Professor, Dr Dang Thi Nhan Hanoi - 2016 TABLE OF CONTENT PLIGHT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURE ABBREVITION LIST PREFACE CHAPTER 1: GENERAL THEORY OF POLICY AND LAW IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS 1.1 International trade finance 1.1.1 International trade 1.1.2 International trade finance 1.1.3 The entities involved in international trade finance 1.2 International trade finance of commercial banks 1.2.1 Definition 1.2.2 Main types of international trade finance of commercial banks 10 1.2.3 Role of international trade finance of commercial banks 30 1.3 Applicable laws and policies system on international trade finance in commercial banks 31 1.3.1 Applicable laws system on international trade finance in commercial banks 32 1.3.2 Applicable policies on international trade finance in commercial banks 40 CHAPTER 2: REALITY OF APPLICABLE POLICIES AND LAWS SYSTEM IN TRADE FINANCE OF VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS 43 2.1 International trade finance of the Vietnam commercial banks system 43 2.1.1 Reality of international trade finance at Vietnam Commercial Banks 43 2.1.2 Assessment of international trade finance of Vietnam‟s commercial bank system 49 2.2 Reality of policies and laws system on International Trade Finance of Commercial Banks in Vietnam 52 2.2.1 Reality of Applicable laws system on International Trade Finance of Vietnam Commercial Banks 52 2.2.2 Reality of Applicable policies system in International Trade Finance of Vietnam Commercial Banks 83 CHAPTER 3: ORIENTATION AND SOLUTION TO IMPROVE THE LEGAL SYSTEM AND POLICY IN ORDER TO PROPEL THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE FINANCE ACTIVITY IN VIETNAM’S COMMERCIAL BANKS 90 3.1 The need of improving law and policy in order to propel the international trade finance in Vietnam’s Commercial Banks 90 3.2 Orientation and viewpoint to improve laws and policies system to propel the international trade finance 92 3.2.1 Orientation and viewpoint to improve laws system to propel the international trade finance 92 3.2.2 Orientation and viewpoint to improve regulations system to propel the international trade finance 97 3.2.3 Orientation and viewpoint to improve policies system (interest rate policy and exchange rate policy) to propel the international trade finance 99 3.3 Solutions to improve the law system and policies to promote the International Trade Finance in Vietnam Commercial Banks 101 3.3.1 Solutions to improve the law system to promote the international trade finance in Vietnam commercial banks 101 3.3.2 Solutions to improve the regulations system to promote the international trade finance in Vietnam commercial banks 108 3.3.3 Solutions to improve the policies system (interest rate policy and exchange rate policy) to promote the international trade finance in Vietnam commercial banks 117 3.3.4 Providing specific regulations and guidance for new issues 118 CONCLUSION 120 REFERENCE 122 PLIGHT I plight that this thesis is my own study and there is no information used with unauthorized data from study of other authors All secondary information used in my thesis has clearly sources and be downright noted I respond to accuracy of my own thesis absolutely Due to limited time and knowledge, this thesis certainly faces flaws I therefore look forward to receiving the contributing ideas to complete this research To complete this thesis I would like to sincerely thank Associate Professor, Doctor Dang Thi Nhan, who enthusiastically guided me under the process of ... Balances in Historical and International Context Trade Balances and Flows of Financial Capital The National Saving and Investment Identity The Pros and Cons of Trade Deficits and Surpluses The Difference... more about these issues and others in this chapter Introduction to International Trade and Capital Flows In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • • • Measuring Trade Balances Trade Balances... unbalanced trade can lead economies into deep recessions These crises begin with large trade deficits At some point, foreign investors become pessimistic about the economy and move their money to other