UV-disinfection Reactor Validation by Computational Fluid Dynamics and Relation to Biodosimetry and Actinometry Kenichiro Deguchi 1) , Satoshi Yamaguchi 2) and Hiroshi Ishida 3) *1 UV System Sales Engineering Department, Cyiyodakohan Co.Ltd. 5-2-1 Ginza Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8115, Japan (E-mail: kenichiro.deguchi@chiyodakohan.co.jp) *2 UV System Research Center, Cyiyodakohan Co.Ltd. 6-111-12 Onuma Kasukabe, Saitama 344-0038, Japan (E-mail: satoshi.yamaguchi@chiyodakohan.co.jp) *3 Process Development and engineering Department, Cyiyodakohan Co.Ltd. 5-2-1 Ginza Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8115, Japan (E-mail: hiroshi.ishida@chiyodakohan.co.jp) ABSTRACT In this paper the possibility of UV-reactor validation based on computational fluid dynamics will be discussed and related to biodosimetry and actinometry. Microbial inactivation depends on the UV-C dose that is described as UV intensity multiplied by exposure time. As a microbe enters a chamber containing UV lamps, it will receive varying irradiance levels from lamps depending on its distance from the lamp and the exposure time will depend on the specific path of the microbe through the reactor. It is necessary for UV-C dose calculation to determine the exposure time of a particular particle (microbe) and the UV intensity as function of position in the irradiation chamber based on the assumed UV-C power emission of the lamp. We can determine UV-C dose of a particular particle as function of position using the powerful software (3D Intensity calculation) supported by computational fluid dynamics. In order to calibrate CFD model, biodosimetric tests with the Bacillus subtillis spore were carried out in the four different reactors, each reactor equipped with 3, 4, 6 and 8 lumps respectively. It was founded that CFD model for UV reactor validation was in excellent agreement with the biodosimetric results. The actinometric tests with free chlorine were also undertaken to verify its possibility as alternative to the biodosimetry and the obtained results showed that the actinometry with free chlorine was a useful tool for determination of the average UV intensity in UV reactor. KEYWARDS UV Inactivation Kinetics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, UV Dose, Point Source Summation, Bacillus subtillis spore. INTRODUCTION UV inactivation of bacteria, in the ideal case of uniform UV intensity and piston flow, can be approximated by the first order expression. N/N 0 = exp(-kφ) (1) Where: N=bacterial density after exposure to UV; N 0 =the initial bacterial density; k=inactivation rate constant(m 2 /J); φ=UV Dose(J/m 2 ). UV Dose is described as UV intensity multiplied by exposure time. UV Dose (J/m 2 ) = Intensity(W/m 2 )×Exposure Time(sec) (2) The rate constant, k, is the slope of the relationship on ln(N/N 0 ) as a function of the dose. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.3, No.1, 2005 - 77 - In Equation 2, the use of a single exposure time presumes the ideal case of piston flow in the reactor, with no axial dispersion. However, under actual conditions, ideal piston flow does not exist. Axial dispersion, lack of radial turbulence and UV intensity gradient will cause a distribution of UV doses. The kinetics of inactivation in the actual reactor can be developed from Equation 1 as: Ne/N 0 =∫exp(-kφ)・E(φ)dφ (3) Where: Ne =Average bacterial density after exposure to UV; E(φ)=UV Dose distribution function. In order to determine UV Dose distribution function, it is necessary to know the path of the particle (microbes) in the reactor and the UV intensity in the reactor as a function of position. The particle trajectory Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Many fluids are flowing in this scene Water from the hose and smoke from the fire are visible flows Less visible are the flow of air and the flow of fluids on the ground and within the people fighting the fire Explore all types of flow, such as visible, implied, turbulent, laminar, and so on, present in this scene Make a list and discuss the relative energies involved in the various flows, including the level of confidence in your estimates (credit: Andrew Magill, Flickr) 1/2 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications We have dealt with many situations in which fluids are static But by their very definition, fluids flow Examples come easily—a column of smoke rises from a camp fire, water streams from a fire hose, blood courses through your veins Why does rising smoke curl and twist? How does a nozzle increase the speed of water emerging from a hose? How does the body regulate blood flow? The physics of fluids in motion—fluid dynamics—allows us to answer these and many other questions 2/2 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY, SECOND EDITION This text provides an introduction to structural dynamics and aeroelasticity, with an em- phasis on conventional aircraft. The primary areas considered are structural dynamics, static aeroelasticity, and dynamic aeroelasticity. The structural dynamics material em- phasizes vibration, the modal representation, and dynamic response. Aeroelastic phe- nomena discussed include divergence, aileron reversal, airload redistribution, unsteady aerodynamics, flutter, and elastic tailoring. More than one hundred illustrations and ta- bles help clarify the text, and more than fifty problems enhance student learning. This text meets the need for an up-to-date treatment of structural dynamics and aeroelasticity for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate aerospace engineering students. Praise from the First Edition “Wonderfully written and full of vital information by two unequalled experts on the subject, this text meets the need for an up-to-date treatment of structural dynamics and aeroelasticity for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate aerospace engineering students.” – Current Engineering Practice “Hodges and Pierce have written this significant publication to fill an important gap in aeronautical engineering education. Highly recommended.” – Choice “ a welcome addition to the textbooks available to those with interest in aeroelas- ticity Asatextbook, it serves as an excellent resource for advanced undergraduate and entry-level graduate courses in aeroelasticity. Furthermore,practicingengineers interested in a background in aeroelasticity will find the text to be a friendly primer.” – AIAA Bulletin Dewey H. Hodges is a Professor in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the author of more than 170 refereed journal papers and three books, Nonlinear Composite Beam Theory (2006), Fundamentals of Struc- tural Stability (2005, with G. J. Simitses), and Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, First Edition (2002, with G. Alvin Pierce). His research spans the fields of aeroelasticity, dynamics, computational structural mechanics and structural dynamics, perturbation methods, computational optimal control, and numerical analysis. The late G. Alvin Pierce was Professor Emeritus in the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is the coauthor of Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, First Edition with Dewey H. Hodges (2002). Cambridge Aerospace Series Editors: Wei Shyy and Michael J. Rycroft 1. J. M. Rolfe and K. J. Staples (eds.): Flight Simulation 2. P. Berlin: The Geostationary Applications Satellite 3. M. J. T. Smith: Aircraft Noise 4. N. X. Vinh: Flight Mechanics of High-Performance Aircraft 5. W. A. Mair and D. L. Birdsall: Aircraft Performance 6. M. J. Abzug and E. E. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and Control 7. M. J. Sidi: Spacecraft Dynamics and Control 8. J. D. Anderson: A History of Aerodynamics 9. A. M. Cruise, J. A. Bowles, C. V. Goodall, and T. J. Patrick: Principles of Space Instrument Design 10. G. A. Khoury and J. D. Gillett (eds.): Airship Technology 11. J. P. Fielding: Introduction to Aircraft Design 12. J. G. Leishman: Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics , 2nd Edition 13. J. Katz and A. Plotkin: Low-Speed Aerodynamics, 2nd Edition 14. M. J. Abzug and E. E. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that made Aviation Possible, 2nd Edition 15. D. H. 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Energiu, which could be used to launch complete space station modules into low-earth orbit The Euro- 22 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications pean Space Agency continues to upgrade the Ariane booster and provide commercial launch services to customers worldwide The Russians continue their exploitation of space through continued use and expansion of the Mir space station, which includes... alone in orbit Gemini Gemini flights were designed to evaluate the ability of performing the tasks in space required for a manned lunar landing Three methods 6 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications Figure 1-3 Photograph of the two-man Gemini 7 spacecraft taken from the Gemini 6 spacecraft during rendezvous maneuvers in December 1965 (Photograph courtesy of NASA.) of conducting the moon... launched NASA focused on the development of the reusable space transportation system (STS) commonly referred to as the Space Shuttle The Figure 1-5 Three crews visited Sky/ab between May 1973 and February 1974 (Photograph courtesy of NASA.) 10 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications n Figure 1-6 Apollo/Soyuz: The United States and Soviet spacecraft remained docked for two days while the... positioned in a special orbit 16 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications between the sun and the earth Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft, sent to visit the planets, also sampled the interplanetary environment These satellites are now on their way out of our solar system, but scientists continue to monitor their signals in hopes of gaining information on interstellar space The sun has the greatest... highresolution photographs right up until impact Lunar Orbiters photographed the moon from orbit to locate possible landing sites, and Surveyor craft soft-landed on the moon and sent back photos and conducted lunar soil sampling experiments Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to fly by another planet, passing within 21,000 miles of Venus in December 1962 Subsequent Mariner and Pioneer spacecraft were sent toward... Magellan spacecraft used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map more than 98 percent of the surface of the cloud-enshrouded planet Venus from September 1990 to September 1992 Galileo, deployed in October 1989 from the Space Shuttle, used ~- - _ - ~ - Figure 1-12 The Pioneer spacecraft made the first “up close” observations of many of the planets 18 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications. .. lunar landings, public and governmental support for the space program diminished With the escalation of the Vietnam War, people began to question the relative worth of the 25 billion dollars spent for the program Three planned lunar landings (Apollo 18, 19, and 20) were canceled as a result of a review of the nation’s space program by a Space 8 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications. .. allow us to discover and monitor natural resources and evaluate demographic effects such as urban expansion and pollution Similar type sensors, positioned outside the blanket of the earth’s atmosphere and 1 2 Introduction to Space Sciences and Spacecraft Applications on AN INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND I TS A PPLICATIONS Fifth Edition Richard J Larsen Vanderbilt University Morris L Marx University of West Florida Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River London Madrid Toronto Delhi Amsterdam Milan Cape Town Munich Mexico City Paris São Paulo Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Dubai Montréal Sydney Editor in Chief: Deirdre Lynch Acquisitions Editor: Christopher Cummings Associate Editor: Christina Lepre Assistant Editor: Dana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Karen Wernholm Associate Managing Editor: Tamela Ambush Senior Production Project Manager: Peggy McMahon Senior Design Supervisor: Andrea Nix Cover Design: Beth Paquin Interior Design: Tamara Newnam Marketing Manager: Alex Gay Marketing Assistant: Kathleen DeChavez Senior Author Support/Technology Specialist: Joe Vetere Manufacturing Manager: Evelyn Beaton Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Carol Melville Production Coordination, Technical Illustrations, and Composition: Integra Software Services, Inc Cover Photo: © Jason Reed/Getty Images Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larsen, Richard J An introduction to mathematical statistics and its applications / Richard J Larsen, Morris L Marx.—5th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-321-69394-5 Mathematical statistics—Textbooks I Marx, Morris L II Title QA276.L314 2012 519.5—dc22 2010001387 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2001, 1986, and 1981 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447, or e-mail at http://www.pearsoned.com/legal/permissions.htm 10—EB—14 13 12 11 10 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-69394-5 ISBN-10: 0-321-69394-9 Table of Contents Preface viii Introduction 1.1 An Overview 1.2 Some Examples 1.3 A Brief History 1.4 A Chapter Summary 14 Probability 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Sample Spaces and the Algebra of Sets 18 2.3 The Probability Function 27 2.4 Conditional Probability 32 2.5 Independence 53 2.6 Combinatorics 67 2.7 Combinatorial Probability 90 2.8 Taking a Second Look at Statistics (Monte Carlo Techniques) 99 Random Variables 102 3.1 Introduction 102 3.2 Binomial and Hypergeometric Probabilities 103 3.3 Discrete Random Variables 118 3.4 Continuous Random Variables 129 3.5 Expected Values 139 3.6 The Variance 155 3.7 Joint Densities 162 3.8 Transforming and Combining Random Variables 176 3.9 Further Properties of the Mean and Variance 183 3.10 Order Statistics 193 3.11 Conditional Densities 200 3.12 Moment-Generating Functions 207 3.13 Taking a Second Look at Statistics (Interpreting Means) 216 Appendix 3.A.1 Minitab Applications 218 iii iv Table of Contents Special Distributions 221 4.1 Introduction 221 4.2 The Poisson Distribution 222 4.3 The Normal Distribution 239 4.4 The Geometric Distribution 260 4.5 The Negative Binomial Distribution 262 4.6 The Gamma Distribution 270 4.7 Taking a Second Look at Statistics (Monte Introduction to General, Organic & Biological Chemistry, 12e (Timberlake) Chapter Chemistry and Measurement 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The amount of space occupied by a substance is its A) mass B) density C) weight D) length E) volume Answer: E Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry 2) Which of the following is the basic unit of volume in the metric system? A) liter B) kilogram C) meter D) centimeter E) gram Answer: A Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry 3) Which of the following is a measurement of mass in the metric system? A) milliliter B) centimeter C) kilogram D) Celsius E) meter Answer: C Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 4) A value of 25 °C is a measurement of A) length B) volume C) temperature D) mass E) density Answer: C Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry 5) A value of 36 mL is a measure of A) density B) mass C) temperature D) volume E) length Answer: D Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry 6) A value of 345 mm is a measure of A) density B) mass C) temperature D) volume E) length Answer: E Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry 7) The measurement of the gravitational pull on an object is its A) volume B) weight C) mass D) length E) size Answer: B Page Ref: 2.1 Learning Obj.: 2.1 Global Outcomes: G7 Demonstrate the ability to make connections between concepts across chemistry Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 8) Which of the following measurements has three significant figures? A) 0.005 m B) 510 m C) 0.510 m D) 0.051 m E) 5100 m Answer: C Page Ref: 2.2 Learning Obj.: 2.2 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry 9) Which of the following numbers contains the designated correct number of significant figures? A) 0.04300 significant figures B) 0.00302 significant figures C) 156 000 significant figures D) 1.04 significant figures E) 3.0650 significant figures Answer: C Page Ref: 2.2 Learning Obj.: 2.2 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry 10) The number of significant figures in the measurement of 45.030 mm is A) none B) three C) four D) five E) six Answer: D Page Ref: 2.2 Learning Obj.: 2.2 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry 11) How many significant figures are in the number 0.00208? A) six B) two C) three D) four E) five Answer: C Page Ref: 2.2 Learning Obj.: 2.2 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc 12) Which of the following examples illustrates a number that is correctly rounded to three significant figures? A) 4.05438 g to 4.054 g B) 0.03954 g to 0.040 g C) 103.692 g to 103.7 g D) 109 526 g to 109 500 g E) 20.0332 g to 20.0 g Answer: E Page Ref: 2.3 Learning Obj.: 2.3 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry 13) A calculator answer of 423.6059 must be rounded off to three significant figures What answer is reported? A) 423 B) 424 C) 1.7420 D) 423.6 E) 423.7 Answer: B Page Ref: 2.3 Learning Obj.: 2.3 Global Outcomes: G4 Demonstrate the quantitative skills needed to succeed in chemistry 14) Which of the answers for the following conversions contains the correct number of significant figures? A) 2.543 m × B) L × = 100.1942 in = 2.12 qt C) 24.95 × D) 12.0 ft × E) 24.0 kg × = 0.4158 hr × = 370 cm = 11 lb .. .Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications We have dealt with many situations in which fluids are static But by their very definition, fluids flow... smoke curl and twist? How does a nozzle increase the speed of water emerging from a hose? How does the body regulate blood flow? The physics of fluids in motion fluid dynamics allows us to answer... body regulate blood flow? The physics of fluids in motion fluid dynamics allows us to answer these and many other questions 2/2