The structure of the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide of a prototypal diarrheagenic strain of Hafnia alvei that has characteristics of a new species under the genus Escherichia Reine Eserstam 1 , Thushari P. Rajaguru 1,2 , Per-Erik Jansson 1 , Andrej Weintraub 3 and M. John Albert 4 1 Clinical Research Center, Analytical unit, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; 3 Karolinska Institute, Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden; 4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait The structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysac- charide from a diarrheal strain isolated in Bangladesh was studied with sugar, and methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and partial acid hydrolysis. The strain was first designated as Hafnia alvei, but later found to be a possible new species in the genus Escherichia. Two different polysaccharides were detected, a major and a minor one. The structure of the major polysaccharide is gi- ven below, while the structure of the minor one was not investigated. The structure of the repeating unit was estab- lished as →6)-β- D -Galf-(1→3)-β- D -GalpNAc-(1→3)-β- D -Galp-(1→ α-NeuAc ↑ 6 2 The structure does not resemble any of the previously investigated lipopolysaccharide O-chains from Escherichia coli or H. alvei, but could fit in either group based on types of sugar residues and acidity. Phenotypic microbiological studies cannot definitely assign it to either species of the two genera. Genetic hybridization studies indicate that the Bangladeshi isolates may require a new species designation under the genus Escherichia. Keywords: lipopolysaccharide; Escherichia; Hafnia alvei; diarrhea; neuraminic acid. Hafnia alvei is a Gram negative bacterium and a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. There are reports of associ- ation of H. alvei with diarrhoea in Canada [1] and Finland [2], but the mechanism of diarrhoea caused by this organism in these locations remains unknown [3]. However, some isolates of a bacterium typed as H. alvei from patients with diarrhoea in Bangladesh produced diarrhoea in rabbits by attaching and effacing (AE) lesions in the intestinal mucosa that are characteristic of the lesions produced by entero- pathogenic Escherichia coli [4]. Like enteropathogenic E. coli,theseH. alvei isolates possess a homologous patho- genicity island in the chromosome locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE), which is responsible for producing attaching and effacing lesions [5]. LEE encodes a type III secretory system [6]. Secretion of the virulence factors leads to effacement of the microvillus structure and reorganiza- tion of the actin cytoskeleton to form a pedestal-like structure, the attaching and effacing lesion [7]. AE lesion formation is critical in mediating diarrhoea production in the host, but its exact role in disease is not known. Recent results from conventional biochemical analyses, testing of susceptibility to cephalothin, lysis by a Hafnia-specific phage, and amplification of the outer membrane protein gene phoE with species-specific primers support the identi- fication of these isolates as VNƯ Journal of Science, N atural Sciences an d Technology 23 (2007) 86-90 Two new species of the genus Arisaema Mart (Araceae) described for Flora of Vietnam Nguyen Van Du * I n s titu te o fE c o lo g y a n d B iological R esources, V ietnam ese A c a d e m y o f Science and T echnology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam R eceived 10 A u g u st 2006 A b stract Arisaema omkoiense G u s m a n a n d A ramulosum Andervv h av e been described as nevv reco rd for Flora o f V ietn am A m o n g them , Arisaema omkoiense w a s fo u n d in C hieng M (T hailand) recently by G u sm a n , novv re c o rd c d in C en tre V ietnam (Q u an g T ri a n d K o n tu m prov.) T he o th er One, A ramulosum A ndervv an en d e m ic of In d o n e sia for longtim e, has been fo u n d in N o rth e rn V ietn am (C ao B ang a n d Bac C an prov.) In tro d u ctio n The genus Arisaema c M art (Araceae Juss.) includes ab o u t 170 species [1] They are distributed m ainly in A sia an d few species there are in E ast-N orthern A írica and N orthern A m erica [2] Beíore, this gen u s w as recorded w ith species belonging to sections in V ietnam [3-6] R ecent stu d ies [7-9] ve recorded 16 species of this gen u s know n in Vietnam AU of them belong to sections (following M u rata's concept [5]) o r sections (following GusmarTs concept [10]) Base on the M urata's system [5], am ong V ietnam ese species, 12 species belong to the section ỉimbriata, species b elong to th e section Decipientia, species belong to the section Franchetiana and species belong to the section Sinarisaema In this paper, the au th o r describes tw o species A omkoiense G u sm an and A * Tel.: 84-4-8360169 E-mail: Vandu@iebr.vast.ac.vn ramulosum Aldrervv found V ietnam recently Both of them belong to the section Fim briata (follow ing M u rata' concept) The first time, both species are described from m aterials collected in Vietnam The first species, A omkoiense G usm an, w as described by G usm an from the type specim ens collected from C hiengm (Doi Inthanon) of Thailand [1] Follow ing G usm an, this species are distributeđ vvidely from South-W est of China to Thailand and Vietnam Base on the com parison betw een the m aterials collected in H uong H oa (Q uang Tri prov.) and in Ngoe Linh m ountain (K ontum prov.) and the original description, type specim en as well as discussion directly behveen the author and Prof G usm an in his house in Bruxsell, the species A omkoiense has been recorded for Flora of Vietnam In the expeditions in Thang H en (Cao Bang prov.) and Babe lake (Bac Can prov.) that vvere carried o u t the author and Mary Sizem ore (Plorida, USA) and John Tan Hoew (Singapore), a species of Arisaema genus was N g u y en Van Du / VblU Ịournaỉ o f Science, Natural Sciences and Technology 23 (2007) 86-90 coilected T hrough m orphological analyses, vve recognized that the characters of this species com pletely fit to the species A ramulosum Aldrervv This investigation surprised us because A ramulosum vvas an endem ic species of Indonesia for long time but now it has been íound in N orthern Vietnam vvhere is separated from Indonesia not only by distance b u t also by sea Hovvever the identiíication vvas coníirm ed w hen type specim ens of A ramulosum checked by the auth o r in Borgo herbarium (BO) in N ovem ber, 2005 and m any discussions betvveen the au th o r and superspecialist of this genus in vvorld D escrip tio n of new species A risaem a o m k o ien se G usm an 2001 Syst Geogr Pl 71: 3; id 2003 Arisaema Mon Bot Mat Lov 83 R hizom atous herbaceous plant, c 60 cm tall Rhizom e short, 1.5-3 cm long, c cm in diam C ataphylls em brace petiole and p ed u n cle separately, around petiole, around peduncle, inside One longer than outside, c 13 cm long Leaf 1-2; petiole 56 cm long; leaf blade triíoliate; leaf lobes vvith stipitates, 1.5 n long at lateral lobes and cm long at Central lobe, ovate to nearly elliptic shape, 22-24 cm long, 14-15 cm w ide, base rounded at lateral lobes and obtuse at Central Iobes, apex acum inate; lateral veins 910 pairs, conspicuous, collective vein d istant 3-7 m m from m argin Peduncle 13.5-20 cm long, m ore stouter than at íem ale inílorescence; spathe 7-9 cm long, pale green, white at base; tube portion hm nel shape, 4-5 cm long, c cm vvide at m outh, m outh m argin lightly recurved; spathe lam ina shorter than tube portion, triangular form, 3- 87 cm long, acum inate 2-4 m m long; male spadix 4.5 cm long, íertile portion cylindrical, 1.7 cm long, fIow ers in loose arrangem ent, appendix lightly conical, from base to apex covered densely by slender filiform steriles; m ale flow ers consisted by 2-3 stam ens, stam ens w ith a sh o rt stipitate, 0.5 m m long, anthers subglobose, dehiscent by pore at apex, íilam ent depressed, base attenuate, u p p e r n arro w triangular, apex elongated into an acum ination; bisexual spadix cm long; íem ale p o rtio n cylindrical to lightly conical, 1.8 cm long, ovaries loose in arrangem ent, ...Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Khoa: Ngôn ngữ học ĐỀ CƯƠNG MÔN HỌC: Tên môn học: Những vấn đề cơ bản về Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (Some basic issues of Vietnamese Grammar) 1. Thông tin về giảng viên - Họ và tên: Đinh Văn Đức - Chức danh, học hàm, học vị: Giáo sư Tiến sỹ - Thời gian, địa điểm làm việc: Làm việc từ thứ Hai đến thứ Sáu (8h đến 11h và 14h đến 16h30) Tại khoa Ngôn ngữ học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội - Địa chỉ liên hệ: Khoa Ngôn ngữ học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn Tầng 3, nhà A, 336 Nguyễn Trãi, Hà Nội. - Điện thoại: 84-4- 5588603 - Email: dinhvanduc2002@yahoo.com - Các hướng nghiên cứu chính: Lý thuyết: Lý luận ngôn ngữ Việt ngữ học đồng đại và lịch sử Ứng dụng: Ngôn ngữ học ứng dụng 2. Thông tin chung về môn học - Tên môn học: Những vấn đề cơ bản về ngữ pháp tiếng Việt - Mã môn học: LIN 6031 - Số tín chỉ: 02 - Môn học: + Bắt buộc: + Tự chọn:  - Yêu cầu đối với môn học: Không - Địa chỉ khoa / bộ môn phụ trách môn học: Bộ môn Ngôn ngữ học đại cương và ứng dụng, Khoa Ngôn ngữ học. Tầng 3, nhà A, 336 Nguyễn Trãi, Hà Nội. 3. Mục tiêu của môn học - Mục tiêu kiến thức: Cung cấp những kiến thức về các vấn đề chính trong ngữ pháp học tiếng Việt; sử dụng trong nghiên cứu và giảng dạy tiếng Việt cho người học thuộc các ngôn ngữ khác . - Mục tiêu kĩ năng: Có kỹ năng sử dụng các thao tác của phương pháp để xử lý các hiện tượng thuộc bình diện ngữ pháp của các ngôn ngữ; nắm bắt được kỹ năng sử dụng các thao tác của phương pháp để xử lý các hiện tượng thuộc địa hạt này. 4.Tóm tắt nội dung môn học: Cung cấp cho nghiên cứu sinh và học viên cao học những kiến thức cơ bản về ngữ pháp tiếng việt, các phương pháp phân tích ngữ pháp trong Việt ngữ học. Theo đó, học viên nắm bắt được nhiệm vụ, những nguyên tắc, thao tác làm việc và ứng dụng nghiên cứu trong những lĩnh vực khác nhau của ngữ pháp học tiếng việt từ cổ điển đến hiện đại. Nhiệm vụ của môn học là: Giới thiệu các bình diện ngữ pháp chính trong lý luận truyền thống và hiện đại ( Việt ngữ học). Để thực hiện được điều đó, những nguyên tắc phân tích và kỹ năng được coi là những tiêu chí thể hiện sự lý luận cơ bản. Dựa trên nguyên tắc ấy, người nghiên cứu sẽ tuân thủ những thao tác phân tích và mô hình hoá để giải thích những hiện tượng của ngôn ngữ Việt như một ngoại ngữ. 5. Nội dung môn học, hình thức tổ chức dạy và học Hình thức tổ chức dạy và học Lên lớp: 20 Nội dung Lí thuyết 15 Bài tập 2 Thảo luận 3 Thực hành, điền dã 0 Tự học, tự nghiên cứu 10 Tổng 30 Chương 1. Giới thiệu sơ lược về lịch sử ngữ pháp học tiếng Việt. 1.1. Sự ra đời và phát triển của các công trình nghiên cứu ngữ pháp TV. 1.2 Quan niệm phân tích ngữ pháp truyền thống và hiện đại. 3 0 1 0 2 6 Chương 2. Phân tích Từ pháp TV 2.1. Phân tích cấu trúc từ 2.2. Phân tích từ loại 2.3. Phân tích Phạm trù Ngữ pháp. 3 0 0 0 2 5 Chương 3. Ngữ pháp ngữ đoạn 3.1. Các thao tác phân tích đoản ngữ 3.2. Các thao tác phân tích Mệnh đề 3 0 1 0 2 6 Chương 4. Phân tích cú pháp Câu 4.1. Cơ sở lý luận 4.2. Các thao tác và mô 3 1 0 0 2 6 hình phân tích cơ bản. 4.3. Những ưu điểm và nhược điểm khi áp dụng vào tiếng Việt. Chương 5. Phương pháp phân tích câu TV theo ngữ pháp chức năng luận. 5.1. Cơ sở lý luận. 5.2. Các mô hình phân tích VNU.JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, ECONOMICS-LAW, Nq2E, 2006 SO M E FUNDAM ENTAL ISSU ES OF NON-CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW ON THE SAFEGUARDING OF NATIONAL SEC URITY Le V an C am 1’1 I In tro d u ctio n Politburo’s Resolution 08/NQ-TW; (2) the judicial system in general and criminal justice in particular not function in an independent, scientific, ju st and lawabiding m anner so as to effectively carry out judicial procedure in general and criminal procedure in particular; and (3) there rem ains a shortage of legal documents in general and criminal-lawrelated documents in particular which have BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ------------------------------- ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010 HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT ----------------------------------- GRADUATION PAPER HOW TO USE SOME TYPICAL TYPES OF PUNCTUATION PROPERLY IN WRITTEN ENGLISH AND COMMON MISTAKE MADE BY VIETNAMESE LEARNERS By: Trịnh Thị Lưu Quỳnh Class: Na1001 Supervisor: Phạm Thị Thu Hằng, M.A HAI PHONG - 2010 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG -------------------------------------- Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: . Lớp: .Ngành: Tên đề tài: . . Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp. TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐHQGHN, NGOAI NGỮ T.XXI, số 2005 CO M M O N P R O N U N C IA T IO N P R O B L E M S O F V IE T N A M E S E L E A R N E R S O F E N G L IS H H a C am T a m 1*1 P ro b lem sta tem en t important in improving the communicative competence of learners Since English is one of the core subjects a t school, more and more schools are teaching English to their pupils and English centres can be found popular in any cities in Vietnam, especially big cities However, many foreigners have commented “many Vietnamese speakers can speak English, but only a few have intelligible English pronunciation so that they can be understood easily in direct communication with foreigners.” Since the late 1980s, the course of teaching and learning English in Vietnam has gone through many changes, especially when the communicative approach became a buzzword among people in the fields of language education As a result, the English curriculum has been geared more toward communication Most people hoped that with communicative teaching oriented syllabus stud en ts would be much improved in oral communication But it turns out that this is not true, since we have noticed learners with serious pronunciation errors which results in their communication breakdown Hinofitis and Baily (1980, pp 124125) reported that up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, rather than vocabulary or grammar Theừ arguments make pronunciation more According to Davenport and Hannahs (1998) hum ans have a variety of ways of producing sounds, not all of which are relevant to language (example: coughing, burping, etc.) Sound is significant because it is used as part of a code of a particular language So we can talk about the distinctive sounds of English, French, Vietnamese and other languages In this sense, we can talk about pronunciation as the production and reception of sounds of speech In addition, sound is significant because it is used to achieve meaning in contexts of use Here, the code combines with other factors to make communication possible In this sense, we can talk about pronunciation with reference to acts of speaking Since, learning a language means learning a new way of using the speech CAS E REP O R T Open Access Development of Buffalo Hump in the course of antiretroviral therapy including raltegravir and unboosted atazanavir: a case report and review of the literature Giancarlo Ceccarelli 1* , Gabriella d’Ettorre 1 , Francesco Marchetti 2 , Cecilia Rizza 1 , Claudio M Mastroianni 1 , Bruno Carlesimo 2 , Vincenzo Vullo 1 Abstract Introduction: The availability of raltegravir plus atazanavir provides an alternative antiretroviral strategy that may be equally efficacious and less toxic than those currently recommended in HIV treatment guidelines. In fact, this new combination antiretroviral therapy attracts the attention of the scientific community because both drugs have a good safety profile coupled with potent antiviral activity, and their combined use would avert nucleoside- and ritonavir-related toxicities. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 47-year-old, Caucasian woman treated for HIV-1 infection who developed Buffalo Hump during antiretroviral therapy, including raltegravir and unboosted atazanavir. Clinical evaluation and an ultrasonography scan of the cervical region showed a new progressive increase of lipohypertrophy and the results of DEXA confirmed these data. In our patient the worsening of the Buffalo Hump cannot be attributed to hypercortisolism; insulin-resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hyperlactatemia and metabolic syndrome were not present. Moreover, she was not in therapy with antiretroviral drugs that are described as the cause of Buffalo Hump; on the other hand she developed this side effect three months after the switch of the antiretroviral therapy to raltegravir plus unboosted ataza navir. Conclusion: Current data indicate that the etiology of HIV-associated Buffalo Hump remains elusive but is likely multifactorial; a possible contributing cause, but not the main cause, could be exposure to antiretroviral drugs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on development of Buffalo Hump in the course of antiretroviral therapy, including the use of these drugs. On the basis of our data we can formulate the hypothesis of a pharmacological pathogenesis that underlies the development of this case of Buffalo Hump in the absence of other risk factors. Introduction Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment guidelines currently recommend ARV regimens containing a Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) based back- bone with a Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhi- bitor (NNRTI) or ritonavir boosted Protease Inhibitor (PI/r). However, significant toxicity has been associated with N(t)RTI(s) and PI/r containing regimens. Recent data presented by Gupta et al. show that the comb ina- tion of raltegravir (RAL) plus unboosted atazanavir (ATV) may be an alternative effective ARV regimen demonstrating good virologic and immunologic response. Furthermore, the combination is well tolerated and has a low incidence of adverse effects [1]. Moreover, side effects reported by Zhu et al. during a study in healthy subjects were generally “mild-to moderate” in intensity.Commonsideeffectsseenwhenbothdrugs were taken were jaundice and headache [2]. Ripamonti et al. evidenced that after five to seven months of ther- apy based on RAL p lus ATV no patients discontinued * Correspondence: giancarlo.ceccarelli@uniroma1.it 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, “Sapienza ” University, Rome, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Ceccarelli et al. Journal of Medical Case Reports 2011, 5:70 http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/5/1/70 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CASE REPORTS © 2011 Ceccarelli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Acce ss article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestrict ed use, distribution, and reproduction in any me dium, provided the original work is properly cited. treatment due to drugs used in therapy,     BY: NGUYEN THANH VAN Volume 1: The Study IN SEARCH OF SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY FOR UNDER-GRADUATE STUDENTS AT THE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (COT) - VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI NGHIÊN CU  XUT CÁC GII PHÁP NÂNG CAO NNG LC TING ANH CHO SINH VIÊN I HC TI TRNG I HC CÔNG NGH - I HC QUC GIA HÀ NI       HANOI, 2006     BY: NGUYN THANH VÂN Volume 1. The Study IN SEARCH OF SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY FOR UNDER-GRADUATE STUDENTS AT THE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (COT) - VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI NGHIÊN CU  XUT CÁC GII PHÁP NÂNG CAO NNG LC TING ANH CHO SINH VIÊN I HC TI TRNG I HC CÔNG NGH - I HC QUC GIA HÀ NI     Field: English Methodology Code: 60.14.10 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hoàng Vn Vân HANOI, 2006       ABSTRACT The study examines how English was taught and learned at a college under Vietnam National University, Hanoi. In this study, observation, informal talk, and survey were used to collect data. Answers to the following research questions were searched: (1) What problems do teachers and students at the College of Technology experience in teaching and learning English? and (2) what are the possible solutions to the problems found at the College of Technology? The findings of the study were discussed; some solutions were proposed to the problems; and a 50-period pilot course was offered to test the feasibility of the proposed solutions.       ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is the combination of the talents and contribution of all the members of the research groups in Pre-doctoral Training Center, School of Post-graduate Studies, VNU. I am indebted to them for their indispensable roles in the study. My sincere thanks now go to Assoc. Prof. Doctor Hoang Van Van, my supervisor, for his whole-hearted guidance from the beginning through every step of the way down to the very last minutes of the thesis. Then I would like to thank the administrators, English teachers and students at the College of Technology for participating in the field study part of the thesis, and for making it easy for us to get access to the college's classrooms, facilities and equipment to conduct our investigation. I also wish to express my thanks to the VNU's Project undertaken by Pre- doctoral Training Center, School of Post-graduate studies, VNU for their financial support to this study, without which the field part of the study would not have been possible. I will never forget the soft manners of Doctor Duong Thi Nu when I troubled her with my ignorance at the forming Developing solutions to implement the 20112015 differentiation focus strategy AROMA professional English Ngô Thị Thùy Linh Khoa Quản trị Kinh doanh Luận văn Thạc sĩ ngành: Kinh doanh quản lý; Mã số: 60 34 05 Người hướng dẫn: TS Vũ Anh Dũng Năm bảo vệ: 2011 Keywords: Đào tạo; Tiếng Anh; Quản lý nhân Content TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TÓM TẮT iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x INTRODUCTION 1 Research background Research objectives Research questions Research focus Data collection methodology Structure of the research report111 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Business strategy 1.2 Environmental analysis 10 1.2.1 External ... 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