ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am greatly indebted to my teachers, colleagues, friends, and family for their support and help in the preparation and completion of this paper.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof., Dr. Trần Hữu Mạnh for his expert advice, critical and constructive comments, invaluable suggestions and enthusiastic guidance without which the thesis would not have been successfully completed. I also wish to thank all my lecturers at Postgraduate Department, College of Foreign Languages, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for their concern, lessons and support.My special thanks go to my colleagues and friends for their helpful comments and useful materials.I would like to express my gratefulness to my parents, my husband and my son whose encouragement, expectation, and assistance helped me overcome all the difficulties in fulfilling this paper.i LIST OF TABLESTable 1. Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in VOATable 2. Names for US-Japan coalition and North Korea in Nhan DanTable 3. Negativization of North Korea’s activities in VOATable 4. Positivization of the US- Japan coalition’s activities in VOATable 5. Lexicalization of North Korea’s activities in Nhan DanTable 6. Lexicalization of the US-Japan coalition’s activities in Nhan DanTable 7. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in VOATable 8. Over-lexicalization of the North Korea’s missile launches in Nhan DanTable 9. Quotation patterns of news reports in VOATable 10. Quotation patterns of news reports in Nhan Danii TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………iList of Tables …………………………………………………………………………… iiINTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………….11. Rationale ………………………………………………………………………… 12. Scope of the research …………………………………………………………… .23. Aims of the research and research questions …………………………………… .24. Methodology ………………………………………………………………………35. Background information ………………………………………………………… 46. Design of the research …………………………………………………………… 5CHAPTER 1 – THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ………………………………… .61.1. The history of Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis …………… 61.2. Theories on Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………………81.2.1.What is Critical Discourse Analysis …………………………………………… 91.2.2.Key notions of CDA …………………………………………………………… 91.2.3.Methodology of CDA ……………………………………………………………111.2.4.Principles of CDA ……………………………………………………………….121.3. Systemic Functional Linguistics and its role in CDA ………………………… .131.4. CDA in relation with Cultural Studies ………………………………………… .13CHAPTER 2 – METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………….152.1. Data …………………………………………………………………………… .152.1.1. Data sources …………………………………………………………………… 152.1.1.1. Voice Of America ……………………………………………………………….152.1.1.2. Nhan Dan ……………………………………………………………………… 16iii 2.1.2. Data selection VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai phát biểu phụ nữ Hillary Clinton vào năm 1995 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHẠM THỊ TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF TWO SPEECHES ON WOMEN BY HILLARY CLINTON IN 1995 AND 2013 Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán hai phát biểu phụ nữ Hillary Clinton vào năm 1995 2013 M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Ngô Hữu Hoàng Hanoi, 2016 ` DECLARATION I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A critical discourse analysis of two speeches on women by Hillary Clinton in 1995 and 2013” is the result of my own research for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of VNU Journal of Science, Economics and Business 27 (2011) 121-129 Ownership changes in Vietnamese banking system and their impacts Dr Nguyen Ngoc Thanh1,*, Nguyen Tuan Hung2 Faculty of Political Economy, University of Economics and Business, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Viet Nam Academy of Banking, 12 Chua Boc Road, Dong Da District, Hanoi, Vietnam Received 10 May 2011 Abstract During the economic reform process in Vietnam, the banking system including stateowned commercial banks (SOCBs) has developed significantly and played an increasingly important role in the economic growth However, in the development process of a market economy, the Vietnamese state-owned commercial banks have faced internal limitations, of which the ownership-related limitation needs to be studied thoroughly Following the US - Vietnam Bilateral Trade Commitment and since its accession to the WTO, the diversification of bank ownership is an inevitable trend for increased competences and competiveness This paper addresses the following questions: How has the bank ownership changed over the past years in Vietnam? How have those changes impacted on the Vietnamese banking system? The article proposed a number of recommendations to further develop Vietnamese banking system regarding changes of bank ownership regarded culturally is very different”(1) Ownership is the basis for many other concepts such as money, trade, debt, bankruptcy, and private vs public property, etc that form the foundations of any societies Changes in ownership are considered as a process of gaining, transferring and losing a part or whole ownership of property from a person (individual, group, enterprise/organization and government) to another person in a number of ways such as a person may transfer or lose ownership of property by selling it for money, exchanging it for other property, or having it through legal means (e.g.: eviction, foreclosure, seizure or taking) Some theoretical issues of bank ownership changes and criteria to measure bank ownership changes* According to Dictionary Wikipedia, “Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property Ownership involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures Over the millennia, however, and across cultures what is considered eligible to be property and how that property is * Corresponding author Tel.: 84-4-37547506 E-mail: nnthanh@vnu.edu.vn (1) 121 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ownership 122 N.N Thanh, N.T Hung / VNU Journal of Science, Economic and Business 27 (2011) 121-129 In the banking system, changes in ownership including the diversification of banks to enter the market and the change in government‟s capital in SOCBs equities The criteria to evaluate the diversification are number and kinds of banks such as Joint Stock Banks (JSBs), Joint Venture Banks (JVBs), and Foreign Bank Branches (FBBs) The forms of changing ownership in Vietnam banking system and other transitional economies are usually equitization, privatization, sale of equity or shares Changing ownership in a banking system will affect the management as well as distribution of the banks Because with the increasing participation of many banks such as JSBs, JVBs, and FBBs in the market increase competitive pressure on the domestic banks including SOCBs pressuring domestic banks to increase their competitiveness, strengthening themselves according to international standards, learning managerial experiences, and knowhow from these banks, particularly from FBBs which have advantages in capital, technology, and management to survive competively On the other hand, the SOCBs which change ownership through equitization or sell capital be pressured to establish a flexible, efficient management mechanism as well as motivations to owners, managers and workers to develop the banks sustainably and efficiently As a result, changes ownership will lead to the development, efficiency, and safety of each individual bank and the whole banking system There are many studies on bank ownership changes globally In this research, we used the work of “Bank Ownership and Performance” by Alejandro Micco, Ugo Panizza, and Monica Yanez (2004) as a theoretical framework to analyze the bank ownership and performance changes in Vietnam In their work, Alejandro Mocco, Ugo Panizza, and Monica used a dataset from 119 countries in the period 1995-2002 to assess the relations of bank ownership and performance in developed and developing countries It was found that bank ownership is strongly correlated with bank performance in developing countries but not in developed countries Specifically, state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs) tend to have a lower profitability and higher costs than private and ...VIEWS ON MIGRATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Proceedings of an African Migration Alliance Workshop Edited by Catherine Cross Derik Gelderblom Niel Roux Jonathan Mafukidze titlepage 6/23/06 2:34 PM Page 1 Published by HSRC Press, Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa, www.hsrcpress.ac.za in association with Department of Social Development, Private Bag X901, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, www.population.gov.za © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council and Department of Social Development, South Africa First published 2006 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and should not be con- sidered to imply the views held by the Department of Social Development. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0-7969-2165-2 Copy editing by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Jenny Wheeldon Cover design by Flame Design Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 email: orders@blueweaver.co.za www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 email: orders@edspubs.co.uk www.eurospangroup.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 email: frontdesk@ipgbook.com www.ipgbook.com Contents List of tables v List of figures vii Acknowledgements viii Acronyms and abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 Catherine Cross and Elizabeth Omoluabi PART 1: CONTINENTAL OVERVIEWS 2 Leading issues in international migration in sub-Saharan Africa 25 Aderanti Adepoju 3 Levels of urbanisation in Anglophone, Lusophone and Francophone African countries 48 Oumar Bouare 4 Migration between Africa and Australia: Patterns, issues and implications 74 Graeme Hugo PART 2: REGIONAL VIEWS ON MIGRATION IN AFRICA 5 A discussion of migration and migration patterns and flows in Africa 103 Jonathan Mafukidze 6 Migration and refugees in Eastern Africa: A challenge for the East African Community 130 John O Oucho 7 A new challenge for the international community: Internally displaced people in the Great Lakes Region 148 Franck Kamunga Cibangu 8 The INDEPTH Network: A demographic resource on migration and urbanisation in Africa and Asia 159 Mark Collinson and Kubaje Adazu PART 3: SOME CLOSER VIEWS OF COUNTRIES AND ISSUES 9 Migrants’ contribution to rural development in south- western Nigeria 175 Akinyemi Akanni, Olaopa Olawale and Oloruntimehin Funmi 10 Spatio-temporal patterns and trends of international migration in Botswana and their policy implications 186 Thando D Gwebu 11 Francophone Africans in Cape Town: A failed migration? 207 Rodolf Lekogo 12 Myth and rationality in Southern African responses to migration, displacement, and humanitarianism 220 Loren B Landau 13 Synthesis and conclusions: What are Africa’s issues in migration? 245 Catherine Cross, Elizabeth Omoluabi, John Oucho and Franck Kamunga Cibangu Contributors 290 v List of tables Table 3.1 Urbanisation levels of Anglophone, Lusophone and Francophone countries in study (percentage) 50 Table 3.2 Estimated number of rural-urban migrants, Tạp chí Khoa học đhqghn, ngoại ngữ, T.xxII, Số 2, 2006 different views on theme-rheme in english Do Tuan Minh(*) Introduction as message onset Each of these will now be discussed in turn Theme has been defined in a variety of different ways, and for this reason, some analysts find the dismissal of the Theme/Rheme BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG ------------------------------- ISO 9001 : 2008 KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGÀNH: NGOẠI NGỮ HẢI PHÒNG - 2010 HAIPHONG PRIVATE UNIVESITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT ----------------------------------- GRADUATION PAPER HOW TO USE SOME TYPICAL TYPES OF PUNCTUATION PROPERLY IN WRITTEN ENGLISH AND COMMON MISTAKE MADE BY VIETNAMESE LEARNERS By: Trịnh Thị Lưu Quỳnh Class: Na1001 Supervisor: Phạm Thị Thu Hằng, M.A HAI PHONG - 2010 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG -------------------------------------- Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Mã số: . Lớp: .Ngành: Tên đề tài: . . Nhiệm vụ đề tài 1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp ( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ). …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán. …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp. TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐHQGHN, NGOAI NGỮ T.XXI, số 2005 CO M M O N P R O N U N C IA T IO N P R O B L E M S O F V IE T N A M E S E L E A R N E R S O F E N G L IS H H a C am T a m 1*1 P ro b lem sta tem en t important in improving the communicative competence of learners Since English is one of the core subjects a t school, more and more schools are teaching English to their pupils and English centres can be found popular in any cities in Vietnam, especially big cities However, many foreigners have commented “many Vietnamese speakers can speak English, but only a few have intelligible English pronunciation so that they can be understood easily in direct communication with foreigners.” Since the late 1980s, the course of teaching and learning English in Vietnam has gone through many changes, especially when the communicative approach became a buzzword among people in the fields of language education As a result, the English curriculum has been geared more toward communication Most people hoped that with communicative teaching oriented syllabus stud en ts would be much improved in oral communication But it turns out that this is not true, since we have noticed learners with serious pronunciation errors which results in their communication breakdown Hinofitis and Baily (1980, pp 124125) reported that up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, rather than vocabulary or grammar Theừ arguments make pronunciation more According to Davenport and Hannahs (1998) hum ans have a variety of ways of producing sounds, not all of which are relevant to language (example: coughing, burping, etc.) Sound is significant because it is used as part of a code of a particular language So we can talk about the distinctive sounds of English, French, Vietnamese and other languages In this sense, we can talk about pronunciation as the production and reception of sounds of speech In addition, sound is significant because it is used to achieve meaning in contexts of use Here, the code combines with other factors to make communication possible In this sense, we can talk about pronunciation with reference to acts of speaking Since, learning a language means learning a new way of using the speech Part A: IntroductionI. RationaleIn order to become competent in a foreign language, it is important for language learners not only to acquire new vocabularies and a new set of phonological and syntactic rules but also to learn what Wilson (1986) calls the rules of speaking: the patterns of sociolinguistic behavior of the target language. The rules of speaking involve us in knowing when and how it is suitable to open a conversation, what topics are appropriate to particular speech events, how speech acts are to be given and interpreted. In many cases, this interpretation goes beyond what the language learners might intend to convey and includes assessments such as “polite” and “impolite”. In Vietnam, as the economy grows and international business develops, English proficiency becomes a master tool for young people to get a job. They encounter foreigners in everyday settings where communication is necessary. In the modern society, the need for communication is increasing, especially in the process of globalization, when communication spreads beyond the boundary of a country. During the last decades, linguistic researchers have broadened their focus of their interests from the development of grammatical competence to other areas of target language development, such as discourse and pragmatic competence, common speech routines, for example, requests, apologies, complaints, compliments, refusals, and the like have been most frequently studied in cross-cultural and interlanguage pragmatics. According to Tsui (1994), there seems to be little empirical research that has been conducted in responses to questions. For a long time, question-response has been considered one of the most basic structures of conversation (Schegloff, 1974) but as Tsui (1994; p. 160) points out: “responses have been given little attention in the speech acts literature. Most of the acts characterized and listed in the various taxonomies are illocutionary acts which are often done by making the function of utterance in discourse, and as many responding acts do not have a corresponding responding performative verb, this kind of analysis inevitably neglects responses”A characterization of utterances (based on observation of real-life discourse) is not likely to neglect the importance of responses. Let’s consider an example illustrated by Tsui (1994)A: What’s the time?B: (a) Eleven (b) Time for coffee(c) I haven t got a watch, sorry’1 (d) How hold I know(e) Ask Jack(f) You know bloody well what time it is(g) Why do you ask?(h) What did you say?(i) What do you mean?Various possible responses from (a) to (i) shows us the complicated relationship between question and a proper answer. For the same question, the speaker A may be replied in different ways with different intentions by the addressee. Obviously, a response can be a proper answer, an indirect or implicit reply, an evasive answer, a refusal or denial, an outright lie or even a challenge to the speaker’s questioning act. Moreover, the question-answer exchange cannot always be a simple relationship in the actual communicative process. It is the addressee’s response that may establish, deepen and maintain the conversation, develop the intimacy among interlocutors, or interrupt the interactional process and even badly change the participants’ role, for example, from friends to enemies. There is no doubt that VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages 27 (2011) 30-36 Some issues in using third person singular pronouns He/She in English and Vietnamese languages Le Thi Hong Duyen* Department of Foreign Languages, Haiphong Medical University, No.72A Nguyen Binh Khiem Street, Ngo Quyen District, Haiphong, Vietnam Received 28 February 2010 Abstract Personal pronouns play an important role in any act of communication Each language possesses a system of personal pronouns with its own rules and cultural CAS E REP O R T Open Access Development of Buffalo Hump in the course of antiretroviral therapy including raltegravir and unboosted atazanavir: a case report and review of the literature Giancarlo Ceccarelli 1* , Gabriella d’Ettorre 1 , Francesco Marchetti 2 , Cecilia Rizza 1 , Claudio M Mastroianni 1 , Bruno Carlesimo 2 , Vincenzo Vullo 1 Abstract Introduction: The availability of raltegravir plus atazanavir provides an alternative antiretroviral strategy that may be equally efficacious and less toxic than those currently recommended in HIV treatment guidelines. In fact, this new combination antiretroviral therapy attracts the attention of the scientific community because both drugs have a good safety profile coupled with potent antiviral activity, and their combined use would avert nucleoside- and ritonavir-related toxicities. Case presentation: We describe the case of a 47-year-old, Caucasian woman treated for HIV-1 infection who developed Buffalo Hump during antiretroviral therapy, including raltegravir and unboosted atazanavir. Clinical evaluation and an ultrasonography scan of the cervical region showed a new progressive increase of lipohypertrophy and the results of DEXA confirmed these data. In our patient the worsening of the Buffalo Hump cannot be attributed to hypercortisolism; insulin-resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hyperlactatemia and metabolic syndrome were not present. Moreover, she was not in therapy with antiretroviral drugs that are described as the cause of Buffalo Hump; on the other hand she developed this side effect three months after the switch of the antiretroviral therapy to raltegravir plus unboosted ataza navir. Conclusion: Current data indicate that the etiology of HIV-associated Buffalo Hump remains elusive but is likely multifactorial; a possible contributing cause, but not the main cause, could be exposure to antiretroviral drugs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on development of Buffalo Hump in the course of antiretroviral therapy, including the use of these drugs. On the basis of our data we can formulate the hypothesis of a pharmacological pathogenesis that underlies the development of this case of Buffalo Hump in the absence of other risk factors. Introduction Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment guidelines currently recommend ARV regimens containing a Nucleos(t)ide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (N(t)RTIs) based back- bone with a Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhi- bitor (NNRTI) or ritonavir boosted Protease Inhibitor (PI/r). However, significant toxicity has been associated with N(t)RTI(s) and PI/r containing regimens. Recent data presented by Gupta et al. show that the comb ina- tion of raltegravir (RAL) plus unboosted atazanavir (ATV) may be an alternative effective ARV regimen demonstrating good virologic and immunologic response. Furthermore, the combination is well tolerated and has a low incidence of adverse effects [1]. Moreover, side effects reported by Zhu et al. during a study in healthy subjects were generally “mild-to moderate” in intensity.Commonsideeffectsseenwhenbothdrugs were taken were jaundice and headache [2]. Ripamonti et al. evidenced that after five to seven months of ther- apy based on RAL p lus ATV no patients discontinued * Correspondence: giancarlo.ceccarelli@uniroma1.it 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, “Sapienza ” University, Rome, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Ceccarelli et al. Journal of Medical Case Reports 2011, 5:70 http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/5/1/70 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CASE REPORTS © 2011 Ceccarelli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Acce ss article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestrict ed use, distribution, and reproduction in any me dium, provided the original work is properly cited. treatment due to drugs used in therapy, ... Economic and Business 27 (2011) 121-129 In the banking system, changes in ownership including the diversification of banks to enter the market and the change in government‟s capital in SOCBs... process and their impacts on the development of the banking system and the national economy In 1986, advocating the renewal policy, Vietnam shifted into a market economy diversifying economic ownership. .. They played a growing role in the banking system and the economy as a whole As a result of improving their capital, since 2006, every commercial bank in the Vietnamese banking system has Capital