VIN HN LM KHOA HC X HI VIT NAM HC VIN KHOA HC X HI PHM TH HNG HOA CHíNH SáCH AN SINH Xã HộI CủA MộT Số NƯớC ASEAN Và BàI HọC KINH NGHIệM ĐốI VớI VIệT NAM LUN N TIN S KINH T H NI - 2017 VIN HN LM KHOA HC X HI VIT NAM HC VIN KHOA HC X HI PHM TH HNG HOA CHíNH SáCH AN SINH Xã HộI CủA MộT Số NƯớC ASEAN Và BàI HọC KINH NGHIệM ĐốI VớI VIệT NAM Chuyờn ngnh : Kinh t Quc t Mó s : 62.31.01.06 LUN N TIN S KINH T NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS.TS Trn Quang Lõm TS Trn Th Nhung H NI - 2017 LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan nhng ni dung trỡnh by lun ỏn: "Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca mt s nc ASEAN v bi hc kinh nghim i vi Vit Nam" l kt qu t nghiờn cu c lp ca riờng tụi Cỏc s liu v trớch dn lun ỏn cú ngun gc rừ rng v trung thc Tụi hon ton chu trỏch nhim v ni dung v tớnh chớnh xỏc ca cỏc ti liu trớch dn Tỏc gi lun ỏn Phm Th Hng Hoa i LI CM N Tỏc gi xin trõn trng cm n th cỏn b qun lý, ging viờn Khoa Quc t hc, Hc vin Khoa hc xó hi; c bit trõn trng cm PGS.TS Trn Quang Lõm, TS Trn Th Nhung ó tn tỡnh hng dn, giỳp tỏc gi hon thnh lun ỏn Tỏc gi xin chõn thnh cm n PSG.TS Nguyn Duy Dng, PGS.TS Lu Ngc Trnh v cỏc bn ng nghip, lónh o cỏc n v: Trung tõm lu tr - Bo him Vit Nam, V K hoch - Ti chớnh, B Lao ng Thng binh v Xó hi, Ngõn hng Th gii ti Vit Nam, Trng i hc Sao ó giỳp tỏc gi quỏ trỡnh thc hin lun ỏn Tuy tỏc gi ó cú c gng, nhng vi ngun lc cú hn nờn lun ỏn khụng th trỏnh nhng thiu sút, hn ch Tỏc gi rt mong c s gúp ý chõn thnh ca cỏc thy cụ, bn ng nghip b sung hon thin quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu tip ny Xin trõn trng cm n ! Tỏc gi lun ỏn Phm Th Hng Hoa ii MC LC Trang M U 1 Tớnh cp thit ca ti Mc ớch v nhim v nghiờn cu i tng v phm vi nghiờn cu 4 C s lý lun, thc tin v phng phỏp nghiờn cu 5 úng gúp mi v khoa hc ca lun ỏn í ngha lý lun v thc tin ca lun ỏn Kt cu ca lun ỏn .8 CHNG TNG QUAN NGHIấN CU V CHNH SCH AN SINH X HI 1.1 Tng quan cỏc nghiờn cu liờn quan n ti .9 1.1.1 Cỏc nghiờn cu nc ngoi 1.1.2 Cỏc nghiờn cu nc 24 1.2 Nhn xột cỏc nghiờn cu ó thc hin 29 1.2.1 Nghiờn cu v chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi .29 1.2.2 Nghiờn cu v chớnh sỏch bo him (xó hi, y t, tht nghip) 30 1.2.3 Nhn xột chung v khong trng nghiờn cu 31 CHNG C S Lí LUN V CHNH SCH AN SINH X HI TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T 33 2.1 Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi v cỏc b phn cu thnh .33 2.1.1 Cỏc khỏi nim c bn .33 2.1.2 Cỏc quan im khỏc v chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 35 2.1.3 Cỏc b phn cu thnh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 46 2.2 Cỏc nhõn t nh hng ti hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 48 2.2.1 Hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 48 2.2.2 Cỏc nhõn t nh hng ti hoch nh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 51 2.2.3 Cỏc nhõn t nh hng ti thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 54 2.3 Mụ hỡnh hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca mt s nc trờn th gii 56 2.4 Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t .59 2.4.1 Vai trũ ca chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t 59 2.4.2 Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t .61 CHNG THC TRNG CHNH SCH AN SINH X HI CA THAILAND V MALAYSIA 64 3.1 Thc trng chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Thailand .64 iii 3.1.1 Thc trng hoch nh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Thailand 64 3.1.2 Thc trng thc thi cỏc chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Thailand 70 3.1.3 Cỏc yu t nh hng n chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Thailand 84 3.2 Thc trng chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Malaysia 88 3.2.1 Thc trng hoch nh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Malaysia 88 3.2.2 Thc trng thc thi cỏc chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Malaysia 91 3.2.3 Cỏc yu t nh hng n chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Malaysia 103 3.3 Nhn xột, ỏnh giỏ t thc trng chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ti Thailand v Malaysia 107 3.3.1 V hoch nh chớnh sỏch .107 3.3.2 V thc thi chớnh sỏch 108 CHNG VN DNG BI HC CA THAILAND V MALAYSIA VO HON THIN CHNH SCH ASXH CA VIT NAM 114 4.1 Khung phỏp lý v ASXH ca Vit Nam 114 4.2 Cỏc b phn cu thnh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi Vit Nam 116 4.3 Quan im, mc tiờu v chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Vit Nam hin nay117 4.3.1 Cỏc quan im c bn 117 4.3.2 Cỏc mc tiờu 119 4.4 Thc trng hoch nh, thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Vit Nam 120 4.4.1 Hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Vit Nam .120 4.4.2 Nhng t c v hn ch hoch nh chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Vit Nam 136 4.5 Bi hc ca Thailand v Malaysia - Gi ý hon thin chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca Vit Nam 139 4.5.1 Xõy dng v hon thin cỏc quy nh v an sinh xó hi 140 4.5.2 M rng bao ph ca chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi 140 4.5.3 Xó hi húa cỏc hot ng v an sinh xó hi m bo tớnh bn vng 141 4.5.4 Tng cng vai trũ ca cỏc t chc xó hi nc v s tr giỳp ca cỏc t chc quc t 141 4.5.5 m bo tớnh bn vng ti chớnh 142 4.5.6 Tng cng nng lc qun lý u t v to s cụng bng 143 4.5.7 Hin i húa h thng hnh chớnh ASXH .144 KT LUN 148 DANH MC CễNG TRèNH KHOA HC CễNG B CA TC GI 151 TI LIU THAM KHO 152 iv DANH MC CC CH VIT TT ADB : Asian Development Bank Association of Southeast Asian ASEAN : Nations ASXH : Social Security BHTN : Unemployment insurance BHXH : Social insurance BHYT : Health Insurance CNH, HH : Industrialization, modernization CPI : Consumer Price Index CSSK : Health care European Economic EEC : Community EPF : Employees Provident Fund GDP : Gross Domestic Product International Labour ILO : Organization IMF : International Monetary Fund The Japan International JICA : Cooperation Agency Kumpulan Wang Persaraan KWAP : Diperbadankan North Eastern Athletic NEAC : Conference NEM : New Economy Model Non-Governmental NGO : Organization NSNN : State budget Organization for Economic CoOCDE : operation and Development OPP3 Third Outline Perspective Plan SOCSO : Social Security Organization TKBH : Insurance statistics TGXH : Social help XH : Social preference UNWTO : World Tourism Organization WB : World Bank WHO : World Health Organization XHCN : Socialist v Ngõn hng Phỏt trin Chõu Hip hi cỏc quc gia ụng Nam An sinh xó hi Bo him tht nghip Bo him xó hi Bo him y t Cụng nghip húa, hin i húa Ch s giỏ tiờu dựng Chm súc sc khe Cng ng kinh t Chõu u Qu tit kim nhõn viờn Tng sn phm quc dõn T chc lao ng quc t Qu tin t quc t C quan hp tỏc quc t Nht Bn Qu y thỏc hu trớ Hi ng t kinh t quc dõn Mụ hỡnh kinh t mi T chc phớ chớnh ph Ngõn sỏch nh nc T chc Hp tỏc v phỏt trin kinh t K hoch th Vn phũng An sinh xó hi Thng kờ bo him Tr giỳp xó hi u ói xó hi T chc Du lch Th gii Ngõn hng Th gii T chc Y t Th gii Xó hi ch ngha DANH MC CC BNG Trang Bng 3.1 Li ớch ca Lut ASXH 1999 v Lut ASXH 2015 ca Thailand 69 Bng 3.2 S trng hp s dng qu ASXH ti Thailand 73 Bng 3.3 Tớnh toỏn nh sut phớ cho BHYT ti Thailand 77 Bng 3.4 H s ca h thng chi tr theo trng hp bnh i vi cỏc nhúm chun oỏn liờn quan n thai sn 79 Bng 3.5 D bỏo dõn s Thailand n nm 2050 88 Bng 3.6 S thnh viờn ng ký vi SOCSO 93 Bng 3.7 S ngi hng lng hu ti Malaysia 95 Bng 3.8 D bỏo s ngi, t l tht nghip ti Malaysia n nm 2050 100 Bng 3.9 C cu v t l tng trng dõn s Malaysia 106 Bng 3.10 Cỏc ch tiờu c cu dõn s Malaysia nm 2016 106 Bng 4.1 S ngi hng lng hu ti Vit Nam n nm 2016 125 Bng 4.2 S ngi tham gia bo BHTN ti Vit Nam 133 Bng 4.3 S ngi tht nghip c t gii thiu vic lm, cú nhu cu hc ngh v c h tr hc ngh ti Vit Nam 136 vi DANH MC CC HèNH Trang Hỡnh 2.1 Mụ hỡnh sn ASXH 57 Hỡnh 3.1 H thng ASXH ca Thailand 66 Hỡnh 3.2 C cu t chc ca phũng ASXH ca Thailand 66 Hỡnh 3.3 S ngi tham gia bo him xó hi (tớnh n 31/12/2016) 71 Hỡnh 3.4 S ngi tht nghip ti Thailand nm 2016 82 Hỡnh 3.5 Tc tng trng ca Thailand giai on 2006-2016 84 Hỡnh 3.6 T l tht nghip ca Thailand giai on 2006-2016 85 Hỡnh 3.7 T l sn xut cụng nghip ca Thailand giai on 2006-2016 86 Hỡnh 3.8 T l sinh ca Thailand/1000 dõn 87 Hỡnh 3.9 Thnh viờn tham gia tớch cc vo SOCSO 93 Hỡnh 3.10 Chi tiờu y t bỡnh quõn u ngi\USD ca Malaysia 99 Hỡnh 3.11 S ngi tht nghip ti Malaysia giai on t thỏng 01/2016-3/2017 100 Hỡnh 3.12 T l tht nghip ti Malaysia giai on 2000-2016 102 Hỡnh 3.13 S ngi tht nghip ti Malaysia giai on 2008-4/2017 104 Hỡnh 4.1 Tng chi ngõn sỏch ca Vit Nam cho ASXH giai on 2012-2016 120 Hỡnh 4.2 S ngi tham gia BHXH ti Vit Nam giai on 2007-2016 121 Hỡnh 4.3 S ngi tham gia BHXH t nguyn ti Vit Nam giai on 2008-2016 123 Hỡnh 4.4 Lng hu ca nam gii, ph n v cỏc chun TKBH 125 Hỡnh 4.5 Qu hu trớ v kh nng cõn i ti chớnh ca qu hu trớ 126 Hỡnh 4.6 Tui ngh hu trung bỡnh ca lao ng Vit Nam 127 Hỡnh 4.7 V trớ ca qu hu trớ ca Vit Nam nu lng hu c iu chnh da trờn CPI 127 Hỡnh 4.8 L trỡnh bao ph cỏc i tng cú trỏch nhim tham gia BHYT ti Vit Nam t nm 1992 - 2014 129 Hỡnh 4.9 S lng ngi/t l dõn s tham gia BHYT giai on 2012-2016 130 Hỡnh 4.10 T l tham gia BHYT ti Vit Nam c nh nc h tr vii 130 M U Tớnh cp thit ca ti Trong cuc sng núi chung v lao ng núi riờng, ngi cú mi quan h, tỏc ng qua li vi v vi thiờn nhiờn Nhng tỏc ng ú khụng phi lỳc no cng mang li kt qu thun li mong mun Trỏi li, cú rt nhiu trng hp e da s an ton i sng ngi, lm cho h b gim hoc mt kh nng lao ng, nh hng n thu nhp v cỏc iu kin sinh sng khỏc [19,tr.4] Nhng ri ro cú th nh hng n cỏ nhõn, gia ỡnh v cng ng nh m au, tai nn, mt vic lm, thiờn tai, hon, dch bnh, Khi ri ro xy ra, mi cỏ nhõn, mi gia ỡnh c gng tỡm mi cỏch khc phc Tuy nhiờn, nhiu trng hp ri ro quỏ ln vt quỏ kh nng khc phc ca cỏ nhõn v gia ỡnh, ũi hi phi cú s giỳp ca cng ng, xó hi v nh nc Nhng giỳp ny nhm gúp phn m bo an ton cuc sng cho mi thnh viờn cũn ang lm vic cng nh tui gi, m au, v c gi l an sinh xó hi Do vy, quyn c hng an sinh xó hi l mt nhng quyn c bn v l mt ũi hi chớnh ỏng xut phỏt t nhu cu phũng trỏnh ri ro ca ngi Tuyờn ngụn Nhõn quyn Quc t nm 1948 ó ghi nhn: "Mi ngi vi t cỏch l thnh viờn ca xó hi cú quyn hng an sinh xó hi" [57, tr.469] Quyn ú t c s trờn s tho cỏc quyn v kinh t, xó hi v hoỏ cn thit cho s t phỏt trin cỏ nhõn c th hoỏ quyn c hng an sinh xó hi, T chc Lao ng quc t ó khng nh "An sinh xó hi l s bo v m xó hi cung cp cho cỏc thnh viờn ca mỡnh thụng qua mt lot cỏc bin phỏp cụng cng, nhm chng li nhng khú khn v kinh t xó hi b ngng hoc b gim thu nhp, gõy bi m au, thai sn, tai nn lao ng, tht nghip, thng tt, tui gi v cht; ng thi, bo m chm súc y t v tr cp cho cỏc gia ỡnh ụng " [112, tr.18] An sinh xó hi l mt nhng chớnh sỏch ct lừi quyt nh s phỏt trin n nh v bn vng ca mt quc gia, gúp phn gim bt bỡnh ng, gim mc nghốo v tn thng ca ngi dõn v cng ng trc nhng ri ro hay nguy c gim hoc mt thu nhp Mc dự mi quc gia cú cỏch tip cn khỏc v an sinh xó hi, song nhn thc chung u nht trớ rng mt chớnh sỏch an sinh xó vic gúp phn m bo cuc sng cho ngi dõn c bit, Thailand v Malaysia ó xõy dng v ban hnh c h thng phỏp lut cn thit i vi t chc, hot ng ca chớnh sỏch ASXH, ng thi cú cỏc chớnh sỏch m tớch cc h tr ngi lao ng tỡm kim vic lm (nht l nhng ngi tht nghip) v BHXH ngy cng c trỳ trng v em li hiu qu hn Cụng tỏc bo tr xó hi, bo tr tr em ngy cng m rng (c bit l Thailand) Th t: Vit Nam l mt quc gia ang quỏ trỡnh chuyn i v cng vo hon cnh nh trc õy ca Thailand, Malaysia vic hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch ASXH S n lc ca Vit Nam ny thi gian va qua l kt qu ca s quan tõm ca ng, Nh nc v ton dõn Nh ú, cỏc chớnh sỏch ASXH phn no ó gii quyt c nhu cu ca ngi dõn iu kin chỳng ta phi i mt vi nhiu thỏch thc, khú khn Tuy nhiờn, trờn thc t hin v thi gian ti chớnh sỏch ASXH ca Vit Nam ang ng trc nhng thỏch thc ln ũi hi s n lc ca ton xó hi v s tr giỳp ca cng ng quc t Vỡ th kinh nghim quc t núi chung v ca Thailand v Malaysia núi riờng l nhng bi hc tt cho chỳng ta vic hoch nh v thc thi chớnh sỏch ASXH Th nm: Trong bi cnh hi nhp sõu rng nh hin ca Vit Nam, ngoi nhng nột c thự thỡ chớnh sỏch ASXH ca Vit Nam phi phỏt trin theo hng phự hp, gn kt vi cỏc chớnh sỏch, chng trỡnh phỏt trin kinh t - xó hi, to ng lc tng trng kinh t, thc hin cụng bng xó hi vỡ mc tiờu phỏt trin ngi, phỏt huy ti a ngun lc ngi Trờn c s ú, ASXH thi gian ti trung ch yu vo cỏc ni dung chớnh l hon thin c ch, chớnh sỏch, phỏp lut; hon thin c ch v ngun lc ti chớnh v hon thin h thng qun lý ASXH vi cỏc nh hng ci cỏch hiu qu, kh thi i vi tng chớnh sỏch ASXH v phự hp vi iu kin kinh t xó hi t nc./ 150 DANH MC CễNG TRèNH KHOA HC CễNG B CA TC GI [1] Phm Th Hng Hoa, m bo an sinh xó hi cho nụng dõn, Tp Kinh t v D bỏo (ISSN 0866-7120), s 06, 3/2014, H Ni [2] Phm Th Hng Hoa, Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi i vi nụng dõn Vit Nam xu th ton cu húa, Tp Kinh t v Qun lý (ISSN 1859-4565), s 11, 8/2014, H Ni [3] Phm Th Hng Hoa, Lao ng nụng nghip chuyn ngh - Nhng "mng mu", Kinh t Nụng thụn, s 11, 3/2014, H Ni [4] Phm Th Hng Hoa, An sinh xó hi Singapore v Nht Bn: Nhng gi ý cho Vit Nam, Tp kinh t v d bỏo (ISSN 0866-7120), s 20, 10/2015, H Ni [5] Nguyn Minh Tun, Phm Th Hng Hoa, Nghiờn cu kh nng t to vic lm ca sinh viờn mi tt nghip, Tp kinh t v d bỏo (ISSN 0866-7120), s chuyờn , 2015, H Ni [6] V Vn ụng, Phm Th Hng Hoa, Mt s v nng sut lao ng ca Vit Nam quỏ trỡnh hi nhp kinh t quc t giai on hin nay, Tp Nghiờn cu khoa hc i hc Sao (ISSN 1859-4190), 12/2015, Hi Dng [7] Phm Th Hng Hoa, Hon thin chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi Vit Nam, Tp kinh t v d bỏo (ISSN 0866-7120), s 12, 12/2016, H Ni [8] V Vn ụng, Phm Th Hng Hoa, Nhng t quỏ trỡnh phỏt trin ngnh nụng nghip bn vng Hi Dng hin nay, Tp Nghiờn cu khoa hc i hc Sao (ISSN 0866-7120), s 55, 2016, Hi Dng [9] Phm Th Hng Hoa, Nguyn Th Hin, Bo tn v phỏt huy giỏ tr húa l hi c truyn tnh Vnh Phỳc giai on hin nay, K yu hi tho ln th 50 cỏc trng i hc k thut vi s phỏt trin kinh t - 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VIT NAM HC VIN KHOA HC X HI PHM TH HNG HOA CHíNH SáCH AN SINH Xã HộI CủA MộT Số NƯớC ASEAN Và BàI HọC KINH NGHIệM ĐốI VớI VIệT NAM Chuyờn ngnh : Kinh t Quc t Mó s : 62.31.01.06 LUN N TIN S KINH. .. sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t .59 2.4.1 Vai trũ ca chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t 59 2.4.2 Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi hi nhp kinh t quc t .61 CHNG THC TRNG CHNH SCH AN SINH. .. thin chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi i vi Vit Nam thi gian ti Vi ý ngha ú, tỏc gi chn ti "Chớnh sỏch an sinh xó hi ca mt s nc ASEAN v bi hc kinh nghim i vi Vit Nam" lm ti cho lun ỏn tin s kinh t ca mỡnh