Exploring Major Factors Affecting the Teaching of Music Education in Primary Schools: The Case of Four Primary Schools in Addis Ababa Tigist Getachew A Thesis Submitted to Center for African and Oriental Studies Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 I Exploring Major Factors Affecting the Teaching of Music Education in Primary Schools: The Case of Four Primary Schools in Addis Ababa Tigist Getachew A Thesis Submitted to Center for African and Oriental Studies Presented in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in African Studies (African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 II ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES EXPLORING MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEACHING OF MUSIC EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: THE CASEOF FOUR PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ADDIS ABABA TIGIST GETACHEW ADVISER GETACHEW KASSA(Phd) A Thesis Submitted to the Center for African and Oriental Studies of Addis Ababa University III Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in African Studies (Intellectual History and Cultural Studies) June, 2017 Addis Ababa IV Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Center for African and Oriental Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Tigist Getachew, entitled: Exploring Major Factors Affecting the Teaching of Music Education in Primary Schools:The Case of Four Primary Schools in Addis Ababa and submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in African Studies (Intellectual History and Cultural Studies), complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality Signed by the Examining Committee: _ External Examiner Signature Date _ Internal Examiner Signature Date _ Signature Date Advisor V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have to thank many people for help required for this thesis I would like, at the start, to thank Kotebe Metropolitan University for offering the chance to pursue my study I am most grateful to my supervisor Dr Getachew Kassa for his generous comments and encouragements throughout the research period I am also grateful to Sister Hirut Tesfaye for her unreserved comment on my research I would like to thank my husband Ato Zelalem Gudeta I’m also grateful for my lovely mother Esetesellassie T/Tision and my family members: Tadelech, Eyob, Wondifraw, Genet, Mebratu, Lidya, Dagim, Teketelew, Tigist and Marianne I would also like to express my profound gratitude to my colleagues: Million Yohannes, Yazew Abera, Meskerem Zeray Simegnesh Teklay and her husband Araya Demisse for their invaluable support during my study I TABLE OF CONTENTS List of contents Pages ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT VI DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS VII CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Objectives of the study 1.4.1 Major Objective 1.4.2 Specific Objectives 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Scope of the Study CHAPTER TWO Review of Related Literature 2.1 Music Education and its Various Approaches 2.2 Major Features of African Music 2.3 Benefits of Music Education for Various Academic Activities 10 2.4 The Integration of Music with other Subjects 11 2.5 Music and Language Skills 12 CHAPTER THREE 14 Research Methodology 14 3.1 The Research Design 14 3.2 Source of Data 14 3.3 Population and sampling procedure 14 II 3.4 Instruments of the study 15 3.4.1 Questionnaire 15 3.4.2 Structured Interviews 15 3.4.3 Classroom Observation 16 3.4.4 Focus Group Discussion 16 3.4.5 Text Books’ Content Evaluation 17 3.5 Data Collection Procedure 18 Results and Discussion 19 4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of data 19 4.2 Major Findings of Teachers ‘questionnaire 25 4.3 Major Findings from the students’ Questionnaire 27 4.4 Major Findings of Administrators questionnaire 27 4.5 Major Findings of the Administrators’ Interview 30 4.6 Major Findings of the Experts Interview 33 Teachers’ Performance in Music Education 33 4.7 Major Findings from Instructors’ Interview 35 4.8 Major Findings of the Classroom Observation 40 4.9 Major Findings from Students’ Focus Group Discussion 42 4.10 Major Findings of Instructors’ Group discussion 42 11 Major Findings of the Text Book Evaluation (Grade 1-4) 50 4.12 Major Findings of the text books’ evaluation (Grade and 6) 54 CHAPTER FIVE 56 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations 56 5.1 Summary 56 5.2 Conclusion 57 5.3 Recommendations 58 REFERENCES 60 APPENDICES 63 Appendix 1: Teachers’ Questionnaire 63 Appendix 2: Students’ Questionnaire 68 III Appendix 3: School Administrators’ Interview 70 Appendix 4: Focus group discussion with instructors and Experts in Educational Bureau and Ministry of Education 71 Appendix 5: Focus Group Discussion with Students 72 Appendix 6: Data from School Administrators’ Questionnaire 73 Appendix 7: በተማሪዎች የሚሞላ መጠይቅ 74 Appendix 8: ከተማሪዎች ጋር የተደረገ የቡድን ውይይት 75 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Background of Teachers 19 Table 4.2 The Relevance of music education and the appropriateness of contents in the text books 20 Table: 4.3 Music Teachers’ General concept about Music Education 21 Table: 4.4 Vocal and Instrumental Skills of Music Teachers 22 Table: 4.5 School Administrators’ support for teachers 23 Table: 4.6 Contents of the current music education text books 24 Table 4.7 Developing contents of the text book 25 Table 4.8 Appropriateness of the Text Book 26 Table: 4.9 Grade one text book 44 Table: 4.10 Grade Two Text Book 45 Table: 4.11 Grade Three Text Book 47 Table: 4.12 Grade Four Text Book 48 Table: 4.13 Grade Five Text Book 52 Table: 4.14 Grade Six Text Book 53 V APPENDICES Appendix 1: Teachers’ Questionnaire Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies Questionnaire to be filled by primary school of Aesthetic and physical education Teachers Dear participants, The aim of this study is to find out the major factors affecting the teaching of music education with reference to four primary schools in Addis Ababa The purpose of the questionnaire is to gather information in regard to implementation of Aesthetic education and problems associated with music education in selected primary schools of Addis Ababa Since questionnaire is the primary source of information to a research, you respondents are expected to give consideration to your responses Therefore, the answers and suggestions that you will suggest are vital to access the study Therefore, you are kindly asked to give genuine responses All information you give will be kept confidently Thank you for your cooperation 63 Part I: Personal information Direction 1: for the following personal information please put the appropriate response Name of School _ Sub city Sex Female _ Male Qualification a) Diploma in aesthetics b) Diploma in music c) Degree in music d) Others Areas of specialization _ Total services in teaching profession a) Fresh b) 1-5 years c) 6-10 years d) 10-15 years e) 16 and above years 64 Part II: General information Direction 2: For the following statements, choose the appropriate response No Question item Respondents Quantity Do you think music education is important in primary schools? a) Yes b) No c) No idea Total Do you think the music education syllabus and music education text books have more significance to teach the subject? a) Yes fully b) Yes partially c) No idea Total Do you think the music education text books’ contents are all relevant? a) Yes fully b) Yes partially c) No idea Total Do you think the music education text books should be revised? a) b) c) Yes No No idea Total 65 Percen tage Do you have any knowledge of reading musical notes which are written in primary school text books? a) b) c) Enough knowledge Little knowledge No Knowledge Total Do you have knowledge to compose melody for the written lyrics that are written in the text books? a) Yes b) No Total If you can’t compose the melody for the written lyrics, what mechanisms did you use? a) Skip the lyrics (topic) b) give chance to students to try by themselves c) if you have any method write in the space provided Total Did you get support from the school administration to upgrade your field of study in any ways? a) Yes b) No Total Is it advisable to assign a single teacher to teach three subjects? a) Yes b) No Total 66 10 Do you think contents of the music education text books are difficult for the learners? a) Yes b) No Total 11 If your answer is yes for the above question, which contents and topic are difficult for the grade level? 12 Have you evaluated the contents of music education text books? Are they conducive for the respective grade levels? Or below the limit for the students’ age? a) Yes b) No Total 13 If your answer is yes for the above question, which contents and topic are easier? Total 14 Do you make an effort to use different techniques to enrich the contents in the text book and to make contents more clear? a) Yes b) No Total 15 Do you think including folk songs are relevant for music education texts? a) Yes b) No Total 67 Appendix 2: Students’ Questionnaire Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies Part I: Personal information Direction 1: for the following personal information please write the appropriate responses Name of School……………………… Sub city………………………………… Sex Female……………………………… Male……………………… Your grade ………………………………… Direction 2: For the following statements, write your own appropriate response Part II: 4.8 Appropriateness of the Text Book No Respondents Question item Quantity Do you feel Music Education text books are beyond your age and academic level? a) Yes b) No Total For the above question If your answer is yes, what contents and topics are difficult for your grade level? Total 68 Percentage Are there any topics in the text book that you think not appropriate for your age and grade level? a) Yes b) No Total For the above question If your answer is yes, what contents/ topics seems inappropriate? Total Do you sing songs or lyric contents related to other subjects? such as Environmental science, Math, Amharic, and English a) Yes b) No Total 69 Appendix 3: School Administrators’ Interview Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies School Administrators’ Interview Do you think that there are available music education teachers in the current primary schools? _ _ Do you think that Music Education has equally treated with others subjects? _ Do you believe that music education is relevant for children? _ How is the availability of musical instruments in schools? Is it adequate? _ Does music education properly implemented in schools? 70 Appendix 4: Focus group discussion with instructors and Experts in Educational Bureau and Ministry of Education Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies How you understand the relevance of educational songs for music education and other subjects? Is it effective that the three subjects (Art, music and physical education) delivered with single teacher? What should be done to minimize the problems? What are the problems that affect music education in primary school? How is it possible to overcome the problem in order to help the implementation of curriculum integration? How you evaluate the music education textbook contents in terms of its relevance and appropriateness for the grade level? What you consider as a means of most important way of enhancing the professional development of teachers? What should be done to raise awareness of different subject teachers on the significance and relevance of educational songs for other subjects? What should be done to improve the music education in terms of curriculum, content, and method of teaching to enhance music education in primary schools? Do you think there is effective implementation of music education in government primary school? If your answer is yes, explain why? 71 Appendix 5: Focus Group Discussion with Students Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies What are the major problems that you face during the teaching learning process? Do you understand all contents in the text book? Are there available musical instruments in the school 72 Appendix 6: Data from School Administrators’ Questionnaire Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies The following questions were forwarded to get the intended data from the school administrators’ interview: Is Music Education given in your school? Are there trained music teachers in your school? What efforts have been done so far by the administrative body to offer music education lessons equally with other subjects Does the school administration let music teachers to discuss their problems that they faced during their music education sessions? What corrective measures have been done so far to solve the problem? How does Music Education improve in schools? How you evaluate music education text books and teachers’ performance in the teaching learning process? Do you believe music education is relevant for academic activities? How you evaluate the implementation of music education in your school? Are there enough inputs in your school to teach music education and other related subjects such as art and physical education? 10 Do you have awareness about music education? How can it be used to teach other subjects? 73 Appendix 7: በተማሪዎች የሚሞላ መጠይቅ Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies ክፍል አንድ፦የግለሰቡ መረጃ ከዚህ በታች ያሉትን መረጃዎች በትክክል ያስፍሩ። የትምህርት ቤት ስም……………………………………………ክፍለ ከተማ……………………………… ጾታ፦ ሴት……………… ወንድ …………… የክፍል ደረጃ……………………………………………………… ክፍል ሁለት: አጠቃላይ መረጃ በሙዚቃ መማሪያ መጽሀፍ ውስጥ ከተካተቱ ይዘቶች ለክፍል ደረጃችሁ በቀላሉ ለመረዳት የሚከብዱ አሉ ? ሀ አሉ ለ.የሉም ከላይ ላለው ጥያቄ መልስዎ አሉ ከሆነ የት/ት ይዘቶቹን ርዕስ ይጻፉ ? _ _ _ በሙዚቃ መማሪያ በመጽሃፉ ውስጥ ከተካተቱት ይዘቶች ውስጥ ለክፍል ደረጃችሁ የማይመጥን(ቀላል) የሆኑ አሉ ? ሀ አሉ ለ.የሉም ከላይ ላለው ጥያቄ መልስዎ አሉ ከሆነ የት/ት ይዘቶቹን ርዕስ ይጻፉ ? _ _ _ የአማርኛ ፣የእንጊሊዘኛ፣ የሂሳብ እና የአካባቢ ሳይንስ የት/ት አይነቶች ይዘት ያለው መዝሙሮችን በሙዚቃ ክፍለ ጊዜ ዘምረው ያውቃሉ? ሀ አዎ አውቃለሁ ለ.አላውቅም 74 Appendix 8: ከተማሪዎች ጋር የተደረገ የቡድን ውይይት Addis Ababa University College of Social Science Department Center for African and Oriental Studies Stream: African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies በሙዚቃ ት/ት ክፍለ ግዜ የሚያጋጥሟችሁ ዋና ዋና ችግሮች ምን ምን ናቸው ? በመፅሀፋችሁ ላይ ያሉትን ሁሉንም ይዘቶች በትክክል ትረዳላችሁን ? በ ት/ት ቤታችሁ ውስጥ የሙዚቃ ት/ት ለመማር የሚያስችሉ በቂ የሙዚቃ መሳሪያዎች አሉን ? 75 Appendix 9: Validation Form Primary Sources Oral Informants Name of Interviewee Date/Month/Year Place of Interview Dr Wube Kassaye 5/6/2017 A.A.U Dr Ezra Abate 25/5/2017 A.A.U Yared Music School W/ro Eyerusalem Bedane 25/5/2017 A.A Education Beuro Ato Debere Abdissa 23/5/2017 Ministry of Education 76 Remark DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis is my original work, has not been presented for a degree in any other university and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been dully acknowledged Name of the candidate: Tigist Getachew Signature Date of Submission - 77 ... entitled: Exploring Major Factors Affecting the Teaching of Music Education in Primary Schools :The Case of Four Primary Schools in Addis Ababa and submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements... COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES EXPLORING MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEACHING OF MUSIC EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: THE CASEOF FOUR PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ADDIS ABABA. . .Exploring Major Factors Affecting the Teaching of Music Education in Primary Schools: The Case of Four Primary Schools in Addis Ababa Tigist Getachew A Thesis Submitted to