1 Chapter Strategic Leadership Development in ResearchIntensive Higher Education Contexts: The Scholarship of Educational Leadership Harry T Hubball The University of British Columbia, Canada Anthony Clarke The University of British Columbia, Canada Marion L Pearson The University of British Columbia, Canada ABSTRACT This chapter draws on 17 years of research and mentoring experience with hundreds of academic leaders in diverse research-intensive university (RIU) environments around the world The authors argue that scholarship should be central to academic leadership initiatives in RIUs The scholarship of educational leadership (SoEL) has significant benefits for RIUs and academic leaders with educational roles and responsibilities at various institutional levels: SoEL provides a strategic foundation for educational reform and other quality assurance and quality enhancement activities; SoEL is strategically aligned with RIU mandates for sustained and productive scholarly activity; SoEL fosters an institutional culture of educational scholarship aimed at enhancing effective and efficient practices in undergraduate and graduate programs; and RIUs become better known for valuing educational excellence through SoEL and its strategic contribution to enhance regional, national, or international rankings This chapter examines theory-practice applications of SoEL in diverse RIU contexts INTRODUCTION In an environment of unprecedented global competition, rapid technological change, limited resources, diversity in the student body, and demands for internationally-responsive undergraduate and graduate DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0672-0.ch001 Copyright © 2017, IGI Global Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts degree programs, the quality of higher education practices is being scrutinized as never before Academic leaders around the world on research-intensive university (RIU)1 campuses are increasingly required to account for effectiveness and efficiency of their practices While RIUs have long recognized the importance and complexity of academic leadership, the enactment of strategic and localized scholarship directed at these leadership practices remains very much in its infancy (Bryman, 2007; de la Harpe & Mason, 2014; Hubball, Clarke, Chng, & Grimmett, 2015; Mohrman, Ma, & Baker, 2008; Quinlan, 2014) The argument put forth in this chapter is that scholarship should be central to academic leadership in RIU contexts in order to sustain and enhance high quality, strategically-aligned, research-informed, and evidence-based practices The scholarship of educational leadership (SoEL) has unique benefits for RIUs and academic leaders (e.g., senior administrators, Associate Deans, program directors, curriculum leaders, program and teaching evaluators, teaching award winners, and tenured instructors and professors) with particular roles and responsibilities for quality assurance, educational reform, and curriculum and pedagogical leadership at various institutional levels within and across diverse disciplinary contexts This chapter draws on 17 years of research and experience with academic leaders in multinational research-intensive university (RIU) environments The authors are academic leaders at The University of British Columbia who have served in various educational capacities, including as directors of programs and as members of Faculty and/or institutional promotion and tenure committees All are teaching prize winners, and two are National Teaching Fellows who have mentored hundreds of academic leaders from around the world with respect to SoEL Different acronyms are used in different institutional contexts to describe the scholarship of educational leadership (SoEL), including scholarship of leadership in education (SoLE), scholarship of teaching and learning leadership (SoTL leadership), and teaching and learning leadership (TLL) In this chapter, the term SoEL is defined as a distinctive form of educational scholarship with an explicit transformational and strategic agenda that is directed at academic leaders in RIU settings Issues addressed in this chapter focus on effective ways for RIUs to engage in SoEL Attention is given to a rationale for SoEL in global RIU contexts; a theoretical framework for SoEL; practical examples for strategic use of SoEL by academic leaders within diverse institutional settings; and key institutional challenges and supports Readers are encouraged to consider the following core questions in their own institutional context: • • To what extent are strategic educational initiatives (e.g., quality assurance/quality enhancement, program-level student learning outcomes, learning technology, educational reform) supported through research-informed and evidence-based practice within and across the disciplines? To what extent are institutional supports (e.g., strategic professional development, alignment of promotion and tenure criteria) adequate for academic leaders to engage in SoEL in order to sustain and enhance high quality, strategically-aligned, research-informed, and evidence-based undergraduate and graduate level degree programs, teaching, and student learning experiences? CONTEXT FOR THE SCHOLARSHIP OF EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP (SoEL) In the global context of higher education reforms, the increasing attention to student experiences in both undergraduate and graduate programs (as judged by the students themselves) has resulted in highly publicized “league tables” on which some RIUs, to their dismay, find themselves on lower rungs than they might have anticipated Despite controversy and methodological concerns, world university rankings  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts have an impact and carry significant weight for diverse stakeholders on university campuses (Tamburri, 2013; Times Higher Education, 2015) Further, increasing pressure by governments on higher education institutions to better serve students has forced RIUs to develop specific mission statements that address the quality of undergraduate and graduate student learning experiences This widespread public scrutiny and government pressure has resulted in academic leaders being increasingly required to account for high quality, effective, and efficient educational practices in RIUs, with their social, political, economic, organizational, cultural, and disciplinary complexities In this environment, scholarship is central to effective leadership In particular, SoEL is intended to address many of the historical shortcomings of academic leadership in RIUs SoEL offers a unique and transformational practice-based research strategy for academic leaders who work with faculty members, administrators, students, and key stakeholder representatives at various levels of educational reform (i.e., within and beyond classrooms, programs, Faculties, and campuses) SoEL is aimed at sustaining high quality, strategically-aligned, research-informed, and evidence-based educational practices Specifically, SoEL provides a strategic foundation for both quality assurance and quality enhancement activities; SoEL is strategically aligned with RIU mandates for sustained and productive scholarly activity; SoEL fosters an institutional culture of educational scholarship aimed at enhancing undergraduate and graduate level degree programs, teaching, student learning experiences, and faculty development; and SoEL provides an avenue for RIUs to become better known for valuing educational excellence and its strategic contribution to regional, national, or international rankings As an example, The University of British Columbia (UBC), is routinely ranked among the top 40 universities in the world and is among the top universities in Canada (Times Higher Education, 2015) UBC educates a student population of 50,000 and offers over 250 graduate degree programs through 12 Faculties, College, and multiple Schools (see http://www.ubc.ca/) The University’s Place and Promise 2020 visioning document professes a commitment to student learning and the application of new research on education to the review and revision of curricula and pedagogical practices (The University of British Columbia, 2012) SoEL (or SoTL Leadership, as it is often referred to in this institutional context) has made a significant contribution at UBC to a wide range of academic leadership policies, programs, and practices (e.g., quality assurance; undergraduate and graduate degree program reform; and program, curriculum, and pedagogical leadership) within and across disciplinary settings In particular, strategic institutional supports, including customized professional learning experiences for nominated academic leaders and strategically-aligned promotion and tenure criteria, have enabled academic leaders, at various institutional levels, to engage in SoEL since 1998 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS FOR SoEL The higher education literature makes useful distinctions between best practices for, scholarly approaches to, and the scholarship of educational leadership (Bryman, 2007; Hubball, Clarke, Webb, & Johnson, 2015Quinlan, 2014) Best practices for educational leadership often refer to non-context-specific educational leadership practices with criteria or general principles for effectiveness that are grounded in expert experience While a useful guide and starting point for many novice educational leaders, these tips and principles don’t necessarily align well with institutional research cultures, disciplinary complexities, or rapid practice changes (e.g., use of technology) that occur within educational communities situated in RIUs  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts Scholarly approaches to educational leadership are part of a larger process of current institutional and educational reforms within RIU contexts (Ambrose et al., 2010; Boyer, 1990; Richlin & Cox, 2004) Grounded in reflective inquiry and/or professional development, scholarly approaches to educational leadership seek ongoing improvements to practice A scholarly approach to educational leadership, as with many forms of inquiry, is based on three underlying assumptions about knowledge: (1) it is personally constructed, (2) it is socially mediated, and (3) it is inherently situated (Hubball, Clarke, & Pratt, 2013) Each of these assumptions provides directions and cautions For example, the first assumption cautions that individual conceptions of the “good” in educational leadership will always be part of how educational leadership is constructed and understood Therefore, academic leaders need to make explicit their own assumptions, beliefs, and expectations about effective educational leadership as a first step to an authentic, inclusive, and productive conversation and reflection about their roles and responsibilities The socially mediated dimension of knowledge construction speaks to that conversation/reflection and the importance of arriving at a shared understanding of effective educational leadership and how it might be implemented and continually developed Coming to a shared understanding requires open dialogue and active participation by all stakeholders involved (Wenger, McDermott, & Snyder, 2002) The co-constructed knowledge that arises from such engagement is essential to educational leadership practices that uphold and honour knowledge as being always complex, dynamic, and contested (Stacey, 2000) This co-construction of knowledge must also take into account institutional structures and local cultures of educational leadership Finally, because educational leadership is inherently situated within the disciplinary traditions, learning environments, and political landscapes that frame the particular context in which the educational leadership takes place, scholarly approaches to educational leadership must attend to the historical, political, and other factors that characterize local practices That is, the educational leadership and the context are inextricably linked and determine each other in significant ways Honouring the situated nature of knowledge is, therefore, a recognition that individual communities exist within broader communities of scholarly and professional practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Stake & Cisneros-Cohernour, 2000) Taken together, these three characteristics of knowledge construction underpin scholarly approaches to educational leadership within RIU contexts SoEL builds on scholarly approaches to educational leadership and combines effective leadership with practice-based research for academic leaders in RIU contexts In order to sustain and enhance high quality, strategically-aligned, research-informed, and evidence-based educational practices, SoEL emphasizes a familiarity with the research literature, practice-based inquiry, diverse research methodologies, and venues for peer reviewed dissemination, as well as the expectations for strategic organizational impact (Arthur, Waring, Coe, & Hedges, 2012; Cousin, 2009; Hubball, Lamberson, & Kindler, 2012) Thus, “educational leadership” takes the form of scholarship through the introduction of systematic rigorous inquiry; networked improvement communities; symbolic and cultural changes to the normative context that governs academic work; and dissemination of theory and practice in peer reviewed fora (Bryk, Gomez, & Grunow, 2011; Bryman, 2007; de la Harpe & Mason, 2014; Friedman, 2006; Grimmett, 2015a; Quinlan, 2014; Sorcinelli & Yun, 2007) Diverse perspectives of SoEL are shaped by particular cultural (i.e., global, regional), institutional (i.e., university-specific), disciplinary (i.e., signature practices), epistemological (i.e., how we know what we know), methodological (i.e., alignment of the approach with the conditions), and ethical (i.e., confidentiality and anonymity) considerations (Hutchings, Huber, & Ciccone, 2011) Further, knowledge construction is ontologically complex and draws upon appropriate context-specific frameworks (Davis & Sumara, 2006)  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts In complex RIU contexts with diverse stakeholders and challenges, and varying levels of support (e.g., availability of strategic resources and expertise), SoEL assists academic leaders to ensure that “the whole” far exceeds the sum of the individual parts while seeking to better understand, examine, improve, and disseminate evidence-based practice in peer reviewed fora (Green, 2008; Marshall, Orrell, Cameron, Bosanquet, & Thomas, 2011) Thus, SoEL offers significant benefits for RIUs and academic leaders with particular roles and responsibilities at various institutional levels The imperative for SoEL is compelling, especially when one considers that academic leaders are expected to respond to and enhance RIU profiles within and beyond the communities they serve DEVELOPING INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR SoEL Deliberate effort is required to develop institutional capacity and individual capability for SoEL The authors’ research and leadership experiences suggest that effective strategies include (1) creating an institutional vision for SoEL, (2) strategically aligning promotion and tenure criteria with expectations for SoEL, and (3) providing customized institution-level professional development support to enable academic leaders to engage in SoEL Institutional Visioning Institutional visioning for SoEL should be considered in the broad context of supporting teaching and learning excellence The integrated top-down and bottom-up model in Figure illustrates the strategic role of SoEL in an RIU Figure Situating SoEL to support teaching and learning excellence in an RIU context  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts Higher Education/RIU Context This element at the top of Figure represents the internal and external RIU forces which impact SoEL For example, regional, national, and/or professional accreditation agencies in many areas of the world are working more closely than ever with RIUs to anchor their activities in institutional mandates to better support educational practices, leadership, and scholarship In addition, leadership-based scholarly organizations such as the International Consortium for Educational Development (ICED) and the International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (ISSOTL) attest to the increasing receptivity of academic conferences, journals, and granting organizations to SoEL submissions For example, the Canadian Council of 3M National Teaching Fellows (2014) provided a national grant funding program to support, mobilize, and celebrate the strategic development of the scholarship of leadership in education and the efforts of academic leaders in higher education Government initiatives, such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) National Innovation Strategy, have also had an impact on strategic educational and leadership priorities within research-intensive universities (United Arab Emirates Cabinet, 2016) Strategic Institutional-Level/Discipline-Specific SoEL This element in Figure reflects strategically trained academic leaders (e.g., Associate Deans, program directors, curriculum leaders, teaching evaluators, teaching award winners, and tenured instructors and professors) with SoEL expertise As an example, during the past two decades, the authors have observed many restructuring and visioning efforts to support excellence for teaching and learning at their own RIU, within which strategically trained academic leaders with SoEL expertise have played a critical role in implementation of quality assurance or enhancement, degree program renewal, scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL), and faculty development at various institutional levels (Hubball et al., 2012) Examples of institution-level SoEL initiatives from the authors’ experiences with academic leaders around the world include programme renewal at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa involving the Vice-President Teaching & Learning, Senior Advisor for Teaching & Learning, selected Vice-Deans from across six Faculties; and institutional Quality Assurance, Educational Development and Academic Program Directors; institutional capacity building for educational scholarship through the Teaching Academy Fellows at the National University of Singapore; and involvement of senior professors, curriculum leaders, program directors, and institutional quality assurance faculty in scholarship of teaching and learning efforts related to innovations at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) supported by the aforementioned National Innovation Strategy Project-Based SoTL Initiatives The central stars in Figure refer to strategically coordinated SoTL initiatives and projects related to curricula and pedagogical approaches For example, various SoTL projects related to curricula and pedagogical innovations have been initiated in one health sciences undergraduate program at UBC, including an examination of students’ attitudes and responses to the use of narrative pedagogy and a study of student and faculty usage patterns and perceptions of digital recordings of lectures (Marchand, Pearson, & Albon, 2014; Pearson & Hubball, 2012) Academic leaders with SoEL expertise play a critical role in initiating, supporting, and implementing these types of faculty-driven and project-based initiatives  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts Scholarly Approaches to Teaching and Learning The broad horizontal arrow in Figure reflects a foundational institutional expectation for high quality teaching and student learning experiences For example, at UBC, grounded in reflective inquiry, best practice, and ongoing improvements to pedagogical strategies, the collective agreements for all teaching faculty (including graduate teaching assistants, instructional librarians, faculty development staff, etc.) include an expectation to engage in scholarly approaches to teaching and learning Professional development support for scholarly approaches to teaching and learning primarily exists within the disciplines (e.g., program-based mentoring and internal teaching and learning units), though support is also available through a centralized service unit Strategically-Aligned Promotion and Tenure Criteria Clearly, institutional visioning for SoEL in RIU contexts has institutional implications for strategicallyaligned promotion and tenure (P&T) criteria, as well as customized professional development support in order to enable academic leaders to engage in SoEL As part of institutional reform around the world, many RIUs are reconsidering their criteria for merit, promotion, and tenure These efforts are not necessarily occurring at the same pace or ideally synchronized However, there is a move towards strategic alignment of career progress criteria with issues of educational leadership and its related scholarship within and across the disciplines and at various levels of academic rank at RIUs Selected examples of institutions where this is occurring include the University of Toronto in Canada, the University of Birmingham in the UK, and the National University of Singapore in the Republic of Singapore (Hubball et al., 2015) Furthermore, on such campuses, department heads, Deans, and senior appointments committees are seeking better data on SoEL so they can more responsibly carry out their respective oversight and evaluation functions related to promotion and tenure Consistent with many RIUs, progress through the academic ranks of Assistant, Associate, and Full Professor at UBC requires appropriate evidence for scholarly activity, teaching excellence, and service (The University of British Columbia, 2014) According to UBC’s P&T guidelines, and relevant to SoEL, the criteria for the scholarship of teaching and for professional contributions are weighted equally with traditional scholarly research in career progression for the professorial stream Criteria for evaluating the scholarship of teaching include factors such as originality or innovation, demonstrable impact in a particular field or discipline, peer reviews of scholarly contributions to teaching, dissemination in the public domain, and substantial and/or sustained use by others Similarly, the evaluation of professional contributions takes into account evidence that might be viewed as demonstrating leadership, rare expertise, or outstanding stature within a field or discipline In parallel with the tenure-track professorial stream, UBC also has a tenure-track instructional stream with the academic ranks of Instructor, Senior Instructor, and Professor of Teaching, within which there are expectations for educational leadership, as well as teaching excellence and service contributions For example, relevant to educational leadership, the Professor of Teaching rank established at UBC in 2011 requires evidence of outstanding achievement in leadership provided within the university and elsewhere to advance innovation and excellence in teaching; contributions to curriculum development and renewal within the unit or Faculty; scholarly teaching with impact inside and outside the unit; and applications of and contributions to the scholarship of teaching and learning (The University of British Columbia, 2014, Sections 3.1.6 to 3.2.6, 3.4.1, and 4.4) However, although contested in UBC’s RIU context and unlike RIUs offering a similar rank, the  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts criteria for promotion to Professor of Teaching not include an explicit requirement for scholarship Nonetheless, aspiring candidates in the instructional stream for the Professor of Teaching rank are often strategically nominated and supported by their Dean to voluntarily undertake the customized institutionlevel SoTL Leadership Program available at UBC Customized Professional Development for Academic Leaders Academic leadership training programs at RIUs tend to be led by recognized senior administrators with a successful track record in institution-level governance and typically focus on related functions such as strategic visioning, management skills, budgeting, conflict resolution, fostering research communities, and facilitating career progress However, there is often very little emphasis placed on fostering scholarship pertaining to these practices At UBC, academic leaders with specific roles and responsibilities to support excellence in teaching and learning at various institutional levels within and across the disciplines have an opportunity to be nominated by their Dean to participate in the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program This UBC program provides customised professional development support that enables academic leaders to engage in SoEL Since its initiation in 1998, the program has evolved to place increasing emphasis on scholarship, and now regards the scholarship of teaching and learning leadership (SoTL leadership) as of the same order as the scholarship of educational leadership (SoEL) Professional Development Framework for Academic Leaders Traditionally, there has been a lack of systematic preparation and strategic professional development for SoEL on RIU campuses Where such opportunities are available, there is often a reliance on wellintentioned but ad hoc and generic educational leadership best practice workshops for academic leaders Figure provides a useful professional development framework that integrates theory with practice and invites institutional and discipline-specific academic leaders to engage in SoEL through iterative phases of planning, implementation, and assessment (Hubball & Burt, 2004) This framework has been adapted for academic leaders at RIUs from around the world (e.g., Australia, Bahrain, Canada, China, England, Japan, New Zealand, Qatar, South Africa, Scotland, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, UAE, USA, and The West Indies) This framework takes into account diverse ontological, epistemological, methodological, and ethical considerations for SoEL and invites institutional leaders to draw upon appropriate contextspecific models to develop, implement, and/or assess the impact of educational practices Context The context element in Figure takes into account relevant SoEL literature and the “big picture” factors that support optimal environments for educational practices in RIU settings At a macro level, these factors include situated higher education agencies, institutional and discipline-specific strategic planning goals, political structures, promotion and tenure expectations, and prioritized resources available for educational reform At a meso level, professional development for institution- or Faculty-level SoEL that focuses on engaging networked improvement communities grounded in inquiry is needed in order to sustain and enhance effective, efficient, and high quality educational practices, as well as peer reviewed dissemination  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts Figure A professional development heuristic to enhance SoEL for academic leaders Planning The planning element in Figure takes into account all components of the conceptual framework to develop strategic long-term, intermediate, and short-term SoEL goals For example, academic leaders have different starting points for SoEL and different goals, opportunities for quality enhancement, and targets Thus, they should be actively engaged in mapping their own SoEL professional development, as well as contributing to the culture of SoEL excellence within their disciplinary context Implementation The implementation element in Figure takes into account all components of the conceptual framework to implement progressive and strategically-aligned educational practices that respond to the diverse needs and circumstances of the RIU context, including strategic priorities for excellence in student learning These include engaging networked improvement communities, offering technology-enabled professional learning experiences, and providing mentoring opportunities for faculty members that can support progressive SoEL development and impacts Assessment The assessment element of Figure takes into account all components of the conceptual framework to focus on strategic and authentic assessment of SoEL These include formative and summative assessments Drawing on the scholarly literature, formative assessment may take the form of self-assessment or feedback from administrators, peers, faculty groups, and students Summative assessment is more formal and evaluative in nature For example, in the case of career progress decisions, assessment strategies  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts may include external reviews of the impact of an academic leader’s SoEL Individuals participating in this assessment should be knowledgeable and informed by specific P&T guidelines and have expertise in SoEL and peer review methodology in order to make informed judgements At UBC, this iterative framework has guided the development and implementation of customised professional development initiatives for academic leaders since 1998 The diversity of offerings has included the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program; the UBC Peer Review of Teaching Leaders Program; the UBC Curriculum Scholarship Leaders Program; the UBC Seconded Teachers Program; and UBC’s Graduate Supervision Leaders Program As a further example, the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program (see http://international.educ.ubc.ca/SOTL/) is available in a range of customised face-to-face, online, and blended formats to UBC leaders and through invitation to partner universities internationally (Hubball & Clarke, 2010; Hubball et al., 2015; Hubball, Clarke, & Poole, 2010; Hubball, Clarke, & Pratt, 2013; Hubball, Clarke, Webb, et al., 2015; Hubball & Edwards-Henry, 2011; Hubball & Pearson, 2009; Hubball, Pearson, & Clarke, 2013; Wang, Peng, Pearson, & Hubball, 2011) Customised Program Design Program-Level Learning Outcomes On completion of the International Faculty SoTL Leadership program, academic leaders are to: Think critically about SoTL leadership literature and its implications for educational leadership in diverse contexts (including issues such as curricular and pedagogical leadership, communities of practice, educational technologies, student engagement and inclusion, authentic assessment and evaluation, and research methods); Integrate SoTL leadership research skills in complex educational practice settings (including the ability to access, retrieve, and evaluate relevant literature; define SoTL leadership research problems and apply research methods; demonstrate responsible use of ethical principles; and dissemination); Demonstrate a critically reflective practice (including the ability to articulate a scholarly philosophy of teaching/curriculum practice and provide an evidence-based educational leadership dossier); Conduct formative peer review of teaching/curriculum reports that are grounded in the scholarly literature, methodological rigour, and authentic methods of assessment and evaluation; and, Demonstrate effective leadership, collaboration, and communication skills when initiating, engaging in, and disseminating SoTL leadership in peer reviewed contexts Program Content The program content focuses on two core themes and two thematic scholarship specializations: Core Program Themes SoTL Leadership Contexts: Global/national/regional/institutional/technological/discipline-specific initiatives to enhance research-informed, evidence-based, effective, and strategically-aligned educational leadership practices in diverse higher education settings; implementation challenges and strategic institutional supports SoTL Leadership Research Design: Ontological, epistemological, methodological and ethical considerations in complex educational leadership settings; developing and refining practice-based 10  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts SoTL leadership inquiry; research design and methodology; data collection and analysis methods; dissemination in peer reviewed contexts Thematic Program and Scholarship Specializations Pedagogical Leadership: SoTL Leadership Implications – Theories of student learning in higher education; teaching perspectives in higher education; technology-enhanced learning-centred teaching practices; authentic assessment and evaluation of teaching and student learning in higher education; practice-based SoTL Leadership research methodology Curriculum Leadership: SoTL Leadership Implications – The scholarship of undergraduate/ graduate degree program reform; curriculum contexts and communities of practice; technologyenhanced learning-centred curriculum practices; curriculum development, renewal, implementation, and evaluation; practice-based SoTL Leadership research methodology Program Completion As the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program is a formal UBC program, graduates of receive a certificate upon successful completion of the program Authentic assessment and evaluation of SoTL leadership is an integral component of the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program Three methods incorporating formative and summative assessment processes that are employed include instructor feedback, self-reflection, and peer review Furthermore, graduates are required to complete an external peer review and oral interview based on their graduation e-portfolio, which is assessed on pass/fail criteria for each of the following components: A scholarly educational leadership dossier (e.g., research-informed and evidence-based synthesis statements pertaining to practice context, reflective methodology, and impact); A thematic review of SoTL leadership literature in higher education; Formative peer review reports (e.g., on-site analysis and dissemination of effective educational leadership practices); A capstone SoTL leadership proposal (e.g., a practice-driven independent or collaborative educational leadership paper that includes literature review, research questions, methodology, data collection and analysis, and bibliography); and A SoTL leadership presentation (e.g., a scholarly conference-ready presentation to peer academic leaders pertaining to the SoTL leadership proposal) Program Implementation Program Administration The multidisciplinary advisory board and the instructional and assessment team for the program includes Canadian National Teaching Fellows, UBC Killam Teaching Prize winners, and professors and scholars with experience mentoring hundreds of academic leaders engaged in diverse SoTL Leadership programs A number also serve on Faculty-level or institutional-level promotion and tenure committees At UBC, the customized SoTL Leadership Program is designed to engage ten to fifteen selected academic leaders from diverse disciplinary contexts annually Academic leaders are defined as tenured 11  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts faculty members (e.g., Associate Deans, program leaders, and pedagogical leaders) and are strategically selected by Deans as Faculty representatives Through a formal application process, and further incentivised with opportunities for outcomes-based scholarship support, selection is based on the following criteria: Recognized excellence in educational leadership practices; Potential to lead Faculty peers with regards to effective teaching, curriculum, mentoring, and professional development; Commitment to program meetings and completion of the graduation e-portfolio; and Dedication to supporting research on student learning experiences and outcomes Program Engagement Process The program includes 150 hours of learning experiences that combine practice-based research, an online learning management system providing access to scholarly literature and graduation e-portfolio materials, and interactive face-to-face theory-based modular seminars that are customised with respect to frequency of meetings and program completion times Since SoTL leadership involves networked improvement communities, the program employs a cohort model and a blended mode of delivery, whereby emphasis is placed on collaboration, inquiry, communication technologies, and peer review as integral and developmental aspects of SoTL leadership Moreover, the blended cohort model provides academic leaders with a unique forum in which to debate, practice, and evaluate philosophies, issues, and applications of SoEL in higher education Through the program’s learning management system and its comprehensive SoTL leadership bibliography and e-learning activities, supervision and feedback is provided to assist academic leaders in their progress toward completion of their graduation e-portfolio Thus, the program pedagogies, including strategically coordinated video-conference meetings that are appropriately scheduled to synchronize across time zones, are designed to meet diverse needs and circumstances of program participants For example, consistent with “flipped classroom” methodologies and drawing upon comprehensive online program resource materials, cohort video-conference meetings for academic leaders from multinational settings primarily focus on context-specific issues and strategies pertaining to theoretical and practical insights within each program theme In order to enhance the online community of academic leaders, important 3-day face-to-face on-site institutes are geographically distributed (e.g., in Vancouver, Singapore, and Dubai) and scheduled toward the start and the end of the program Program Impact Ongoing research and continuous program improvements to enhance SoTL leadership focus on responsive learning technologies (e.g., video-conferencing platform, integrated learning management systems) and effective program design and implementation methodologies (e.g., threshold concepts for SoTL leadership) as appropriate in specific institutional settings The authors’ experience with academic leaders from multinational and multi-institutional RIU settings suggests that it typically takes at least two or more highly strategic institutional leadership cohort offerings to enhance the sustainability of SoTL leadership of this nature, with the proviso that adequate and strategically-aligned institutional supports are available Although academic leaders tend to engage in SoTL leadership inquiry to examine common issues pertaining to strategic development, implementation, and impact of educational initiatives, they engage in such inquiry from diverse ontological, epistemological, and ethical perspectives For example, based largely on institutional leadership roles and priorities, SoTL leadership inquiries focus on organizational 12  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts (e.g., fostering an institutional culture for educational scholarship within and across multidisciplinary contexts), programmatic (e.g., innovative graduate program development, program-level outcomes assessment, and curricula integration), or pedagogical (effective faculty development, flexible learning, and evaluation of teaching) practices Furthermore, strategic SoTL leadership inquiries are situated in particular context, process, impact, or outcome phases of an educational initiative (Hubball & Pearson, 2011) Participants, therefore, select specific research methodologies that best align with a specific SoTL leadership inquiry and practice-based context (Hubball & Clark, 2010) For example, action research, appreciative inquiry, self-study, and case study methodologies are particularly prevalent across diverse SoTL leadership projects (Pearson, Albon, & Hubball, 2015) Emerging technology-enabled inquiry methods such as curriculum analytics are increasingly being used to mine data and support effective decision-making for quality enhancement and curriculum renewal (Dawson & Hubball, 2014; Wagner & Ice, 2012) Since 1998, over 400 academic leaders at UBC and at RIUs in 20 different countries with significant SoTL leadership experience and expertise have graduated from this program Program alumni have made significant leadership and research contributions to scholarly approaches to and the scholarship of curriculum and pedagogical practices More than 40 peer reviewed articles have been published and an equal number of invited international presentations have been given on SoTL Leadership Program processes and impacts at RIUs around the world Indeed, it is the scale and combination of high levels of multinational and multidisciplinary collaborations, networked improvement communities, creativity, professionalism, and sustained impact and program-level scholarship that are the hallmarks of the International Faculty SoTL Leadership Program CHALLENGES HINDERING ENGAGEMENT IN SoEL While there is growing institutional support and attention to SoEL at many RIUs around the world, there are substantive challenges that can result in a “management” (versus scholarship) orientation to educational leadership (Grimmett, 2015b) This may undermine the credibility and status of educational leadership within the academy, similar to “pre-Boyer” scholarship of teaching practices in North America, rather than yield significant benefits of SoEL as outlined earlier in this chapter Substantive challenges to SoEL on RIU campuses include inadequate strategic vision for SoEL; lack of expertise and role models to lead institutional and discipline-specific supports for SoEL; and misaligned P&T criteria that hinder academic leaders from engaging in SoEL For example, at UBC, changes in senior administration, including significant growth of middle-management, and funding priorities in recent years have revealed competing institutional priorities (e.g., technology, service units, and optional scholarship expectations for educational leadership) and budget allocations which often constrain efforts to adequately support SoEL While there is no shortage of generic literature and criteria to describe educational leadership (e.g., pedagogical innovation and excellence, and contributions to curriculum development), there are minimal and often inappropriate discipline-specific and criteria-based descriptors or standards (e.g., does not meet expectations, meets expectations, exceeds expectations) that define expected levels for SoEL contributions in a specific RIU setting (e.g., evidence for high quality, effective, and efficient educational practice plus one journal article and one invited SoEL presentation per year) As with other forms of scholarship in RIU contexts, for example, at the Professor level in a particular discipline, an expectation 13  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts to demonstrate “outstanding” impact within and beyond the host university might include dissemination of SoEL in local (e.g., program-level leadership, evaluation of teaching reports, campus-wide faculty development), national, and international peer reviewed contexts In addition, and exacerbated by already-heavy workloads, notable challenges for many academic leaders to fully engage in SoEL include the time and effort to develop a new form of inquiry in higher education This may involve overcoming disciplinary biases for particular research methodologies, and related scholarship issues such as quality, quantity, authorship contributions, and sustained dissemination Despite significant challenges and barriers to SoEL at the authors’ institution and on RIU campuses around the world, increasing institutional support is testimony to the growing value placed on SoEL at these campuses CONCLUSION Scholarship should be central to academic leadership in RIU contexts Drawing on the authors’ research and experiences over a 17-year period at UBC and with strategic institutional partners at 20 universities around the world, this chapter provides examples of SoEL for academic leaders with particular roles and responsibilities pertaining to educational reform and curricular and pedagogical leadership at various institutional levels within and across diverse disciplinary contexts SoEL combines effective leadership and research for academic leaders in RIUs As a strategic form of academic leadership, however, SoEL is still very much in its infancy, both theoretically and practically, on RIU campuses worldwide The authors’ research and experience also suggests that to maximize the institutional impact of SoEL, attention must be given to the art, science, and politics of implementation For example, there is a need for: • • • Strategic institutional vision for SoEL that includes strategically-aligned professional development for academic leaders in SoEL, as well as workload expectations and P&T criteria, and that is consistent with institutional priorities and resources; Strategic engagement and mobilization of key leaders, stakeholder representation, and critical mass in order to foster networked improvement communities (e.g., through iterative phases of needs assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation) around rigorous educational inquiry; Strategic visible communications (e.g., noticeboards, unit meetings, publications, data analytics, newsletters, and/or websites) and dissemination of SoEL progress, challenges, and goals in peer reviewed contexts If SoEL is not adequately supported, implementation issues can present significant challenges for academic leaders, the magnitude of which may well be a significant deterrent to engage in SoEL, and thus both institutions and individuals fail to reap its benefits such as a strategic foundation for educational reform and other quality assurance and quality enhancement activities Even under supportive institutional conditions, however, it is far from easy for many academic leaders to engage in SoEL Nonetheless, SoEL or other dimensions of scholarship for academic leadership practice within the academy is more likely to be taken up in substantial ways if senior administrators within and across the disciplines are similarly engaged in the scholarship of institutional practices such as implementation of strategic planning goals, strategic hiring practices, strategic program budgeting, or effective faculty supervision for promotion and tenure 14  Strategic Leadership Development in Research-Intensive Higher Education Contexts Despite various challenges and areas for improvement, there are encouraging signs of progress around the world Higher education leadership recognition awards are increasingly requiring evidence of scholarship, collaborations and expertise are growing at RIUs on a global scale, and strategic attention is being paid to institutional supports that enable academic leaders to engage in SoEL An RIU commitment to SoEL, therefore, 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