Essentials of Organizational Behavior To T.K For keeping it real SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content Today, we publish more than 850 journals, including those of more than 300 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence L o s A n g e l e s | L o n d o n | N ew D e l h i | S i n g a p o r e | Wa s h i n g to n D C Essentials of Organizational Behavior An Evidence-Based Approach Terri A Scandura University of Miami FOR INFORMATION: Copyright SAGE Publications, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd 2016 by SAGE Publications, Inc Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-4833-4565-9 Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Acquisitions Editor: Maggie Stanley Associate Editor: Abbie Rickard This book is printed on acid-free paper Editorial Assistant: Nicole Mangona eLearning Editor: Katie Bierach Production Editor: Laura Barrett Copy Editor: Megan Markanich Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd Proofreader: Theresa Kay Indexer: Molly Hall Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Liz Thornton 15 16 17 18 19 10 BRIEF CONTENTS PREFACE xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxvii SECTION I ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND LEADERSHIP CHAPTER •  What Is Organizational Behavior? CHAPTER •  Leadership: Core Concepts 23 SECTION II UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS IN ORGANIZATIONS 55 CHAPTER •  Individual Differences 56 CHAPTER •  Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 86 CHAPTER •  Perception 109 CHAPTER •  Individual Decision Making 137 SECTION III MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES 167 CHAPTER •  Motivation: Core Concepts 168 CHAPTER •  Motivation: Learning and Rewards 194 SECTION IV BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS 223 CHAPTER •  Group Processes and Teams 224 CHAPTER 10 •  Managing Conflict and Negotiation 254 CHAPTER 11 •  Organizational Communication 284 CHAPTER 12 •  Cross-Cultural Differences and Adjustments 309 SECTION V CREATING CHANGE 337 CHAPTER 13 •  Stress in the Context of Organizational Change 338 CHAPTER 14 •  Organizational Culture 365 CHAPTER 15 •  Leading Change 386 APPENDIX • Research Designs Used in Organizational Behavior 409 GLOSSARY 413 NOTES 425 INDEX 455 CONTENTS PREFACE xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxvii SECTION I ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND LEADERSHIP CHAPTER •  What Is Organizational Behavior? Chapter Learning Objectives A Crisis of Leadership? What Is Organizational Behavior? Applied Social Psychology From Theory to Practice Evidence-Based Management What Is Critical Thinking? The Scientific Method 10 Outcome Variables in Organizational Behavior Performance 11 Work-Related Attitudes 12 Motivation 12 Employee Withdrawal 12 11 Levels of Analysis in Organizational Behavior 14 How Organizational Behavior Can Increase Employee Performance 14 Toward More Effective Organizational Leaders: Plan for This Textbook 15 Leadership Implications: Thinking Critically 17 Key Terms 18 Suggestions for Further Reading 18 ´ TOOLKIT ACTIVITY 1.1: Personal Leadership Development Plan 18 ´ CASE STUDY 1.1: Organizational Science in the Real World 20 ´ SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.1: Assessing Your Experiential Evidence 21 CHAPTER •  Leadership: Core Concepts 23 Chapter Learning Objectives 23 Have Leaders Lost Their Followers’ Trust? 23 What Is Leadership? 24 Differentiating Management and Leadership 25 Full-Range Leadership Development 26 Transactional Leadership 26 Transformational Leadership 27 Leader–Member Exchange 28 Leader–Member Exchange Development 31 Managing Your Boss 32 Follower Reactions to Authority 33 The Mentor Connection 33 The Importance of Trust 35 Calculus-Based Trust 35 Knowledge-Based Trust 35 Identification-Based Trust 36 Repairing Broken Trust 37 Power and Influence 38 Bases of Power 39 Organizational Sources of Power 40 Influence Strategies 41 Which Influence Strategies Are the Most Effective? 42 Organizational Politics and Political Skill Ethical Leadership 44 45 Servant and Authentic Leadership 46 Leadership Implications: Developing Relationships and Leading Ethically 49 Key Terms 49 Suggestions for Further Reading 50 ´ TOOLKIT ACTIVITY 2.1: Applying the Full-Range Leadership Development Model 50 ´ CASE STUDY 2.1: Which Boss Would You Rather Work For? 51 ´ SELF-ASSESSMENT 2.1: What’s Your Level of Political Acumen? 52 SECTION II UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS IN ORGANIZATIONS 55 CHAPTER •  Individual Differences 56 Chapter Learning Objectives 56 The Right Stuff at the Wrong Time 56 What Is Personality? 57 The Role of Heredity 57 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 57 Limitations of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 58 How the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Is Used in Organizations 58 “The Big Five” 59 Personality Traits and Health Research 60 Psychological Capital 62 Emotions and Moods at Work 64 Emotional Intelligence 66 Can Emotional Intelligence Be Learned? 66 Limitations of Emotional Intelligence 67 How Emotional Intelligence Is Used in Organizations 67 Emotional Labor: “Fake It Until You Make It” 67 Affective Events Theory: An Organizing Framework 68 Neuroscience 69 Ethical Issues in Neuroscience 70 Diversity 70 Surface-Level and Deep-Level Diversity 71 Generations at the Workplace The Millennials 72 Leading Diverse Followers Mindfulness 71 73 76 Leadership Implications: Embracing Diversity 77 Key Terms 78 Suggestions for Further Reading 79 ´ ´ ´ ´ TOOLKIT ACTIVITY 3.1: Generations at Work 79 CASE STUDY 3.1: Managing Diversity at IBM Netherlands 80 SELF-ASSESSMENT 3.1: The Big Five Personality Test 82 SELF-ASSESSMENT 3.2: Type A Behavior Pattern 84 CHAPTER •  Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 86 Chapter Learning Objectives 86 Job Satisfaction: A Downward Trend What Is an Attitude? 87 Cognitive Dissonance 89 Do Attitudes Matter? 89 Job Satisfaction 90 Job Satisfaction Facets Job Search Attitudes 91 94 Organizational Commitment 95 Job Involvement 96 Employee Engagement 97 86 ... n D C Essentials of Organizational Behavior An Evidence- Based Approach Terri A Scandura University of Miami FOR INFORMATION: Copyright SAGE Publications, Inc All rights reserved No part of this... Importance of Trust 35 Calculus -Based Trust 35 Knowledge -Based Trust 35 Identification -Based Trust 36 Repairing Broken Trust 37 Power and Influence 38 Bases of Power 39 Organizational Sources of Power... Variables in Organizational Behavior Performance 11 Work-Related Attitudes 12 Motivation 12 Employee Withdrawal 12 11 Levels of Analysis in Organizational Behavior 14 How Organizational Behavior