VIN HN LM KHOA HC V CễNG NGH VIT NAM HC VIN KHOA HC V CễNG NGH TRN QUC TON CH TO V NGHIấN CU NG HC QU TRèNH NH CHT DINH DNG CA MT S LOI PHN BểN NH CHM Chuyờn ngnh: Húa lý thuyt v Húa lý Mó s: 62.44.01.19 LUN N TIN S HO HC NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS.TS Trn i Lõm GS.TS Nguyn Vn Khụi H Ni - 2016 LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca tụi di s hng dn ca PGS.TS Trn i Lõm v GS.TS Nguyn Vn Khụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nờu lun ỏn l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt kỡ cụng trỡnh khoa hc no khỏc Mt s kt qu lun ỏn l kt qu chung ca nhúm nghiờn cu ó c cỏc ng tỏc gi cho phộp s dng Tỏc gi lun ỏn Trn Quc Ton ii LI CM N Lun ỏn ny c hon thnh ti Vin Hoỏ hc - Vin Hn lõm Khoa hc v Cụng ngh Vit Nam Trong quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu tụi ó nhn c nhiu s giỳp quớ bỏu ca cỏc thy cụ, cỏc nh khoa hc, cỏc ng nghip, bn bố v gia ỡnh Vi lũng kớnh trng v bit n sõu sc nht, tụi xin gi li cm n ti PGS.TS Trn i Lõm v GS.TS Nguyn Vn Khụi nhng ngi thy ó tn tõm hng dn khoa hc, truyn cho tụi tri thc cng nh ch bo, giỳp , ng viờn, khớch l v to mi iu kin tt nht tụi hon thnh bn lun ỏn ny Tụi xin trõn trng cm n Ban Giỏm c Hc vin Khoa hc & Cụng ngh v Ban lónh o Vin Húa hc cựng cỏc cỏn b ca Hc vin, Vin ó giỳp v to mi iu kin thun li cho tụi sut quỏ trỡnh hc v nghiờn cu Tụi xin chõn thnh cm n th cỏn b phũng Vt liu Polyme - Vin Húa hc ó giỳp tụi quỏ trỡnh thc nghim cng nh úng gúp nhiu ý kin quớ bỏu v chuyờn mụn vic thc hin v hon thin lun ỏn Tụi xin trõn trng cm n S Khoa hc v Cụng ngh tnh Thỏi Nguyờn,cỏc trm khuyn nụng TP Sụng Cụng v huyn ng H, Thỏi Nguyờn ó to iu kin tụi th nghim, ỏnh giỏ sn phm Tụi xin chõn thnh cm n Ban Giỏm hiu Trng i hc S Phm i hc Thỏi Nguyờn, Ban ch nhim khoa Húa hc v cỏc ng nghip Khoa Húa hc ó to mi iu kin tt nht cho tụi sut quỏ trỡnh hc v nghiờn cu Cui cựng tụi xin by t li cm n sõu sc nht n gia ỡnh, ngi thõn v bn bố ó luụn tin tng, ng viờn, chia s v to mi iu kin thun li nht cho tụi sut quỏ trỡnh hc v nghiờn cu Xin trõn trng cm n! Tỏc gi Trn Quc Ton iii DANH MC CH VIT TT Ch vit y STT Ch vit tt ASC Axit ascorbic - C6H8O5 APS Amoni pesunfat - (NH4)2S2O8 AAm Acrylamit - C3H5NO (CH2=CHCONH2) CRF Phõn bún nh cú kim soỏt (Controlled Release Fertilizer) CDU Ure formaldehit/Ure-crotonaldehit DAP iamonihirophotphat - (NH4)2HPO4 DCD Dixyandiamide IR Ph hng ngoi IBDU 10 IFA Hip hi phõn bún quc t 11 MAP MgNH4PO4.6H2O 12 MBA N,N'- metylenbisacrylamit - C7H10N2O2 13 MC Trn c húa hc 14 NUE Hiu qu s dng N 15 NPK Phõn cha N, P, K 16 SEM Hin vi in t quột (Scanning Electronic Microscopy) 17 SRF Phõn bún nh chm (Slow Release Fertilizer) 18 PVA Poly vinylancol 19 PCF Phõn bc polyme 20 PSCF Phõn bc bng polyme v lu hunh 21 PU Polyurethan 22 UF Ure formaldehit 23 SA Amonisunfat (NH4)2SO4 24 SCU Phõn bc lu hunh 25 MMT Montmorillonit 26 TGA Phõn tớch nhit trng lng (Thermal GravimetricAnalysis) 27 FAO T chc lng thc v nụng nghip liờn hp quc 28 FAV Hip hi phõn bún Vit Nam Ure-isobutyraldehit iv MC LC Trang Trang bỡa ph Li cam oan ii Li cm n iii Mc lc v Danh mc bng biu vi Danh mc cỏc hỡnh vii M U CHNG TNG QUAN 1.1 Vai trũ ca phõn bún i vi sn xut lng thc, tỏc ng ca vic s dng phõn bún ti mụi trng, sinh thỏi v sc kho 1.1.1 Vai trũ ca phõn bún i vi sn xut lng thc 1.1.2 Tỏc ng ca vic s dng phõn bún ti mụi trng, sinh thỏi v sc kho 1.2 Gii thiu chung v phõn bún nh chm 1.2.1 Khỏi nim, phõn loi v nhng u im ca phõn bún nh chm 1.2.2 Cụng ngh phõn bún nh chm 10 1.2.3 ng hc v c ch quỏ trỡnh nh chm phõn bún 25 1.3 Gii thiu mt s nguyờn vt liu dựng ch to phõn bún nh chm .32 1.3.1 Tinh bt v tinh bt bin tớnh .32 1.3.2 Polyurethan 34 1.3.3 Polyvinyl ancol .35 1.3.4 Polyvinyl axetat 35 1.3.5 Bentonit 36 1.4 ng dng ca phõn bún nh chm 37 1.4.1 S dng phõn bún nh chm nụng nghip 37 1.4.2 S dng phõn bún nh chm lnh vc phi nụng nghip 42 1.4.3 Tỡnh hỡnh nghiờn cu phõn bún nh chm Vit Nam .44 CHNG THC NGHIM 47 2.1 Nguyờn liu, hoỏ cht 47 2.2 Dng c, thit b nghiờn cu 47 2.3 Mt s phng phỏp phõn tớch phõn bún 48 v 2.3.1 Xỏc nh hm lng nit tng s 48 2.3.2 Xỏc nh hm lng photpho tng s 49 2.3.3 Xỏc nh hm lng kali tng s 49 2.3.4 Phng phỏp xỏc nh ró ca lừi phõn bún .49 2.3.5 Phng phỏp xỏc nh cng ca lừi phõn .50 2.3.6 Phng phỏp phõn tớch mt s tớnh cht lý húa ca t 50 2.4 Phng phỏp tin hnh 50 2.4.1 Nghiờn cu ch to lừi phõn bún 50 2.4.2 Nghiờn cu ch to v bc cho phõn bún nh chm 54 2.4.3 Xõy dng mụ hỡnh ng hc quỏ trỡnh nh chm phõn bún 56 2.4.4 ng dng th nghim phõn bún nh chm cho mt s cõy trng .58 CHNG KT QU V THO LUN 65 3.1 Ch to lừi phõn bún nh chm .65 3.1.1 Bin tớnh tinh bt 65 3.1.2 La chn cht kt dớnh cho phõn bún ure nh chm 68 3.1.3 La chn cht kt dớnh cho phõn bún NPK nh chm 70 3.2 Ch to v bc cho phõn bún nh chm 73 3.2.1 c trng vt liu ca lp v bc 73 3.3 Xõy dng mụ hỡnh ng hc quỏ trỡnh nh chm phõn bún 78 3.3.1 Nghiờn cu quỏ trỡnh nh phõn bún nc 78 3.3.2 nh hng ca nhit n kh nng nh dinh dng ca phõn bún 98 3.3.3 nh hng ca pH n kh nng nh dinh dng ca phõn bún 100 3.3.4 Quỏ trỡnh nh phõn bún t 101 3.3.5 ỏnh giỏ kh nng phõn hy sinh hc ca lp v phõn bún 103 3.4 ng dng phõn bún nh chm cho mt s cõy trng 105 3.4.1 ng dng phõn bún nh chm cho cõy xanh 106 3.4.2 ng dng phõn bún nh chm cho cõy chố 113 KT LUN 118 TI LIU THAM KHO 121 vi DANH MC BNG BIU Bng 2.1 Thnh phn nguyờn liu tng hp lừi phõn ure nh chm (tớnh cho 100g) 53 Bng 2.2 Thnh phn nguyờn liu tng hp lừi phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) .53 Bng 2.3 Thnh phn nguyờn liu tng hp lừi phõn bún NPK (30:10:10) .54 Bng 3.1 nh hng ca thi gian bin tớnh ti tớnh cht ca tinh bt 65 Bng 3.2 nh hng ca hm lng PU n dy lp v v t l bc 76 Bng 3.3 Mụ hỡnh ng hc ca phõn ure nh chm vi dy 25-30 àm 80 Bng 3.4 Mụ hỡnh ng hc ca phõn ure nh chm vi dy 40-50 àm 80 Bng 3.5 Mụ hỡnh ng hc ca phõn ure nh chm vi dy 70-80 àm 80 Bng 3.6 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 25-30 àm 85 Bng 3.7 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 40-50 àm 86 Bng 3.8 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 70-80 àm 86 Bng 3.9 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 25-30 àm 88 Bng 3.10 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 40-50 àm 88 Bng 3.11 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 70-80 àm 88 Bng 3.12 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 25-30 àm 90 Bng 3.13 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 40-50 àm 90 Bng 3.14 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) vi dy 70-80 àm 91 Bng 3.15 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 25-30 àm 92 Bng 3.16 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 40-50 àm 93 vi Bng 3.17 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh N ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 70-80 àm 93 Bng 3.18 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh P ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 25-30 àm 95 Bng 3.19 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh P ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 40-50 àm 95 Bng 3.21 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 25-30 àm 97 Bng 3.22 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 40-50 àm 97 Bng 3.23 Cỏc tham s ng hc v phng trỡnh ng hc nh K ca phõn NPK (16:16:16) vi dy 70-80 àm 98 Bng 3.24 nh hng ca phõn bún ure nh chm n thi gian sinh trng 106 Bng 3.25 nh hng ca phõn bún nh chm n sinh trng v phỏt trin ca cõy xanh 107 Bng 3.26 nh hng ca lng phõn bún nh chm n hỡnh thỏi cu trỳc qu xanh .108 Bng 3.27 nh hng ca phõn bún ure nh chm n nng sut v cỏc yu t cu thnh nng sut 109 Bng 3.28 Hiu qu kinh t thu c ca mụ hỡnh ng dng phõn bún nh chmcho cõy xanh .110 Bng 3.30 nh hng ca phõn bún nh chm n cỏc yu t cu thnh nng sut chố (tớnh trung bỡnh la hỏi) 113 Bng 3.31 nh hng ca phõn bún nh chm n nng sut chố (tớnh trung bỡnh la hỏi) 114 Bng 3.32 Hiu qu kinh t thu c ca mụ hỡnh ng dng phõn bún nh chm cho cõy chố (tớnh la hỏi) .115 Bng 3.33 nh hng ca phõn bún nh chm n tớnh cht lý húa ca t .116 vii DANH MC CC HèNH Hỡnh 1.1 So sỏnh gia bún phõn thụng thng (3 ln bún) vi bún phõn nh chm (ch ln bún) .9 Hỡnh 1.2 Cu to ht phõn nh chm bc polyme .15 Hỡnh 1.3 Quỏ trỡnh khuch tỏn cht dinh dng t phõn bún nh chm 26 Hỡnh 1.4 Cu trỳc phõn t ca amyloz (a) v amylopectin (b) 33 Hỡnh 1.5 Cu trỳc phõn t ca Polyurethan 34 Hỡnh 1.6 Cu trỳc phõn t ca Polyvinyl ancol 35 Hỡnh 1.7 Cu trỳc phõn t Polyvinyl axetat 36 Hỡnh 1.8.Cu trỳc tinh th 2:1 ca Montmorillonit 37 Hỡnh 2.1 S ch to lừi phõn bún nh chm 52 Hỡnh 2.2 S ch to v phõn bún nh chm 55 Hỡnh 2.3 ng PVC cha t, nc v phõn nh chm 58 Hỡnh 3.1 nh hng ca thi gian bin tớnh tinh bt n ró 66 Hỡnh 3.2 nh hng ca thi gian bin tớnh tinh bt n cng 66 Hỡnh 3.3 Ph IR ca tinh bt 67 Hỡnh 3.4 Ph IR ca tinh bt bin tớnh 67 Hỡnh 3.5 nh hng ca loi cht kt dớnh n ró lừi phõn bún ure .69 Hỡnh 3.6 nh hng ca loi cht kt dớnh n cng lừi phõn bún ure 69 Hỡnh 3.7 nh hng ca cht kt dớnh n ró lừi phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) 71 Hỡnh 3.8 nh hng ca cht kt dớnh n cng lừi phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) 71 Hỡnh 3.9 nh hng ca cht kt dớnh n ró lừi phõn bún NPK (30:10:10) 71 Hỡnh 3.10 nh hng ca cht kt dớnh n cng lừi phõn bún NPK (30:10:10) 72 Hỡnh 3.11 Ph IR ca lp v PU 73 Hỡnh 3.12 Gin TGA ca lp v PU 74 Hỡnh 3.13 nh SEM ca lp v PU 75 Hỡnh 3.14 nh hng ca sỏp parafin n c tớnh nh N ca phõn ure nh chm 75 Hỡnh 3.15 nh SEM ca lp v vi cỏc dy khỏc 77 Hỡnh 3.16 c tớnh nh N ca cỏc mu phõn ure nh chm nc 78 vii Hỡnh 3.17 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn ure bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc .79 Hỡnh 3.18 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn ure bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc .79 Hỡnh 3.19 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn ure bng dng tuyn tớnh 80 ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 80 Hỡnh 3.20 c tớnh nh N ca cỏc mu phõn NPK (30:10:10) nh chm nc 81 Hỡnh 3.21 c tớnh nh P ca cỏc mu phõn NPK (30:10:10) nh chm nc 81 Hỡnh 3.22 c tớnh nh K ca cỏc mu phõn NPK (30:10:10) nh chm nc 82 Hỡnh 3.23 c tớnh nh N ca phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) nh chm 83 Hỡnh 3.24 c tớnh nh P ca phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) nh chm 83 Hỡnh 3.25 c tớnh nh K ca phõn bún NPK (16:16:16) nh chm 83 Hỡnh 3.26 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc .84 Hỡnh 3.27 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc .85 Hỡnh 3.28 Mụ t s nh N ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 85 Hỡnh 3.29 Mụ t s nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 87 Hỡnh 3.30 Mụ t s nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 87 Hỡnh 3.31 Mụ t s nh P ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 87 Hỡnh 3.32 Mụ t s nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 89 Hỡnh 3.33 Mụ t s nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 89 Hỡnh 3.34 Mụ t s nh K ca phõn NPK (30:10:10) bng dng tuyn tớnh ca phng trỡnh biu kin bc 90 viii TI LIU THAM KHO TING VIT on Xuõn Cnh (2012), Bỏo cỏo kt qu thc hin ti: Nghiờn cu bin phỏp k thut tng hp theo Vit GAP nõng cao nng sut v cht lng mt s chng loi rau h bu v rau n c BSH Vin cõy lng thc v cõy thc 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surfactant-modified zeolite as fertilizer carriers to control nitrate release, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol 61(13), pp 181188 133 PH LC TNH CHT Lí HểA T TRNG B XANH STT Ch tiờu phõn tớch Mu t th nghim Mu t th nghim phõn ure nh chm phõn NPK nh chm pH 6,55 6,57 CEC (me/100g t) 20,68 20,68 OM (%) 4,45 4,52 N tng (%) 0,52 0,54 P2O5 tng (%) 0,67 0,70 K2O tng (%) 0,053 0,056 B (mg/kg) 0,058 0,061 Mo (mg/kg) 0,85 0,89 Zn (mg/kg) 195 198 10 Cu (mg/kg) 28 31 11 Fe 3,28 3,32 134 PH LC TNH CHT Lí HểA T TRNG CHẩ STT Ch tiờu phõn tớch Mu t th nghim Mu t th nghim phõn ure nh chm phõn NPK nh chm pH 4,25 4,23 CEC (me/100g t) 11,81 11,87 OM (%) 3,17 3,15 N tng (%) 0,42 0,45 P2O5 tng (%) 0,044 0,046 K2O tng (%) 0,045 0,043 B (mg/kg) 0,098 0,096 Mo (mg/kg) 0,87 0,86 Zn (mg/kg) 185 187 10 Cu (mg/kg) 62 63 11 Fe (%) 3,45 3,46 135 ... polyurethan nghiên cứu động học trình nhả chất dinh dưỡng số loại phân bón nhả chậm - Ứng dụng phân bón nhả chậm cho số trồng (cây bí xanh, chè)  Nội dung luận án: - Nghiên cứu chế tạo số loại phân bón. .. thiệu chung phân bón nhả chậm 1.2.1 Khái niệm, phân loại ưu điểm phân bón nhả chậm 1.2.2 Công nghệ phân bón nhả chậm 10 1.2.3 Động học chế trình nhả chậm phân bón 25... hình động học trình nhả chậm phân bón 78 3.3.1 Nghiên cứu trình nhả phân bón nước 78 3.3.2 Ảnh hưởng nhiệt độ đến khả nhả dinh dưỡng phân bón 98 3.3.3 Ảnh hưởng pH đến khả nhả dinh dưỡng