ABSTRACT Literature is one essential part in every country, every culture, it is one of the most important forms of arts that show the human’s life, cultural values and thoughts, ideas and feelings within a culture In present trend of globalization, the needs of mutual understandings between cultures, between countries have become more and more pressing and translation is an inevitable tool for this process There have been ideas claiming that translation is impossible, or “poetry is what gets lost in translation” (Robert Frost) However, translation is the only way to help people from other cultures understand one another and so literature, particularly poetry translation has an undeniable importance This thesis aims at discovering some factors to be considered in poetry translation found in Ngô Tự Lâp’s “Black Stars” translation by Martha Collins and the author These factors may include Linguistic factors, Socio-cultural factors, historical factors, Geographical factors and Religious factors Due to the limit of the study, the focuses are on linguistic and socio-cultural aspects that leave clear stamps on the poems in “Black Stars” translation Nearly 100 sentence pairs from 30 poems collected from the book are categorized and analyzed The findings indicate that in order to have a good poetry translation, many factors including linguistic, sociocultural and aesthetic factors should be put in consideration and the translators are under a lot of pressure to meet the target language readership’s expectations PART A: INTRODUCTION This part consists of the rationale, the aims of the study, the research questions, the scope of the study, the methods of the study and the design of the study Rationale Translation used to be considered an inter-language transfer of meaning Many earlier definitions demonstrate this, using source language and target language as their technical terms Moreover, translation theories strictly confined themselves within the sphere of linguistics For many years the popular trend in the translation circles had been perfect faithfulness to the original both in content and in form and it had been regarded as the iron criterion as if from the holy Bible for translators to observe The godly status and the impossible idealistic belief were not altered until new thoughts arose with the respect of consideration of target readers, the unavoidable translator subjectivity and the purpose and function of translations This thesis, starting to look from new angles such as the accommodation to target cultural conventions, the translator's consciousness of linguistic and cultural adaptations to make it easy for readers to understand translated works without too much pain and effort, and translation as a purposeful endeavor Translation is then understood as a much more complicated activity with a much broader scope Translation of poetry was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility for any unfaithful elements would have been taken as failure, be it content or form The arguments include linguistic elements and cultural elements Most importantly the myth of untranslatability looks upon poetry as beauty itself which is untouchable for once it is touched it is destroyed But as translation of poetry has never been stagnant though sometimes vigorous and sometimes not, there is strong evidence in both translation history and present day practice that poetry translation, a literary form as distinguished from fiction, drama, and prose, is translatable Poetry itself serves a purpose, be it an illusive matter, and aesthetics can be reproduced in another language and culture if accommodation is made “Black Stars” was a collection of poems originally in Vietnamese by Ngô Tự Lập, can be seen as a master of both the Source Language(his mother tongue- Vietnamese) and the Target Language(English) The book was published in 2013, also the first time introduced to the public, both in Vietnamese and English, after a long period of co-operating between the author and a native American poet Martha Collins It consists of 42 poems divided into parts mostly talks about the author’s inner world, his memories and dreams The reason why I decided to study this bilingual poem collection for this research is that it was proved to be a good translation (the book was nominated for PEN International Prize in the United States 2014 in Poetry in translation category) and it serves well my purposes of studying on the linguistic and socio-cultural factors affecting translating in general, literary and especially poetry translation in particular It also proves that poetry translation can be both faithful and aesthetic with regards to the target readers’ features, among which the most important are linguistic and socio-cultural ones Aims of the study This research was carried out to serve the following purposes: - To identify the factors affecting literary translation and the application in teaching and practicing translation - To find out the underlying reasons for the modifications found in the translation Research question This research is carried out to find the answer to the research questions: What are the modifications made in the translation? What are the factors affecting these modifications their influences on the translation? Scope of the study - Pointing out linguistic and socio-cultural stamps on the language uses in the poetry translation - The book of Ngô Tự Lâp’s “Black Stars” poems collection co-translated by Martha Collins and the author is under investigation Methods of the study - This study used the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods Qualitative method was employed to analyze the language in both the original and translated poems to find out the modifications made, categorize them into modifications of linguistic or socio-cultural needs Quantitative method was employed in order to quantify American linguistic and cultural elements such as linguistic structures, language use, norms, values, attitudes and communication styles of the target readers while the qualitative method investigates the why and how of the changes and adaptation, not just what, where, when - Data was collected by means of descriptive analysis and statistic Design of the study This research consists of parts: INTRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND CONCLUSION Part A: INTRODUCTION This part discusses rationale, aims of the study, research questions, scope of the study, methods of the study, and designs of the study Part B: DEVELOPMENT This is the focus of the study which is divided into chapters Chapter 1: Literature Review This part discusses the opposite ideas of untranslatability and translatability of poetry; the elements to consider in translation in general and more specifically in poetry translation, among which the focuses are on the linguistic elements, elements of American culture, language use, interrelationship between language and culture and how they interact and affect each other Chapter 2: Methodology This part is focused on a detailed depiction of the methodology applied in the research paper More specially, the size and characteristics of the research subject altogether with research instruments, data collection procedure as well as data analysis procedure are put into description and justification Chapter 3: Findings and discussions This part focuses on analyzing linguistic and socio-cultural factors expressed by the changes found in the English translation of poems in “Black Stars” in comparison with the Vietnamese original Part C: CONCLUSION To sum up the major findings, give implications for effective poetry translation PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW This part discusses the opposite ideas of untranslatability and translatability of poetry; the elements to consider in translation in general and more specifically in poetry translation, among which the focuses are on the linguistic elements, elements of American culture, language use, interrelationship between language and culture and how they interact and affect each other Untranslatability – What are they saying? “Traduttore, traditore” (Translator, traitor), says the well-known Italian adage “Poetry is what gets lost in translation”, Robert Frost says Croce (quoted in Carravetta, 1997) holds that poems cannot be compared, as each is unique Translation is impossible; it is only a pedagogical necessity The responsibility of the interpreter is to capture "the mood or state of being (stato d'animo) of its author” In modern times some scholars have come to realize that something in a language can not be fully translated into another, in other words, there is an inevitable loss of meaning Catford (1965), a celebrated translation scholar of the linguistic school, raises the issue of untranslatability with a new perspective He argues that linguistic untranslaltability is due to the difference in the Source Language (SL) and the Target Language (TL), whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL of relevant situational features Roman Jacobson argues that all poetic texts are technically untranslatable because complete equivalence( in the sense of synonym or sameness) can not take place, this was taken up once again by Werner Winter(1971) that translation cannot be an exact replica of the original Dabeluet and Viney (quoted in Wilss, 2001), in the fruitful book A comparative French and English Stylistics have analyzed in detail the points of linguistic difference between the two languages, differences that constitute areas where translation is impossible Popovic (quoted in Wilss, 2001) also has attempted to define untranslatability without making a separation between the linguistic and cultural factors Nida (1984) presents a rich source of information about the problems of loss in translation, in particular about the difficulties encountered by the translators when facing with terms or concepts in SL that not exist in TL Newmark (1982) has also once briefly talked about the deviation in translation In Vietnam, the poetry translation is not a new job The ancient Viet scholars considered the Chinese poems translating a noble recreation in their free time Why was it a recreation but not a work? Recall Chinese was one of the major languages in those days, especially among highly educated people, the translation was not the need of bringing the works to the readers (or listeners) but more like a recreating a new poem in Viet language The 20th century can be considered the very developed period of literary translation and the poetry translation took a lot of attention with many different ideas Translator Hoàng Hưng claims “ Poetry can be no way translated because poetry itself is the art of language, it sticks to the linguistic features of the source language, if we transfer it into another language, the poem is half destroyed” In summary, I find that those who stick to untranslatability are none but two kinds of people Some strictly believe the holiness of the original text and others the absoluteness of the unity of meaning and form in a certain language And they, idealistically, not allow any addition or loss of meaning in the transferring process as in translation, which is actually inevitable and is a rule rather than an exception Translatability- A hypothesis Translation work, in its present form, dates back more than a thousand years in Vietnam and in Western countries The ever-lasting practice of translation itself manifests the translatability of languages Therefore, it stands to reason that a language can be translated into another Under the guide of this perception, former scholars usually probe into the problem of translation from an instinctive and empirical point of view Not all words need to be translated Some cannot Some can be transcribable, but if there is no cultural equivalent, whether it is translatable or not it still needs to be explained, just like a jargon needs to be explained to the non-specialist in a footnote Words, expressions or interjections that are exclusive to a culture, a religion or a jargon cannot always be translated in a satisfactory way because the same thing does not exist in the other language's culture In many cases such words with no perfect equivalent are the words that end up being borrowed by the other language, sometimes with a possible spelling adaptation to ease pronunciation in the other language Jacobson ( 1966: 238) (quoted in Wolfram Wilss, 2001) comes to the conclusion that poetry by definition is untranslatable Only creative transposition is possible With this as a prerequisite, on a broader view, translation of poetry should and must be translatable Historically speaking, the activity of poetry translation has always been there, popular at one time and losing momentum at another, though always being practiced In other words, whenever human communication is necessary, translation will live on and maintain a firm and fast stronghold The reason is simple but unavoidable—we, as a nation or a country, are not living alone As long as we not lock ourselves up, translation will be translatable, be it scientific translation, commercial translation or literary (including poetry) translation Many translators in contemporary and modern Vietnam literature have made and are making outstanding contributions to the literary and poetry exchanges between Vietnam and the West through their diligent and painstaking work Phan Ngoc for instance, have translated several works from Latin, Russian, French and English into Vietnamese, the most important being the Shakespeare,War and peace, Oliver Twist Ngô Tự Lập, the author and co-translator of “Black Stars”, is another example to have introduced Vietnamese poetry to readers of English through The woman carry river water by Nguyễn Quang Thiều( co-translated with the author), Lam Thi My Da’s “Green field” ( cotranslated with Thuy Dinh) Foreigners include Arthur Waley, Herbert Giles, Witter Bynner, W.J.B Fletcher, James Legg, Amy Lowell, etc All these people not only support the idea that translation of poetry is possible but provide living proof by their many well-received and highly-acclaimed translated works Unstranslatability- Analysis of Why Some theories state that in principle nothing can ever be translated: languages are, according to the theory, so closely linked to the cultures in which they are used that one can even safely assume that no two languages have equivalent concepts (cf the SapirWholf hypothesis) In the Italian edition of her book Translation Studies, originally 10 P.8-9 The Universe and I Đàn bà năm 60 (I)Women from 1960s(I) P.10-11 Đàn bà năm 60 (II) Women from 1960s(II) P.11-12 Trung du P14-15 The Midlands Gọi mùa P16-17 Calling the season Hai miền hoang tưởng Có phải sinh năm 1962? Cùng giới qua khu rừng Trong mơ lặng lẽ bay Tôi chơi với ốc sên hầm chữ A ngập nước Đường trung du thơ thẩn tìm Mơi mềm đầu vú Tóc mềm vành mơi Khi thó đẫm mờ phập xuống Lần ngón tay ta bấm tìm hạnh phúc Trơi đi, trôi đi, ngan ngát Vườn anh đào P18-19 Cherry garden Số phận P20-21 Destiny Không tưởng P24-25 The Utopian Two illusory landWere both born in n1962? pronoun adding In silent dreams, I start to fly With the universe, through that forest While I played with a snail In a bomb shelter flooded with rain As I’ve wandered back on the trung du road Linguistic- word order Your lips touching my breast My hair touching your lips When sweat thó blades cut Linguistic – pronoun adding I count my joys, like beads, between my fingers Drift away, drift on the fragrant water Socio-cultural – perspective Socio-cultural – perspective Socio-cultural – perspective(?) Socio-cultural – perspective Linguistic – word choice/repeating words Linguistic – word choice/repeating words Socio-cultural – perspective Và đã chạy miên man rụng mùa cũ Mẹ trải nong quay cót đốt diêm sinh Hãy lắng nghe: Gió thành kính ngàn năm rừng vắng Phía bên hẳn có lâu đài I have run and run through the leaves of that distant time My mother is still burning sulfur Listen to the reverent wind: On the other side of that ancient forest There might be a castle Linguistic- word order Ngước lên mắt mờ bụi đỏ Thời gian Hay kỉ niệm núi đồi Now I raise my eyes Dim with the red dust of time Or is it the dust of remembered mountains? Linguistic- word order + words adding 48 Bóng tối P26-27 Darkness 10 MCMXCVI P30-31 Cửa sổ phịng tơi hóa ngã tư đường Bóng tối Trong kí ức ta, kí ức thị thành Đang lan dần bóng cau xóm nhỏ Thứ châu báu chung trái đất Bạn đồng hành’ Ta cùng mi chung nhịp thở đại dương Chỉ tường ở lại Sau cành hồng Và giọt nước mắt tượng đài lịch sử Và lũ kiến thành kính gục đầu In the crossroad of my window Darkness spreads In my urban memories Like the shadow of village areca trees ? Darkness, treasure Of all the earth, my companion With you I reach the breathing sea There’s only one wall Behind this rose branch And on the branch a single tear To which ants bow their heads As if to a monument Linguistic- word order + word choice 49 Linguistic- word order Linguistic- word order Section II: Night flight Những đen Tháng ngày qua P36-37 đẫm mồ hôi Black stars Nhưng người đã trở Bay lên thấy trời cao biển rộng Phía làng khuya thao thức canh gà Sương lấp lánh mùi trấu ủ Dây xích vơ hình P38-39 Invisible chain Giấc ngủ sách(I) P40-41 The slumber of books(I) Dây xích vơ hình Như chuỗi ngày vơ tận Lũ chó săn chạy đến chân trời Tiếng thép cứa mãi Bàn tay sa mạc trắng Những ngón tay ngân lên hát người tử tù Nằm yên giá đầy bụi Và than thể non tơ lớn dần lên trai Trời cao xanh Dù đôi lúc P44-45 Từ ghi đông cũ That blue sky kỹ Ta lao xuống mặt đường lầm bụi Ta đứng dậy Và mơ ước bầu trời cao xanh Hà nội Tôi đi, ngực phong Many months have passed, drenched in sweat But I have returned Linguistic- word choice Linguistic- pronoun To fly is to see how lofty the sky is, how wide the sea There, in the village, a rooster is crowing In the scent of burning rice-fields, dew is sparkling Invisible chain A string of endless days For a pack of hunting dogs running Toward the horizon The clinking goes on My hands are a white desert My fingers vibrate with the song Of a man condemned to death They sleep on a dusty shelf And, in a young mountain, the body of my growing son Though now and then I dive Over my handlebars And fall on the muddy road As I stand up Craving That blue sky Distracted, wearing a 50 Socio-cultural – perspective Linguistic- word order Linguistic-word choice Linguistic – pronoun adding Linguistic – pronoun adding Linguistic-word choice Linguistic- word order Linguistic- word order Linguistic- word P56-57 Bonn P60-61 phanh Tay đút túi quần, chẳng cần cố nhập Thích thú ăn que kem tồn nước đá Hà nội (twice) Bờ sông Rhein chập chờn chân lính gái Phịng áp mái P62-63 The garret Bờ sơng Loing Em đã nói đêm khuya lạnh Cây Lapôk P66-67 Little Lap-tree Mai P68-69 Someday 10 Sau cửa đóng P70-71 From behind a covered window 11 Lòng giếng cạn P72-73 light shirt I ate some cheap ice cream And walked on, my hands in my pockets (disappear) The steps of woman soldiers Flicker along the Rhine What did you say that night On the bank of the Loire river? Theo gió tơi bay As the warm hands of khỏi rừng dawn approach Xa bàn tay bình I fly with wind from the minh ấm áp forest Trung du tháng mười The October midlands hoa sở trắng fill with white sở flowers Những đêm đàn nức nở Em lại dịu dàng hát Trong vòng tay ánh mắt nào? Hàng dậu nhỏ hoa vàng lốm đốm In whose arms, in whose eyes Will you be singing softly? While the guitar sobs at night? On my small fence with yellow flowers Liệu ngồi có bầu trời … Liệu ngồi cịn có mặt người … Liệu ngồi có phải hư vơ … Liệu ngồi có phải đất đen Hoa cải đã rụng hết từ lâu Is there, out there, a sky? order Socio-cultural – perspective ? Linguistic- word order Linguistic – word choice/repeating words Linguistic- word order Linguistic- word order Socio-cultural Socio-cultural Linguistic – word choice/repeating words ? Are there, out there, human faces? Is there, out there, a nothingness Is there, out there, dark earth Cải flowers withered long ago 51 Socio-cultural – perspective(?) Empty well 12 tỷ - = tỷ P74-75 Mưa rả ngấm xuống Rain water keeps falling Ai nói trước chết người bình đẳng Someone said that death makes us all equal Linguistic – word choice/repeating words Linguistic – word choice Giống hệt chậu hoa đất em Just like her earth-star flowers Linguistic – word choice Người đàn bà đặt sẵn cốc cà phê pha vội Như cần gạt nước xe Land Cruiser nghĩa địa Những giấc mộng vàng tan thành mây khói Trong ánh ngày tối tăm mặt mũi Người đàn ông vẫn nhớ Cặp vú đàn bà ấp ủ bếp than hồng Trong tường bê tơng Là bóng dáng Trường Sơn Với rô đá già A woman sets down a cup of instant coffee Like the windshield wipers of used Land Cruisers When dreams of gold Dissolve into smoke in the dim light of day A man still r4emembers a woman’s breasts That kept the cooking fire warm Linguistic – word choice Socio-cultural – perspective(?) In this concrete wall Is stone from the Trường Sơn mountains Linguistic – word choice And an old stone-fish, Linguistic – word Section III: Road on the Earth Ác mộng P80-81 Nightmare Ngợi ca xác chết P84-85 Praise for the death Chiều tới P88-89 Evening Khơng nói P96-97 Not speaking 52 Linguistic- word order Người đàn ông mắt to P98-99 The man with big eyes Cây vừa đổ em vừa P102-103 A tree has fallen Đổi thay P104-105 Change Con đường trần P106-107 Road on the Earth nua đợi lãng qn Đơi mắt đã nhìn thấy hoa buổi chiều cuối hạ ready for death His eyes once saw grapefruit flowers drift choice Linguistic – word choice Vàng tươi đến chân đời Đơi mắt trịn xoe vũng nước trước nhà Tháng năm qua bời bời mây trắng Rise golden from the foot of a hill His eyes were round in the pool in front of my house A pool still filled, years later, with white clouds I have lived through another winter ? Dù đã qua thêm mùa đơng Nhưng cịn lại vẫn nhiều Nhưng ban ngày Với cánh én hiền hòa bay trời rộng Thời gian vẫn cịn Chỉ có dịng sơng lạnh trơi Bóng mây theo hồng tháng sáu Thời gian vẫn cịn But too much winter remains But it is only the day With gentle swallows flying across the open sky Time is still there Only the cold river reflecting clouds Flows into the June Time is still there Long lanh Somewhere Bên dòng kênh lapok Along the canal are lapok mây trees, their leaves like clouds Hãy bước Let’s walk Đừng Along the small stream ngoảnh lại that torment the forest Dòng suối nhỏ A dazzling white torment, dằn vặt rừng in the night Sự dằn vặt And never look back trắng xóa 53 Linguistic – word choice Linguistic – word choice Linguistic – word choice Linguistic- word order Linguistic – word choice/repeating words Linguistic- structure - Linguistic – word choice - Clause and sentence order POEMS WITH LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE STT/ Tên Tiếng Việt English Section I: The Universe and I Thế giới tơi The Universe and I P.8-9 Đó giới tơi Hai miền hoang tưởng Có phải sinh năm 1962? Cùng giới qua khu rừng Trong mơ lặng lẽ bay Đàn bà năm 60 (II) Môi mềm đầu vú Women from 1960s(II) P.11-12 Tóc mềm vành mơi The Universe and I Two illusory landWere both born in n1962? In silent dreams, I start to fly With the universe, through that fo Your lips touching my breast My hair touching your lips Gọi mùa Calling the season P16-17 Trôi đi, trôi đi, ngan ngát Drift away, drift on the fragrant Vườn anh đào Cherry garden Số phận Destiny P18-19 Và đã chạy miên man rụng mùa cũ Hãy lắng nghe: Gió thành kính ngàn năm rừng vắng Phía bên hẳn có lâu đài I have run and run through the l that distant time Listen to the reverent wind: On the other side of that ancient f There might be a castle Không tưởng The Utopian P24-25 Ngước lên mắt mờ bụi đỏ Thời gian Hay kỉ niệm núi đồi Now I raise my eyes Dim with the red dust of time Or is it the dust of remembered mountains? In the crossroad of my window P20-21 Cửa sổ phịng tơi hóa ngã tư đường 54 Bóng tối Darkness MCMXCVI P26-27 P30-31 Bóng tối Trong kí ức ta, kí ức thị thành Đang lan dần bóng cau xóm nhỏ Thứ châu báu chung trái đất Bạn đồng hành’ Ta cùng mi chung nhịp thở đại dương Chỉ tường ở lại Sau cành hồng Và giọt nước mắt tượng đài lịch sử Và lũ kiến thành kính gục đầu Darkness spreads In my urban memories Like the shadow of village areca Darkness, treasure Of all the earth, my companion With you I reach the breathing se Tháng ngày qua đẫm mồ hôi Many months have passed, dren sweat But I have returned Invisible chain A string of endless days For a pack of hunting dogs runnin Toward the horizon The clinking goes on My hands are a white desert My fingers vibrate with the song Of a man condemned to death They sleep on a dusty shelf There’s only one wall Behind this rose branch And on the branch a single tear To which ants bow their heads As if to a monument Section II: Night flight Những đen Black stars Dây xích vơ hình Invisible chain P36-37 P38-39 Nhưng người đã trở Dây xích vơ hình Như chuỗi ngày vơ tận Lũ chó săn chạy đến chân trời Tiếng thép cứa mãi Bàn tay sa mạc trắng Những ngón tay ngân lên hát người tử tù Giấc ngủ sách(I) P40-41 Nằm yên giá đầy bụi The slumber of books(I) Và than thể non tơ lớn dần lên trai Trời cao xanh P44-45 Dù đôi lúc That blue sky Từ ghi đông cũ kỹ Ta lao xuống mặt đường lầm bụi Ta đứng dậy Và mơ ước bầu trời cao xanh Hà nội P56-57 Bonn P60-61 Phòng áp mái The garret P62-63 Tôi đi, ngực phong phanh Tay đút túi quần, chẳng cần cố nhập Thích thú ăn que kem tồn nước đá Hà nội tơi (twice) Bờ sơng Rhein chập chờn chân lính gái Bờ sơng Loing Em đã nói đêm khuya lạnh 55 And, in a young mountain, the b my growing son Though now and then I dive Over my handlebars And fall on the muddy road As I stand up Craving That blue sky Distracted, wearing a light shirt I ate some cheap ice cream And walked on, my hands in my (disappear) The steps of woman soldiers Flicker along the Rhine What did you say that night On the bank of the Loire river? Cây Lapôk P66-67 Little Lap-tree Mai P68-69 Someday 10 Sau cửa đóng P70-71 From behind a covered window 11 Lòng giếng cạn Empty well 12 tỷ - = tỷ P72-73 P74-75 Theo gió tơi bay khỏi rừng Xa bàn tay bình minh ấm áp Hàng dậu nhỏ hoa vàng lốm đốm As the warm hands of dawn appr I fly with wind from the forest On my small fence with yellow f Liệu ngồi có bầu trời … Liệu ngồi cịn có mặt người … Liệu ngồi có phải hư vơ … Liệu ngồi có phải đất đen Mưa rả ngấm xuống Is there, out there, a sky? Ai nói trước chết người bình đẳng Someone said that death makes u equal Giống hệt chậu hoa đất em Just like her earth-star flowers Người đàn bà đặt sẵn cốc cà phê pha vội Những giấc mộng vàng tan thành mây khói Trong ánh ngày tối tăm mặt mũi Người đàn ông vẫn nhớ Cặp vú đàn bà ấp ủ bếp than hồng A woman sets down a cup of inst coffee When dreams of gold Dissolve into smoke in the dim li day A man still r4emembers a woman breasts That kept the cooking fire warm In this concrete wall Is stone from the Trường Sơn mountains And an old stone-fish, ready for Are there, out there, human faces Is there, out there, a nothingness Is there, out there, dark earth Rain water keeps falling Section III: Road on the Earth Ác mộng Nightmare P80-81 Chiều tới Evening P88-89 Khơng nói Not speaking P96-97 Trong tường bê tơng Là bóng dáng Trường Sơn Với rơ đá già nua đợi lãng quên Người đàn ông mắt to P98-99 Đơi mắt đã nhìn thấy hoa buổi chiều The man with big eyes cuối hạ Vàng tươi đến chân đời Đơi mắt trịn xoe vũng nước trước nhà Tháng năm qua bời bời mây trắng Cây vừa đổ em vừa P102-103 A tree has fallen Dù đã qua thêm mùa đông Nhưng cịn lại vẫn q nhiều Nhưng ban ngày Với cánh én hiền hòa bay trời 56 His eyes once saw grapefruit flow Rise golden from the foot of a hi His eyes were round in the pool i my house A pool still filled, years later, wi clouds I have lived through another wint But too much winter remains But it is only the day With gentle swallows flying acro Đổi thay Change P104-105 Con đường trần P106-107 Road on the Earth rộng Thời gian vẫn cịn Chỉ có dịng sơng lạnh trơi Bóng mây theo hồng tháng sáu Thời gian vẫn cịn Long lanh Bên dòng kênh lapok mây Hãy bước Đừng ngoảnh lại Dòng suối nhỏ dằn vặt rừng Sự dằn vặt trắng xóa open sky Time is still there Only the cold river reflecting clou Flows into the June Time is still there Somewhere Along the canal are lapok trees, t leaves like clouds Let’s walk Along the small stream that torm forest A dazzling white torment, in the And never look back POEMS WITH SOCIO-CULTURAL INFLUENCE STT/ Tên Tiếng Việt English Phân loại Tôi chơi với ốc sên hầm chữ A ngập nước While I played with a snail In a bomb shelter flooded with rain As I’ve wandered back on the trung du road Socio-cultural – perspective When sweat thó blades cut Socio-cultural – perspective I count my joys, like Socio-cultural – Section I: The Universe and I Đàn bà năm 60 (I)Women from 1960s(I) P.10-11 Đàn bà năm 60 (II) Women from 1960s(II) P.11-12 Trung du P14-15 The Midlands Gọi mùa Đường trung du thơ thẩn tìm Khi thó đẫm mờ phập xuống Lần ngón tay ta bấm 57 Socio-cultural – perspective(?) P16-17 Calling the season Vườn anh đào P18-19 Cherry garden Không tưởng P24-25 The Utopian tìm hạnh phúc Mẹ trải nong quay cót đốt diêm sinh Cửa sổ phịng tơi hóa ngã tư đường beads, between my fingers My mother is still burning sulfur perspective In the crossroad of my window ? Socio-cultural – perspective Section II: Night flight Những đen P36-37 Black stars Hà nội P56-57 Mai P68-69 Someday Sau ô cửa đóng P70-71 From behind a covered window Bay lên thấy trời cao biển rộng To fly is to see how lofty the sky is, how wide the sea Phía làng khuya thao There, in the village, a thức canh gà rooster is crowing Sương lấp lánh In the scent of burning mùi trấu ủ rice-fields, dew is sparkling Tôi đi, ngực phong Distracted, wearing a phanh light shirt Tay đút túi quần, I ate some cheap ice chẳng cần cố nhập cream And walked on, my hands Thích thú ăn que in my pockets kem toàn nước đá Hà nội (twice) (disappear) Trung du tháng mười The October midlands hoa sở trắng fill with white sở flowers Những đêm đàn nức nở Em lại dịu dàng hát Trong vòng tay ánh mắt nào? Liệu ngồi có bầu trời … Liệu ngồi cịn có mặt người … Liệu ngồi có phải hư vơ … Liệu ngồi có phải đất đen In whose arms, in whose eyes Will you be singing softly? While the guitar sobs at night? Is there, out there, a sky? Are there, out there, human faces? Is there, out there, a nothingness Is there, out there, dark earth 58 Socio-cultural – perspective Linguistic- word order Socio-cultural – perspective ? Socio-cultural Socio-cultural ? Lòng giếng cạn P72-73 Empty well Hoa cải đã rụng hết từ lâu Cải flowers withered long ago Socio-cultural – perspective(?) Như cần gạt nước xe Land Cruiser nghĩa địa Like the windshield wipers of used Land Cruisers Socio-cultural – perspective(?) Section III: Road on the Earth Ngợi ca xác chết P84-85 Praise for the death References: 59 Attwater, J (2005) Perhappiness: The art of compromise in translating poetry or: ‘Steering betwixt two extremes’ Cadernos de Traduỗóo, 1(15), 121-143 Retrieved from http://www.periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/issue/view/438 Bassnett, S (2002) Translation Studies New York, NY: Routledge Boase-Beier J (2009) Poetry In M Baker & G Saldanha (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp 194-197) New York, NY: Routledge Connolly, D (2001) Poetry translation In M Baker (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp 170-176) New York, NY: Routledge De Pedro, R (1999) The translatability of texts: A historical overview Meta: Translators’ Journal, 44(4), 546-559 DOI: 10.7202/003808ar Jakobson, R (1959/2012) On linguistic aspects of translation In L Venuti (3rd ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp 126-131) New York, NY: Routledge Jakobson, R (1960) Linguistics and poetics http://akira.ruc.dk/~new/Ret_og_Rigtigt/Jakobson_Eks_15_F12.pdf 60 Retrieved from Julio-César, S (2006) Blank spaces in the history of translation In G L Bastin & P F Bandi (Eds.), Charting the Future of Translation History (pp 11-43) Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press Leech, G N (1969) A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry London and New York: Longman Newmark, Peter (1981) Approaches to Translation Oxford: Pergamon Press Newmark, Peter 1988 Textbook of Translation Oxford: Pergamon Press Nida, E (1964/2012) Principles of correspondence In L Venuti (3rd ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (pp 141-155) New York, NY: Routledge Raffel, B (1988) The Art of Translating Poetry Pennsylvania: State University Press Retrieved from http://books.google.ca Robinson, P (2010) Poetry & translation: The art of the impossible Liverpool: University Press Retrieved from http://books.google.ca 61 Samuel, M B & Samuel, K D (2007) Critical approaches to the notion of translatability and untranslatability of texts in translation ttudies PakistanJournal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 375-379 URLhttp://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=pjssci.2007.375.379 Websites http://www.finetext.de/en/untranslatability/ http://wiki.proz.com/wiki/index.php/Famous_quotes_about_translation 62