TUI HO SO BAI LAM: ^ CIJfA SO DE QUAN SAT TU DUY VA QUA TRIIMH HOC TAP CUA HOC SINH K Goi y t a i lieu dpc t h e m Danielson, C , & Marquea, E (1998) A collection of performance tasks and ruhihy High school mathematics Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education Cu6n sdch ung h6 cdc chudn cua H6i d6ng gido chirc toan hoc qu6c gia thOng qua viec thao luto c^c loai hinh dinh g i i khdc dp dung cho mOn Todn hinh thiJc ddnh gia theo h ^ vi lam b^i Sach tnnh b^y 21 b^i tap nhOng Icri ich cua hirdng dan chain diem tap trung vao phuong phap giai quyS't vaii d l Sach cijng dua quy trinh cac budc de xay dung bai tap chain theo h^nh vi lam bai va huomg dan chSm diem d^ danh gia bai lam va qua Cau hoi cot I d i : trinh hoc tap ciia hoc sinh Tiing vah de deu c6 phdn cung c6' dinh va cac mSu bai lam xua't sac Chung t a Id a i vdi t u each la nguoi hoc? duoc cha'm theo thang diem tCr den c6 kem theo hudng ddn chain difim Chuong mo ta tui ho so bai lam (poitfohos) ciia hoc sinh voi vai tro la Kuhn, T M (1997) Measure for measure: Usinf^ ixntfolios in K-8 mathematics Portsmoulli, cira s6 de quan sat tu va qua tiinh hoc tap ciia hoc sinh NhiSu cong cu dupe NH: Heinemann sir dung de quyet dinh xem hoc sinh nam duoc nhiing kien thirc gi va c6 ki nang Cuon sach duoc viet cho cac d6c gia la nhung giao vidn day toan a cac trucmg iicu hoc va trung hoc co so Trong gdn 120 trang sach duoc chia chuong, tac gia de niuc dich va cac loai hinh tui ho so bai lam giao due; qua trinh xay dung lai van hoa 16p lam viec gi khong noi len duoc ban chat cCia nhung kien thiic va kl nang Tiii ho so bai lam cho phep chung ta nhin qua cai v6 be ngoai de biet duoc hoc sinh tu ve cai gi, tu nhu the nao, ho coi cai gi va hp la Tiii ho so bai lam de chap nhan sir thay doi vai tro cua giao vien va hoc sinh su dung each danh gia clua neu dupe su dung hpp If se la cong cu toan nang nhat de nhan biet su tien bp cua v^o tui h6 s0 bai lam; vide sij dung cac huong d i n cham de danh gia tCmg bai lam cua hoc smh hoc sinh, su co' gdng va ket qua dat dupe ciia hp Tiii ho so bai lam cho chiing ta va toan b6 tui h6 so bai lam nham giai quyet nhijng thdc m k ciia phu huynh; va nhiing vin dc biet dupe sir tien bp bai lam ciia hpc sinh va neu dupe sii dung ket hpp voi ndi len thirc hien each danh gia dua vao tui h6 so b^i lam cua hoc sinh Tac gia da du^i n chiem nghiem ciia hpc sinh, no se cho phep tha'y hpc sinh nghi gi ve ban than lap luan vOng chac giup cac nha giao due hidu ro hon ve tinh thfi'ng nha^t giira phuong pliip ho voi tu each la nhiing nguoi dang di hpc danh gia vdi chuong trinh va phuong phap giang day Mac dii tac gia chua lam ro rang van J^' Chuong xac dinh va minh chiing cho viec sii dung tiii h6 so bai lam giao vien cdn them thcri gian de danh gia tui ho so bai lam cua hoc sinh nhung tac gia dua i' nhung goi y c6 co so de tim hieu them v6 qua trinh chuong noi vd huong dan chan' Tren thuc te, chuong viet v^ cac hu6ng d i n chain diem phai la chuong bat buoc phai doc v6i moi gido viSn LIOI ^^ng thoi mo ta cac loai tiii ho so bai lam khac ciia hpc sinh va cac each sii ^Mng nhung ttii h6 so bai lam DPng thoi chuong cung dua nhung huong din cho viec de xua't each su dung va chia se nhiing thong tin ttii ho bai lam vdd phu huynh hpc sinh va vdi cac giao vien khac Riu luc C la mot nodun ve thie't ke cac bai danh gia dua vao tiii h6 so bai lam ciia hpc sinh ^•Ji ho so bai lam la gi? Tui h6 so bai lam la mot tap hpp cac bai lam ciia hpc sinh the hien sir co ^^8, sir tien bp va ket qua dat dupe ciia hpc sinh ve mPt hoac nhieu linh vuc Tap hop bai lam c6 y nghia dac biet bcri vi no c6 m6t muc dich duoc xac dinli ro rang va c6 d6'i tuong phuc vu cu th^ d^u Khac vdi tap bai vie't ciia hoe sinh quan quy dinh cho cac ca'p Idp khac nhau, tap hop bai lam trinh hieu sir dSu tvr ca nhan wi phi'a nguoi hoc - m6t su dSu tu dugfc thi hiSn ro th6ng qu;, vi6c hoc sinh tham gia vao qua trinh lira chpn n6i dung, cac ti6u chi lira chpn noj dung tnnh bay, cac tieu chi danh gia nhiing mat tich cue ciia tap hop bai lam \ sir tu chiem nghidm ciia hpc sinh Tiii h6 so bai ^ giup dua cich nhin da chi^u sir phdt tri^n thaiih tich hpc tap CLia hpc sinh No c6 th^ dupe thiS't ke'd^ dua bang chiing \6 sir c6 gang (cdc b ^ ^ dudi dang b ^ thao ciia bki ^ hoan chinh); sira chiJa cic loi sai bki kidm tra; sir tifin b6 (bai lam trudc c6 su can thifip ciia gi^o vicn vdi b ^ ^ tuong tu sau hpc xong); thkih tfch hpc tap (nhiing vi du minh hoa b^i lam xua't sac nhait) Gido vien suT dung tui hd^ so bdi Idm cua hoc sinh Idm gi? Tiii h6 so bai lam h6 sung them vao cac c6ng cu danh gia ma giao vien hicii dang sir dung It nhat cung c6 co so virng chac de giao vien xem xet viec sit dung cong cu danh gia LnH trU duac nhUng bdi lam hay nhat cua hoc sinh cung nhu si( co gai •• va sUtien ho cua hp Tui ho so bai lam hieu qua hon cac cong cu danh gia khac ; no cho chiing ta thay moi quan he giira su co gdng, tien bp va tich hpc tai) Nhd giao vien va hpc sinh thay diem so' khong la chuyen huy^n bi va diit boat dpng hpc tap mot boi canh nhat dinh Nhan mqnh vao hanh vi sat thUc tehay viec van dung kien thifc Tiii h6 sc bai lam cung c^p ta^t ca cac loai chiing cii ve boat dpng hpc chu khong chi m d loai chung cii lay tir cac bai danh gia theo phuong phap truygn thong chang him nhu cac bai kiem tra va cac bai trdc nghiem kien thirc Vi du, mot tiii h6 so bai lam CO the bao gom mpt birc anh tnnh chieu chieu hay mot ban tom tat y kien nhan xet phan h6i ciia ca lop ve phan thuyet trinh ciia mot hpc sinh nao Trcn thuc te, tiii hP so bai lam la hinh thiic phu hop de co dupe nhiing thong tin day tl" ve kha nang van dung nhiing kien thiic da hpc de giai quyet cac van da thirc ciia hpc sinh Hoc sinh tiep can difcfc nhiTng ca hoi difc/c chudn hi sdn de tU danh gid ' ' chiem nghiem Tiii hd so bai lam giiip giao vien va hpc sinh co thS tao nhiH Ijjidng gian cho hpc sinh chiem nghiem su tien bp, viec hpc tap va ke't qua hpc tap ciia hp Sir chiem nghiem co thd du6i hinh thiic mpt la thu giri dpc gia, mpi Icri gidi thieu cho tiii h6 so bai lam dem nPp hay nhiing m6 ta mang tinh chiem fighiem kem theo cac bai tap hoac cac minh chirng khac dupe tap hop lai tui h6 so bai lam M6t tui h6 so bai lam ma kh6ng co sir chiem nghiem ciia hoc sinh thi chua phai la tiii ho so bai lam theo diing nghia cua no ma chi la mpt tap h(?P c^c bai lam ma ngudi ta kh6 c6 th^ giai ma dupe nfiu nhu khPng co nhiing y ki^'n binh luan cua tac gia Bang chung ve each ta Lien quan deh su chiem nghiem va hr danh gia la bang chirng ve each tu ciia hpc sinh ve nhung uu, nhupe di^m bai lam cua hp eiing nhu toan bp quy trinh hp thuc hien de' hoan bai tap Caeh tu giiip giao vien phat hien nhiing ch6 hpc sinh hi^u chua diing, xae dinh dupe nhirng 16 hong va kien thiie va biet dupe phuong phap lam bai cua timg hoc sinh J Sumo ta sau ve hoat dpng hpc cua hpc sinh Khac vdfi cac hinh thiic danh gia khac, tiii ho so bai lam la mpt hinh thiic danh gia da ting No the hien cac qua trinh hoe tap eiia hoc sinh cung vdi nhirng bieu hien khac eiia qua tnnh hpc tap Vi du, mpt tiii ho so bai lam bao gom cac bai viet ciia hpc sinh cho cac doc gia khac va vdi nhiing muc dich khac dupe tuyen chpn can than vong mpt nam cho chiing ta biet dupe nhieu thong tin hon chii khong don thuan chi la tong ciia tat ca cac bai viet ciia hpc sinh mOt nam It nhat co hai li de noi nhu vay Thii nh^t, khong phai tat ca cac bai viet ciia hpc sinh mSt hpc ki deu co gia tri nhu viec phan anh nang luc ciia hp Thir hai, hpc sinh chu& bi tiii ho so bai lam ciia hp thi hp phai danh thdi gian di can nhic trudc di deh quyet dinh ntn n6p cai gi co thi noi len dupe viec hp da dat ^wpc nhiing ket qua hpc tap mong mu6n Qua trinh di de'n quyet dinh noi len "hieu diau va mire dp hieu biet va thai dp ciia hp doi vdi nhiing thupc tinh chat '"o»ig bai lam ciia hp Xck- nhan gid tri ve quan diem phdt trien hpc tap Tiii ho so bai lam ^ho phep giao vian va hpc sinh nhin tha'y dupe su phat trien Mpt tui h6 so bai bao gom nhiing bai lam liic dau cung nhu nhiing bai lam vao cuoi nam hpc no se giiip giao vien va hpc sinh thay dupe sir phat trien qua tumg mde gian Lufa chon va cd thehoa doi voi hoc sinh vd gido vien Khi giao vien dono vien hoc sinh tu chiu trach nhiem cho vice xac dinh va lira chon cac vat the miiih chiing cho qua trinh hoc tap ciia ho thi tui ho so bai lam se la nhCrng buc chan dung tir hoa ciia hoc sinh vdi tu each la ngudi hoc M6i biic chan dung tir hpa la dae tnmg cua timg hoc sinh, kh6ng giong Ca hoi de man dam v&i cac doi tuong khdc Mot tiii h6 so biii lam mang tinh miic dich la noi len qua trinh hoc tap cOa mot hoe sinh eii the thi tiii ho so bai lam eo the dem ehia se vdi nhidu doi tucmg khac ma v6 ghi chep, nhat ki va tap bai ciia hoc sinh kh6ng the lam duoc Cac d6'i tuong co thd la phii huynh, nhung nguoi tu vSh va can b6 quan If trucmg Co bao nhieu loqi t u i ho so bai lam va muc dich cua chung Id gi? Co It nhat nam loai tdi h6 so bai lam - va hang chuc cac bien thd khac Tui h6 so bai lam gi&i thieu sdn phdm duoc thie't ke de ghi lai tich hoac tich dudi dang tiem nang Tiii h6 so bai lam gi6'ng nhit tap h6 so ciia m6t nghe sT Tiii h6 so bai lam phdt trien hay tien ho duoc thii i ke de gidi thieu sir tie'n b6 hay sir thay ddi cua hoc sinh theo th6i gian i h6 so bai lam quy trinh nham muc dich ghi lai quy trinh thuc hien c6ng vii cung nhu san phdm cu6'i ciing Tiii h6 so bai lam chuyen giao dupe dua tren cac tiii h6 so bai lam Uen i duoc sir dung de' thdng bao cho cac giao vien vi sau ciia hoc sinh, cho nha truw;: hoac van phong tuydn sinh hoc sinh chuydn tru6ng Vi du, m6t hoc sinh tni: hoc nao c6 thd chon nhung bai hay nha't noi len tu duy, dinh d6 vigt va sang tao ciia em de' bd sung vao h6 so xin vao dai hoc, coi la bang chiing chat lugmg hoc tap ciia minh Ta't ca cic loai tui h6 so bM ^ n^y c6 th^ dua ddnh gi^ vk cho die vdi di^u kien Ik giao vien vk hoc sinh chi dugic nhiing tieu chi h ^ vi ma dung d^ danh gia Tiii h6 so bai lam luu niem la tai lieu luu lai nhung bai ma hoc sinh thu 'i I nhat hoac thay dang nhdr nhat Loai tiii h6 so bai lam rat giong vdi cuon tranh hoac anbum anh ma ngudi Ion dung de luu lai nhiing sir kien hay nhirng 1^' nghi cua gia dinh HSu het cac giao vien ket hop nhieu loai Uii h6 so bai lam theo nhu cau ciu' ho va ciia hoc sinh |\ihi^9 p h a m g i diroc dUo v d o t u i h o s o b a i i d m ? Cho dii cac tui h6 so bai lam rat khac v6 chung loai thi chung cQng van CO nhOng noi dung chung Nhung n6i dung chung g6m mot la thu gidi thieu vdi dpc gia ve tiii h6 so bai lam; mot bang muc luc; cac nhan xet ve muc tieu theo fijng then ki va nhiing chien lupc thuc hien nham dat dupe cac muc tieu do; nhirng suy nghl chiem nghiem ve p h ^ viec da lam; cac ban thao va ban hoan thien cua ft nhat mot bai tap; cac ban Ur danh gia hay cac ban danh gia cua ban ciing lop Icem theo cac danh muc kiem ke giao vien va hoc sinh ghi La thu gidi thieu vdi dpc gia la phan cot ye'u ciia Uii h6 so bai lam vi no gidi thieu ngudi hpc sinh CO tui h6 so bai lam cho d6c gia va cung cS^p cho d6c gia hudng xem xet lai va danh gia ndi dung ciia tiii h6 so bai lam Khi thiet ke t u i ho so bdi Idm can tinh den nhufhg van de gi? Mdt nhirng van de ma giao vien ck\n nhac thiet ke' tiii h6 so bai lam la c6 nen xay dung mot ca'u mic cho tiii h6 so bai lam de giiip dua dupe ch'Jng cii ve sir tien bC va nhung tich hpc tap hay cac chudn cu the' ma hpc sinh dat dupe hay nen di theo ndi dung ciia chuong dinh Vdi loai Uii h6 so bai lam gidi thieu ket qua hpc tap ciia hpc sinh thi giao vien yeu cdu hpc sinh chpn nhung ket qua hpc tap d^ dua vao tiii h6 so bai lam theo cac ndi dung dudi day: Tinh kien tri Nhung bai cho tha'y sir kien tn cua em; m6t At tai c ^ it nhSft mdt tu&i de hoan vdi viec trinh bay cac budc tie'n hanh de hoan de tai Giao vien quyet djnh sin npi dung va phuong phap hpc tap ma hoc sinh c6 rat it su lua cbpn » Don vj bai hoe vuong phai rao can la thdi gian phan bo CO dinb Ngudn: Trmig him n^hien ahi Ki ndnji chuyen mon day va hoc (CSETL} Co cac hinh tbilc danh gia chan doan, danh gia qua trinh hoc va danb gia ket thuc don vj bai hpc Hoc sinh CO the lua cbpn npi dung va phuong phap bpc tap tii nhung lua ehpn giao vien quyet dinb sin ' Thdi gian phan bd cho viec hpc va the hien viec hoc duoc CO dinb Ban quyen cua CSETL dang ky nam 1998 DddUM quyen vao den miic khd CO the phan biet dupe dau la diem ket thiic eua chuong trinh va dau la diem kbdi dau cua danb gia Dupe danh gia qua trinh hpc tir dau tdi cuoi don vj bai hoc de danb gia va ho trp viec hpc cua bpc sinh va lam co so cho viec day cua giao vien Cho phep giao vien va hp sinh dupe thong nhat vdi nbiing su lua ehpn khac ve npi dung hp va neu cd dieu kien thi thong nhat ve hinh thuc the hien viec hoc > Thdi gian phan bo cho vie hpc va the hien viec hpc dupe ea the boa va gin ket vdi cac yeu cau danh gia khac phep sudung C/2 o o n ST n D- O sr •2' a Q •C oB» (W3 o oa" cr n3 B: g 0\ o c fc>^ era a =r O a o o < o X o Cu o O ST g; = o < 3^ a- (TQ o 3- era c, o« rT 3: 3- o Q* 3- sr B' sr 3* X S5> a ?r •Os 3? XI c D3 g §3 t o> a a: s sr =E 00 §^ & 3" 3" o o s ocr s g 5' u S' o 3" c X 0>i CfQ ^< S> ^ ft o c Us 00 00, o i/i o> c c B^ •:; O 1: 00 CfQ s o e •o> o 00 •o 1' 5" Ia n q o a ft a 9^ 3" o Cu •c O a o Q I no-, Br n 3" (a o 3" O •8 f Hirdng dan cham diem cac bai danh gia sat thifc cuoc song suf dung trenldp Npi dung Ooi tirong va muc dich cothuc n/s • Doi tirgng gom giao vien Giao vien la doi tuong va dong nghiep nhat • iVIuc dich khong ro rang i Muc dich chi la de hoac chi lien quan den iLfdng/ kiem tra nha trudng < Danh gia khong c6 tac dong gi ngoai viec lay tin • Danh gia khong c6 tac dong gi vugt khoi pham chi hay diem so vi Idp hoc » Danh gia c6 tinh chat go • Danh gia xuat phat tir mot bo va hau nhu khong c6 tinh hinh c6 ve nhu c6 that lien he gi vcri thuc te cuoc va giong vcri ddi song thifq song ngoai ddi te ben ngoai nha tri/dng • Danh gia yeu cau hoc ve mot so khia canh sinh tap trung vao nhUng • Danh gia yeu cau hoc kT nang rdi rac hay cac sinh tham gia giai quyet kien mot phan nao cua van de hay tinh huong Ooi tLfOng bao gom giao vien, dong nghiep va/ hoac phu huynh < Danh gia c6 muc dfch thifc te « Danh gia c6 the c6 tac dong doi vdi hoc sinh mot CO doi tuong c6 the SLf dung hoac thay danh gia la hOu ich • Duoc di/a tren mot tinh huong giong nhi/ that va CO the la tinh huong thi/c te neu c6 mot vai thay ddi nho • Yeu cau hoc sinh tham gia giai quyet mot tinh huong hay mot van de dang tranh cai phCfc tap • Danh gia c6 doi tuong thuc va dupe xac dinh trudc ben ngoai Icrp hoc hoac doi tuong otrong Idp/ trudng nhung c6 lien ddi tdi viec hoc tap • Danh gia c6 muc dich thuc va CO y nghla • Hoc sinh dupe trai nghiem nhOng ich Ipi va tac dong tU bai lam cua hp • Danh gia dua tren co so nhu cau, van de vudng mac hay van de dang dupe quan tam c6 thuc can dupe quan tam giai quyet • Danh gia yeu cau hoe sinh giai quyet mot tinh huong hay mot van de dang dupe quan tam CO thuc Ndj dung n/s Tich hop cac mon hoc/ LTnh viCc chuyen mon • Oo dugc nang lyc cua hoc sinh su dung mot ki nang cu the thupc mot chuyen nganh cu the • Yeu cau hoc sinh dua vao kien thuc tu hai llnh vuc chuyen mon tro len da c6 ma thyc chat khong c6 moi quan he v6i muc dich cua cau hoi bai danh gia • Yeu cau hoc sinh sii dung kien thuc da c6 Tim toi nghien ciru theo nguyen tic/ Tinh nghiem ngat ve hoc thuat • Khong doi hoi hoc sinh nghien cuu •' Yeu cau hoc sinh tham gia nghien cuu muc dp han che, tap trung vao viec tim kiem nhung thong tin cy the, roi rac giao vien quyet dinh tu truoc • Yeu cau hoc sinh kham pha cac khia canh khac cua mot van de hay mot chu de thong qua nghien cuu Trao doi thong tin ti mi Noi dung Cac chuan cong khai va cac tieu chi cham diem n/s • Yeu cau tra loi d muc toi thieu • Yeu cau mot chiit trao doi b&ng mieng/ viet • Chi han che nhung cau • Chi han che nhung cau tra loi trSc nghiem, cau hoi dung-sai hay cac cau hoi khing dinh/ phu dinh • Cau hoi danh gia khong CO cac chuan lam bai • Hoc sinh khong bi§t cac tieu chi cua giao vien • Chi CO cau hoi ma thieu phan mau minh hpa bai lam CO chat lupng tra loi nqkn hay cac cau tra loi b&ng mieng theo cac cau hoi • Yeu cau hoc sinh van dyng kien thirc va kJ nang til hai Unh vyc chuyen mon tro len c6 h6 trp cho cau hoi bai danh gia • Nghien ciiu dya tren cac nguon c6 chpn Ipc va cac phuong phap c6 gicri han • Yeu cau hoc sinh van dung kien thuc va ki nang tu hai iinh vyc chuyen mon tro len c6 quan he ty nhien vol de lam noi bat cac Iinh vuc chuyen mon • Yeu cau hoc sinh hieu biet sau skc thong qua nghien cuu va tim toi c6 he thong • Hoc sinh su dung nhieu nguon thong tin taic tiep va thu cap khac • Hoc sinh su dyng nhieu phuong phap nghien cuu khac nhu phong van, khao sat, tim kiem tren mang Internet • Yeu cau trao doi ve kien thuc va/ hoac ki nang thong qua cac bai viet, • Yeu cau c6 sy trao doi ti mi ve kien thuc, ki nang va quy trinh duoi hlnh thuc nghe thuat va/ hoac thuyet trinh viet, nghe thuat, thuyet trinh, trien lam va/ hoac nhung co hpi danh cho hpc sinh day Ian • Cac chuan lam bai doi vol cau hoi danh gia da dupe xac djnh phan nao danh muc kiem tra xac dinh cac tieu chi nhung lai thieu sy phan biet giua cac cap dp lam bai • Cac tieu chi lam bai doi vol cau hoi danh gia dupe xac djnh va noi ro d phan huong dan vol sy phan biet ro rang cac cap dp lam bai khac • Cac tieu chi mo ho • Co nhieu vi dy mau minh hpa bai lam c6 chat lupng • Co mot hoac hai mau minh hpa bai lam c6 chat lupng • Yeu cau hoc sinh su dung kien thuc da c6 cho CO y nghia • Cac tieu chi ro rang • Cac chuan lam bai doi vol cau hoi danh gia dupe ca giao vien va hpc sinh cung xac dinh va trinh bay huong d&n voi sy phan biet ro rang cac cap dp lam bai khac • Cac tieu chi huong dSn cho hpc sinh each danh gia va xac dinh myc tieu • Co nhieu vi du mau va cac chuan c6 dinh minh hpa cac cap dp lam bai khac Tinh Iinh hoat noi dung, phi/Ong phap, san pham va thdi gian • Tat ca hoc sinh su dyng cung mot loai tai lieu, su dung cac phuong phap nhu va dua cung mot loai san pham • Hoc sinh dupe lya chpn d miic dp han che ve npi dung (cac em chi dupe phep lya chpn tii mot danh myc cac chu de) • Hpc sinh CO nhieu sy lya chpn khac giao vien dua ve npi dung, phuong phap hay san pham • Oanh gia cho phep hpc sinh dua nhung lya chpn ve npi dung hay phuong phap • ThPi gian quy djnh Noi dung n/s • Thoi gian va han chot CO dinh • Cac phuong phap va san • Thoi gian quy dinh linh pham yeu cau doi voi mpi hoat doi voi cac doi tuong hoc sinh la nhu nhau; thoi hoc sinh khac gian c6 the c6 linh dpng nhung lai khong can cu doi vol npi dung va phuong vao yeu cau thuc te cua phap nhung lal c6 dinh ve cau hoi danh gia han chot phai nop san pham linh hoat doi vol cac doi tupng hoc sinh khac va.tao dieu kien cho nhung khac biet ve san pham hay bai lam dupe chpn Danh gia chan doan, qua trinh hoc va sau kit thuc dOn v| bai hoc • Chi dua vac danh gia cuoi • Co ca danh gia chan doan • Co cac hinh thuc danh • Bai hoc/ don vi bai hoc bai hoc hoac ket thuc va danh gia ket thuc gia chan doan, qua dupe danh gia suot don vi bai hoc don vj bai hoc trinh hoc va ket thuc qua trinh hoc tii dau toi cuoi de danh gia va ho trp • Danh gia chan doan khong don vi bai hoc c6 lien he voi viec hoe tap cua hoe sinh dupe su dung de bd sung va lam eo so de dieu hay ho trp cho viec danh ehinh giang day theo cac gia sau ket thuc don vi bai danh gia chan doan, bai hoc danh gia qua trinh hoc va ket thuc don vi bai hpc Sieu nhan thifc, tifdanh gia, danh gia lin va nhan xet phan hoi • Giao vien la nguoi nhat chiem nghiem ve cac san pham va qua trinh • Khong co cac cau hoi chiem nghiem, danh muc No! dung Cac cap tif n/s kiem tra, hoac huong dan cham diem Giao vien la nguoi danh gia nhat Nhan xet phan hoi qua Chung chung va chi dupe cung cap sau bai lam da duoc hoan I Danh gia chi nhan manh viec nhd lai, hieu va van dung kien thuc va kl nang trinh CO ban • Hoc sinh chiem nghiem • Hoc sinh chiem nghiem • Hpc sinh chiem nghiem ve Chung chung ve san pham cuoi ciing ca san pham va quy trinh • Cac cau hoi chiem • Chiem nghiem dupe thuc thuc hien nghiem, danh muc kiem hien duoi hinh thuc cac • Chiem nghiem dupe thuc tra hay huong dan cham cau hoi cu the, danh muc hien duoi hinh thiie lien diem chi lien quan den bai kiem tra hay huong dan tue va cac cau hoi, danh danh gia mot each hinh thuc Hpc sinh tu danh gia cac san pham cua hp i Nhan xet phan hoi cu the nhung chi dupe cung cap sau bai lam da hoan > Viec sua chua lai dupe phep nhung khong dupe khuyen khich muc kiem tra hay huong cham diem dan cham diem cu the Hpc sinh dua cac nhan Hoc sinh danh gia bai lam xet phan hoi ve bai lam cua hp va cua cac ban cua cac giai qua trinh thuc hien doan lam bai khac ' Nhan xet phan hoi cu the bai danh gia • Nhan xet phan hoi ki suot qua trinh va luong va cu the ca giao khuyen khich hpc sinh vien va cac ban lop ehinh sua lai bai lam dua Nhan xet phan hoi khuyen khich viec ehinh sua lai bai lam de eo bai lam chat lupng Danh gia nhan manh truoe ' Danh gia huong toi tat ca i Danh gia long ghep viec su dung cac trinh dp tu cac cap dp cua tu duy, di het vao viec nho lai, hieu CO ban va tu d til trinh dp tu eo ban va tiep thu cac du kien trinh dp cao mac du eo mot vai cau hoi den trinh dp tu cao • Bai lam doi hoi mot each hay hoat dpng doi hoi trinh tu nhien viec ket hop cac dp tu ki nang va hinh thiie cao hon kien thuc Nguonjrung tarn nghien oitu KlnSng chuyen mon day va hoc (CSETL) Ban quyen cua CSETL dSng ky nSm 1998 Da dm: phep sCr dung- Cho diem bai danh gia Ten bai danh gia Noi dung • Doi tucmg va muc dich c6 thuc • Tich hop cac mon hoc/ Linh vuc chuyen mdn • Tm toi nghien cuu theo nguyen tic/ Tinh nghiem ngSt v6 hoc thuat • Trao doi thdng tin ti mi • Cac chuan c6ng khai va cac tieu chi cham diem • Tinh Hnh boat npi dung, phuong phap, san pham va thdi gian • Danh gia ch&i doan, qua tnnh hoc va sau ket thiic don vi bai hoc • Sieu nhan thirc, tu danh gia, danh gia lan va nhan xet phan h6i Cho diem (1-4) HU LUC C: CAC CONG CU THIET KE CAC BAI DANH GIA THEO TUI HO SO BAI LAM Cdc cdu hoi huTdng dan quy trinh thiet ke'tui ho so bai lam i •i • Cac cip tu NguSn: Tmng tarn nghien ahi sutinh thdng cm viec day va hoc (CSETL) Ban quyen cua CSEfl dang ki ndm 1998 Dd duac phep sti dung Muc dich tm6c tien ciia tiii h6 so ma hoc sinh ciia ban gia la gi? Ai la ngu6ri doc chinh? Ai la nguoi doc phu? Tui h6 so noi len cai gi? (Tiii h6 so c6 ihi cho biet sir tnrcmg thanh, tich hoc tap, sir co gang hay tdng hop tat ca cac npi dung theo chuan hoac sir hieu biet ve npi dung chuong trinh hpc.) Trong tarn ciia tiii h6 so la gi? Tui hd so lien quan de'n nhimg chuan nao? Tiii h6 so lien quan den nhiing phan nao chuong tiinh hpc? ^^ Hpc sinh c6 the dua vao tui h6 so nhimg gi c6 lien quan deh cac c h u ^ va chuong trinh hpc? Hay xac dinh nhiing npi dung c6 the dua vao tui h6 so Gan ket nhOng nOi dung vdi cac chu&i va chuong trinh hoc '^Thcri ban cua viec thu bai lam ciia hpc sinh? , Ban se gidi thieu tiii hd so bai lam cho hpc sinh vao nao va bang each n^o? Lam the' nao de' ban hudng dan cho hpc sinh muc dich ciia tui hd so bai 1^? Hpc sinh se chiem nghiem va lua chpn n6i dung dua vao tui hd so bang each nao va vao thdi gian nao? Hp lam viec bao lau mot l^n? Vao gid nao •^gay? Voi nhiing hinh thiic trp giiip hay chi dan gi? Ban thong bao cho phu huynh hpc sinh biet ve nii hd so bai lam ma em dang giO bang each nao? Lieu cac em hpc sinh c6 cho bd me xem cac tiii hd bai lam cua cac em khPng? Neu c6 thi cac em se lam viec bang each nao? PHU LUC D: Ban se str dung he thong quan h' nao di giiip ban va hoc sinh cua ban luu trfi duoc cac bai lam de cac em c6 the xem lai, chiem nghiem va lua chon? Ban v;, cac em hoc sinh cua ban se tap hop va luu tru cac bai duoc chpn nhu the nao (chc vao cac cap tai lieu, dong quyen, de cac tii ho so, cac h6p, cac phong bi Idn hay cac hop dung banh)? CACGpl Y VA C A U HOI Ban se yeu ciu hay hudng dan hoc sinh lua chon noi dung dua vao hii ho so bai lam nhu the nao? Hay vie't cac chi dan ma ban se noi vcfi hoc sinh DE CHIEM NGHIEM Ban se yeu cau hoc sinh chiem nghiem ve nhiing bai ma cac em da lua chon nhu the nao? Ban se hoi cac em nhflng cau hoi gi d^ giiip cac em chiem nghiem Cac goi y va cau hoi d^ chiem nghiem c6 M viet tren giac d6 ciia hoc sinh ("Em chpn bai luan vi ") hoac tren giac d6 ciia giao vien ("Em thich n6i dung gi nhaft bai luan nay?) Chpn m6t hai each ma ban tha'y phu hop nhat vdi di^u kien ctia minh ve cac bai ma cac em chon? Ban se sir dung nhimg phuong phap gi d^ day hoc sinh ve each chiem nghiem c6 chat luong? Ban se day nhOng bai nao? Cac g p i y chiem Nhumg no! dung hay yeu cau cua tiii ho so bai lam nghiem v e c d c b a i giang ' Mot vah de em hoe dupe bai h6m la Thang ' Mot van de bai hpc hom khien em phai ngac nhien la Thang 10 • Gia sir em la ngucri day bai hpc hom thi em da Cac g a i y, c a u h o i va danh Thang 11 cho Thang 12 Thang Thang ,, c a c b a i lam c u a cd muc Itiem tra nhan • Tai em lai chpn bai luan (hay bai viet lam mau ) nay? • Bai viet eo nhung uu diem dac biet gi? • Em da hpc dupe gi ve each viet qua bai luan (hay bai lam miu) nay? • Neu em dupe sua bai luan (bai viet) thi phan em se sua la ,,„! Thdng3 • • Tai em lai chpn bai lam cu the nay? |/ • Thdng4 Theo em thi bai lam c6 nhung uu diem dac biet gi? Theo em thi ngucri dpc, nguofi xem bai lam da biet dupe nhung gi npi dung em trinh bay? • Theo em thi em phai trinh bay gi vdi hp? • Em mong mudn bai viet se tac dong den ngudi dpc nhu the' nao? • Emdahpcdupcgiveklnangdpc, viet, qua vice hoan bai nay? • Neu dupe phep tie'p me hoan thien bai thi em se lam gi? Thang Thang6 i Danh muc kiem tra tifhoan thien ve chinh ta, ngOr phap va kl nang viet bai luan tot Jeff Y chiem nghiem Loi chinh ta — Dien dat vung — Du lieu khong dung — Ban viet lai " Lac de Sy khac biet — — — — — — > — ~ — — Khong hieu Doc cau hoi hoi/ cau tra loi til vyng khong ki — — — buoc sau: 10 — Em se lam gi neu em hoan duoc bai viet nay? 11 — 12 — 13 — 14 _ 15 _ _ cac bai Ifiem Khong hieu cau Qua mo ho so'va Tirdanh gia trk nghiem da Hay dem so Ian cac no! dung sau dupe giao vien de cap hay chua tren bai lam cua em Ban goc vediem m Sau xem lai danh muc kiem tra doi voi bai luan, em da/se c6 gang lam tot hon theo cac Em muon giao vien chii y vao phan nao giao vien danh gia bai viet ? Em c6 nhung cau hoi gi dat cho giao vien Bai tifchiem nghiem de kern theo bai lam hoan chinh tra chon Khong biet tu lieu mang tinh du kien Chu de cua bai kiem tra: Khi viet bai luan, hay dien thong tin vao cac muc sau Ngay kiem tra: Khi nhan dupe bai tap noi lo Ion nhat cua em la Thoi gian danh cho on tap: N6i lo cua em hoa la Ho va ten hoc sinh: Em thay lam viec voi nguoi khac la de/kho boi vi Em thay lam nghien ciiu la Vuong mac Ion nhat lam nghien cuu la E m cho rang em x i i n g dang dupe d i e m tren v i Neu dupe phep lam lai nghien cuu em se Hoc sinh chiem nghiem ve each thiic l a m viec va hanh x u mot tinh Lieu em tap trung nhieu hon thi bai nghien cuu c6 de hon khong? Vi c6? Vi khong? Phan d§ nhat cua bai tap la Phan kho nhat cua bai tap la 10 Dieu em hoc dupe ve chu de ma liic dau em chua biet la « huong nhat dinh sau tir cho diem bang each g i o 1, 2, hoac ngon tay I6n (4 la d i e m cao nhat) Sau cac em phai l i giai tai lai cho diem n h u vay va trinh bay phai lam the nao 6.6 c6 t h ^ dat duoc d i e m s6' cao hon (neu cac em chua duoc diem 4) Cac cau h o i danh cho hoc sinh trudc k h i l a m bai k i e m tra: oTheo em thi em se ducxc diem ma'y bai ki^m tra nay? o Em da 6n tap ch u ^ bi cho bai ki^m tra nhu the nao? Danh gia qua trinh hop tac nhom o Em danh bao nhiSu thdi gian dd on tap? oEmdntap n^o? • Cau hoi d ^ cho hoc sinh tir hoi ban than sau lam xong bai kie'm tra: o Minh cam tha[y minh lam bai kiem tra nhu thd' nao? o Tai minh ^ duoc bai hay khdng lam duoc bai? Hay danh gia sir ddng gdp ciia em nhdm theo thang diem tir den (5 la diem cao nhat) Nhung dong gop rat quan trpng dP'i vdi tSit ca cac phSn cua d^ tai va ii\a cac giai doan thuc hien; tao di^u ki6n h6 trp e6ng viec cua cac ban khac ma khdng lam thay ,, o L i n sau minh c ^ ^ gi d6' tifi'n h6 hon? Co ddng gop c6 y nghia (dua nhOng ggi y quan trpng v^ giiip d5 cac ban khac mPt cdeh c6 hieu qua; c6 vai tr6 tic d6ng de'n tat ca cdc phdn ciia d^ tM) o Minh c§in My c6 gido giiip gi d6 tie'n bd hon? Cdc cau hoi vd gpi y chiSm nghiem vequd trinh hoc tdp • Em thuc hien d6 tM chinh cho quy n^y bang each n^o? Em lap thai gian bidu cho nhihig vi6c lam cua minh nhu the' nao? Em lam gi truoc tien, thu: hai, v v ? Co mOt s6' ddng gdp (dua mPt sO' gpi y huu fch, giiip nhOng ngudi khdc nghien ciJu, giai quye't vMi d^, va ddng gdp cho viec phat tridn cdc phdn khac eiia di tM; nhdc nha nhOng ngudi khac trt IMn viec • P h ^ nao quy trinh \l kho d6'i vdi em? R i ^ n^o 1^ dhl • Em CO du sir h6 tro de bat dau va tri lam bai khong? • Yeu to nao lam cho viec hoc kho klian doi vdi em? Yeu t6' nao cho viec hoc de dang doi vdi em? Co ddng gdp nho (dira it nhat m6t gpi y hiJu ich, ddi giiip d5 ngudi khac, lang phi it thdi gian, cd vM tro nho viec phat tridn mdt hodc hM phdn khac ciia de tM) t>r„ /, liuii • Mot so viec hien em dang lam giiip em hoc mon Khoa hoc xa h6i la gi? • Em nghl cac y tuong bang each nao? • Em chon lira nhung bai lam hay nhat s6' tat ca bai lam cua em bang each nao? Lam em biet dupe bai nao la hay nhat? • Nhung khia canh giai quyet van de nao la kho doi vdi em? • Viec trao doi bai lam ciia em vdi cac ban khac c6 anh hudfng nhir thS nao tdi sir lira chon cua em? • Em phan ling nhu the nao c6 ggi y em nen ed thay d6i gi bai lam ciia em? • Khi em thay qua that vpng khdng mud'n tie'p tuc lam bai nfia thi eiH lam gi? • Lam em biet dupe minh dang di diing huong viet? Khong ed ddng gdp thuc sir nao (khdng dua ggi y gi, khong giiip da ai, lam viec ti ehiit, lang phi thdi gian) Khoanh trdn diem s6' ciia em : Li giai ngdn gpn tai em lai cho diem ban than nhu vay Hay cho diem timg ban nhdm em va l i giai tai em lai cho di^m •ihu vay? Cdc gai y va cau h o i chiem nghiem vequy trinh dugc sCf dung de phat trien mot bai tap cu the • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cdc cdu hoi vd gai y chiem " Em lay y tucftig cho b^i tir dau? Chii de dupe sinh c6 nhanh khdng? Em CO nhung ehudn bi gi tru6c vi6't? Tai em lai bat d^u va ket thiic bai viet nhu the' nay? Em thuc hien bai vie't nhu the' nao? Em thue hien qua nhOng giai doan nao? Em di theo phuong phap gi? Em danh thai gian bao lau cho bai vie't nay? Em vie't m6t mach hay theo su ngSu hiing tiing luc? Hay li giai Em CO doc lai ph&i minh vie't kh6ng hay chi cam dau viet mpt mach? Trong qua tiinh lam bai em c6 gap kho khan gi khong? Neu c6 thi e m xu If nhirng kho khan nhu the nao? Trong qua tnnh lam bai, c6 luc nao em trao doi bai ciia minh vdi ngudi khac khong? Neu c6, viec trao doi anh hucmg the nao den each lam bai ciia em? Em CO sua lai bai vie't khong? Ne'u em viet nliieu hon mot ban thao thi bai vie't ciia em thay doi nhu the' nao? Em CO vie't cho mot doi tupng cu the nao khong? Neu em c6 mot doi tugfng cu the dau thi viec c6 anh huong den each vie't ciia em kh6ng? Lam em biet dupe la minh dang di dung huong dang lam bai? Em CO hoan dupe muc tieu de khong? Hay li giai Lam em biet bai lam da xong? nghiem ve tdc dpng cua viec day doi vdi h o c sinh 4* I «if • Phucmg phap hoc tir vimg ciia chiing ta ch6 nao phu hop voi em? Tai sao? Ch6 nao khong phCi hpp? Tai sao? • Theo kinh nghiem hpc tren Idp cua em thi giao vien ck\t gi de c6 the giiip em hpc tP't hon? I • Cach bp'tri nhom de tai da giup gi cho em? Wjk • Em CO cau hoi gi nGa khPng? • CP nen gicfi thieu bai nhu the nao dd phu hpp hen vdri phong each hpc cua em? j, Cdc cdu hoi vd gai y chiem nghiem den viec xdc dinh muc tieu lien quan • Trong quy t6i em muP'n hpc ki hon ve nhiJng npi dung gi? • Hay neu ba viec em c6 the lam de tie'n bp hon ve mPn toan • Trong giai doan charn diem tdi day em can lam gi dd viet tP't hon? Bai luan chiem nghiem cho mon l^hoa hoc Hay m6 ta quy trinh em thuc hien khao sat bang each tra loi cac cau hoi sau : Em dua gia thuye't bang each nao? Lam em biet dupe gia thuye't afy c6 thd Viim chiing dupe? Em nghl mp hinh thuc nghiem bang each nao? Khi tie'n hanh thuc nghiem em c6 vudng mac gi? Em CO the c6 thay doi gi de nang cao chat lupng thuc nghiem nay? '; Ill PHU LUC E: C Trinh bay co s6 cho hanh dpng ciia ban Khi xay dung co so dSi vfin d^, hay can nhac cac npi dung sau: CAC CONG CU IMGHIEN C U r U CAI TIEN Modun lap ke hoqch nghien cuTU cai tien Bu6c : Xac dinh ten chu de hay y tuong ma nghien curu cua ban se giai quyet Hay vid't hai hoac ba y tuong ma ban c6 th^ nghien cuxi Ban kh6ng can phai bat dSu tir m6t v&n d6 vudtng mac nao do; ban c6 th^ bat dSu vdfi mOt y tuong ve mOt cai gi c6 thd cai tie'n dupe hay m6t mong mu6'n mu6'n thir nghiem moi d6i mod giao due nhu nhung d6i mdi duoc m6 ta eu6n sach Hay suy nghl ve cac cau hoi dudi day ban di tun y tucmg: • Hien tai minh dang phai vat va vdi van de gi? Tai nhu vay? • M M i muon thu nghiem cai gi? Tai sao? Viec gi ch\i tien va cai gi c6 the mang lai hi6u qua? Budc 2: Mo ta nhOmg hanh dpng ban se tien hanh nghien curu va neu h' A Xem lai nhung y tuomg cua ban Budc va chon m6t y tudng dc udn: Tdc gid Diane Cunninghum Dang ki ban quyen tai Cong iy tidch nhiem hOu hcin qudn li (1998) Why am I doing this? Beane, J A (1997) Curriculum integration: Designing the core of democratic Purposeful teaching through portfolio assessment Portsmouth, N H : Henemann education New York: Teachers College Press Mickelson, J.M (1957) What does research say about the effectiveness of the core Bissex, G.L., & Bullock, R.H (Eds.) (1987) Seeing for ourselves: Case study research curriculum? School Review, 65 144-160 by teachers of writing Portsmouth, N H : Heinemann Soodak, L C , & Martin-Kniep, G.O (1994) Authentic assessment and curriculum Boyer, E.L (1995) The educated person In J.A Beane (Ed.), Toward a coherent curriculum: 1995 ASCD yearbook (pp 16-25) Alexandria, V A : Association f o r integration: Natural partners in need of thoughtful policy Educational Policy, 8(2), 183-201.- Supervision and Curriculum Development Vars, G F (1996) The effects of interdisciplinary curriculum and instruction In Peters Brophy, J., & Alleraan, J (1991) A caveat: Curriculum integration isn't always a good idea Educational Leadership, 49(2), 66 Camp, R (1992) Portfolio reflections in middle and secondary school classrooms In K.B Yancey (Ed.), Portfolios in the writing classroom: An introduction (pp 61-79) Urbana, I L : National Council of Teachers of English Case, R (1991) The anatomy of curricular integration Canadian Journal of Education ;6(2), 215-224 Center for the Study of Expertise in Teaching and Leaming (CSETL) (1998) Standard'^ S Hlebowitsh & William G Wraga (Eds.), Annual review of research for leaders, part II: Transcending traditional subject matter lines: Interdisciplinary curriculum and instruction (pp 147-164) Reston, V A : National Association of Secondary School Principals Wrightstone, J.W (1935) Evaluation of the integrated curriculum in the upper grades Elementary SchoolJournal, 35,5S3-5S7 Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University ( encyclopedia of educational research (pp 592-600) New York: Macmillan Informal Committee of the Progressive Education Association on Evaluation of N e w d Practices in Education (1941) New methods vs old in American education New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University , i , Wrightstone, J W (1936) Appraisal of experimental high school practices New York: based curriculum and assessment prototypes New York: Author Hanna, PR., & Lang, A D (1950) Integration In Walter S Monroe (Ed.), The school 1,1 Ve cdc tdc gid Diane Cunningham (tac gia cia Chuong " Nghien ciiu cai tien: Hoi dap \i each lam") la can b6 tu vSh giao due cho C6ng ty Sang kien vi ngucri Giselle O Martin-Kniep la giam 66c C6ng ty trach nhiem huu han hoc Trong sudt 12 nSm qua ba da tham gia vao nhifiu Ai tai nghien ciiu cai Cac sang kien vi Nguoi hoc, m6t td chuc tir vSh giao due chuyen sau ti6n va da hu6ng din nhi6u giao vien va can b6 quan h' tieh hanh nghien ciiu ve chuong trinh va danh gia mang tinh khu vire va la'y nha truong la cai tieh Ba la d6ng tac gia m6t chuong ve danh gia sat thuc cu6c s6hg va la CO so Martin-Kniep la nguod eo ehuyen m6n sau v6 linh vue d6i mai d6ng chu bien cudn T6i Idm viec de lam gi? Day hoc c6 muc dich t6 chiic, CO bang tie'n sT \6 cac khoa hoc xa h6i giao due, va thdng qua danh gid hang tui hd so hai lam (Why am I doing this? bang Ed.S v6 danh gia giao due truong Dai hoc Standford cap Tir Purposeful teaching through portfolio assessment) Dia chi lien he: nam 1990 de'n 1995 ba la giang vifin ciia Khoa giao due thu6c tnrong Dai hoc Adelphi Ba da timg tham gia lam can b6 ddnh gia chuong Dia chi lien he: Learner-Centered Initiatives, Ltd., 20 Elm Place, Sea Qiff, NY 11579 trinh, ki^m dinh chuong trinh, nghifin ciiu vien va giao due giao vien Tir nam 1990 de'n ba da lam viSc vdi trfin 500 trudng va quan Dien thoai: 516-794-4694 Email: dianeicKShofflink.com huyfin ca d ca'p qu6c gia va qude tfi' v^ cdc linh vue phuong phap danh gia phi truy6n thd'ng, thie't ke' chuong trinh tieh hop, ddi moi nha trucmg va nghifin euru cai tie'n Hi6n ba dang ehi dao trfin 35 chuong trinh phat tri^n nghiep vu toan diSn thue hitn nhifiu nam a tam qude gia va quoe te mang tinh khu vue hay tai trudng cho giao vien phd thong Dong thdi ba dang la can bo tu vaii cho Cue khao thi tii tai qude te va So Giao due cua bang New York Ngoai ra, ba eon giif euong vi la Chii tieh va Giam dde kinh doanh ciia Tning tam Nghien cuu ki nang chuyen mon day va hoe Martin-Kniep da xuat ban rat nhieu sach, cac chuong cac sach CO ehu bien va cac bai bao ehuyen mon Hai tac phain ba mdi xuat ban gan day nha't la Toi htm viec de lam gi? Day hoc c6 nm' dkh thong qua danh gia hang tui ho sahai Uim (Why am I doing this? Purposeful teaching through portfolio assessment) nha xuat ban Heinemann an hanh nam 1998 va Dat sir khon ngoan each lam viec: Tiii hd so bai lam cho giao vien va can bo quan (Capturing the wisdom of practice: Portfolios for teachers an^^ administrators) Hiep hoi giam sat va xay dung chuong trinh hanh nam 1999) Dia chi lien he: Learner-Centered Initiatives, Ltd • 20 Elm Place, Sea Qiff, N Y 11579 Dien thoai: 516-794-469^ Email: gmkici(5)aol.com T NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM VIETNAM EDUCATION PUBLISHING HOUSE 81 Tran Hung Oao Hoan Kiem, Ha Npi Tel: 04 35121981 : 04 35121273 : Website : wv/w.nxbgd.vn g i \ C Kit I T V VV N vaONG MIEN KIM CUONG CHAT LLTONG QUOC TE