English 12 Unit & – Review A Pronunciation: Word Stress example exception I Two syllable word PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble machine, eVENT Stress on first syllable rule PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy Most 2-syllable nouns to open, to follow, to hurry, to struggle, to flatter, to finish Most 2-syllable adj Verbs end with OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ISH Stress on last syllable example rule to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN Most 2-syllable verbs II Three or > three syllable words General rule: Stress 3rd syllable - counting backwards Example celebrate, curriculum, to unify Exception to develop, imagine, banana Special case: - Stress on second syllable from end if words end with -ic, -sion, -tion Example GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic, teleVIsion, revelation - Stress on the third syllable from end if words end with -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy, -al Example deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy, CRItical, geological - Stress on the following syllable: ADE, OO, OON, EE, EEN, EER, ESE, ISE, IZE, AIRE, SELF Example pickaboo, millionaire, cocoon, analyze, engineer, themselves Compound words (words with two parts) - Compound nouns, the stress is on the first part Example BLACKbird, GREENhouse - Compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part Example bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned - Compound verbs, the stress is on the second part Example to underSTAND, to overFLOW B Grammar: Reported speech I Statements Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e g He says) Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular) Example “I speak English.”  He says that he speaks English (no backshift)  He said that he spoke English (backshift) You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e g He said) This is called backshift Example He said, “I am happy.”  He said that he was happy Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present S + V (es/s) S + Ved Present Progressive S + am/ is / are + Ving S + was/were + Ving Simple Past S + Ved Present Perfect S + have/ has + PII S + had + PII Past Perfect S + had + PII Past Progressive S + was/were + Ving Present Perfect Progressive S + have/ have been Ving S + had been Ving Past Perfect Progressive S + had been Ving Future S + will/ shall + V S + would + V Conditional type I If S + V (es/s), S + will/ shall + V If S + Ved, S + would + V Conditional type II and III If S + Ved, S + would + V No Change If S + had PII, S + would have PII The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to not normally change Created by Mai Phuong Page of English 12 Unit & – Review Example: He said, “She might be right.”  He said that she might be right II Questions in Reported Speech For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘ you use the interrogative If there is no interrogative, use whether/ if Direct Speech Reported Speech statement He said: “She lives in London.“ He said that she lived in London question with interrogative He asked:” Where does she live?“ He asked where she lived question without interrogative He asked: “Does she live in London?“ He asked whether she lived in London He asked if she lived in London It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e after the interrogative or whether /if you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.) The auxiliary verb is not used in indirect questions Example: He asked: “Where does she live?“  He asked where she lived III Requests in Reported Speech For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb Example: She said, “Say hello to your mum.“  She asked me to say hello to my mum For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb Example: He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“  He advised Bob not to give up IV Reported speech with gerund: * Suggest: “Shall we go for a swim now?”  She suggested going for a swim then “What about playing tennis?”  He suggested playing tennis * Admit: “I know I am wrong”  He admitted being wrong “I’ve broken the mirror”  He admitted breaking the mirror * Insist on: “I really need a break after lunch”  The boy insisted on having a break after lunch “Please come on! Lend me some money”  The woman insists on lending her some money * Apologize for: Created by Mai Phuong Page of English 12 Unit & – Review “Sorry! I’ve hurt you” “Sorry I’m late”  He apologized for hurting me  She apologized for being late Accuse sb of look forward to thank sb for Blame sth on sb Dream of prevent sb from think of Warn sb against sth Congratulate sb on sth deny Blame sb for (doing) sth Created by Mai Phuong Page of Change of time expression today  that day next year  the following year tomorrow now  then here  the next day / the following day this  there yesterday  the day before these  that  those … days ago  … days before last week  the week before ...English 12 Unit & – Review Example: He said, “She might be right.”  He said that she might be right II Questions... her some money * Apologize for: Created by Mai Phuong Page of English 12 Unit & – Review “Sorry! I’ve hurt you” “Sorry I’m late”  He apologized for hurting me