IELTS PRACTICE TESTS READING TEST 16 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Good Luck! 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and you will be considered to have accepted such changes if you use this web site after we have published the changed terms on this web site If you have any questions about this document or our privacy policy, please contact us © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Reading Academic IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Test 16 IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com SECTION Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions – 13 Social housing Over the past 20 years in Britain, the proportion of social homes in the total stock has fallen from 31% to 21% and their number has declined from 6.8m to 5.3m Blame—or credit—Margaret Thatcher for this Her government forced local authorities to sell homes cheaply to existing tenants and stopped them building new ones New social homes were to be financed centrally and run by local housing associations It now looks like the long squeeze is over Next week, the government is expected to announce a near-doubling of the Housing Corporation's £1.2 billion annual budget and plans to extend eligibility for social housing An extra £1 billion would build around 20,000 new homes each year at current rates This could be stretched further by reducing the amount of subsidy per house The government is hoping that this move will help solve its housing difficulties Thanks to nimbyism, the supply of new houses in Britain falls well short of demand, by more than 50,000 a year according to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, a social research charity The result: surging housing costs which have priced modest earners out of the market, particularly in London and the south-east of England Chief among the victims are public-sector workers, such as nurses and teachers IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com The government will try to fulfil its ambitions in part through a phenomenon known as planning gain Councils are grabbing an increasing share of rising land prices by bumping up the amount of social housing developers must build as part of a new scheme and hand over to the local housing association Even before the government's fresh money arrives, some local authorities in southern England are relying on planning gain to help meet demanding targets In plush regency Cheltenham, the council wants 30% of new housing to be social; the figure is 40% in comfortable Poole in Dorset, while the Greater London Authority is targeting 50% in the capital over the next twenty years Will this policy just create new ghettos? Maybe not People have learnt from the mistakes of the post-war housing boom Providers have got better at design and building Everybody now knows that concrete blocks not work in rainy countries The stigma of social housing can often be eliminated by making it indistinguishable from neighbouring private housing Social housing developments are even winning awards in competition with private sector developments—the Peabody Trust's Bedzed development in Surrey won the Evening Standard Lifestyle Home of the Year award—though it is worth remembering that some of the most notorious 1960s and 1970s council housing estates also won design awards IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Housing associations are generally better at getting repairs done than are councils They have also been more effective in tackling problems like drugs and prostitution through innovations such as estate offices and on-site caretakers Above all, planners have learned not to think too big “No one will ever build a big single tenure estate again,” says Richard McCarthy, Chief Executive of the Peabody Trust Yet despite this encouraging news, the central flaw of social housing remains: it discourages mobility What happens to the teacher who lives in social housing in one borough, and is offered a job in a borough that cannot offer her new cheap housing? What happens to a nurse in cheap housing who wants to move into a new profession? A government so keen on enterprise and initiative should not be recreating a system that makes it difficult for people to change their lives If public-sector workers cannot afford to live in the south-east of England, then the government should be changing pay scales that currently discriminate in favour of public sector workers in cheap bits of the country and against those in expensive bits, rather than reintroducing something that once looked like a boon to the poor and turned out to be a shackle © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions - Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph i Still difficult to move around ii Councils give way to housing associations iii Increased spending iv The cost of moving home v A shrinking supply vi Learning from the past vii Public-sector workers squeezed out viii New demands on developers Paragraph A IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph G IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Questions - 13 Write True, False or Not Given During the Thatcher years, there was a block on building social homes The housing problem in London is worse than in the rest of south-east England 10 Local authorities are starting to depend on the 'planning gain' scheme 11 One way to make social housing more successful is to make it similar to private housing 12 Local councils are unable to deal with crimes committed on social housing land 13 It would not be helpful to modify pubic workers salary depending on where they lived © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com SECTION Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions 14 – 26 Tales of youth and age It is a story as old as boy meets girl who become man and woman who (either before or after that step into adulthood) become father and mother who grow old and who become more and more puzzled, or even resentful, about the behaviour of the younger generation Yet that story, which is explored in numerous ways, direct or indirect, large or small, is bringing with it some new twists These twists arise from science, from economics and from society-all of which could later pop up in that eternal mirror of power and change, politics For, in the broadest sense of all, the clash or contrast between youth and age could prove to be one of the defining issues of the 21st century That is rather a bold claim to make In truth, the defining issues of the next 100 years cannot yet be defined, any more than for the 20th century they could securely have been outlined in 1900 But demography, at least, is the most forecastable of trends, because it takes so long for the statistics of births and deaths to have an impact on the population structure of the living And it is worth recalling that even in 1900 one thing was, or should have been, clear: that industrial and social change in the developed countries was shifting millions of people into the cities and the factories The political and economic consequences of that were unpredictable, but the rise of urban working classes did indeed prove one of the century's defining issues IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com The twists and turns of youth and age are pushing in all sorts of different directions The difficulty lies in balancing those trends against each other For one thing science, combined with the better diet that comes with affluence, is making just about everyone outside the AIDS-afflicted areas of sub-Saharan Africa live longer With every decade that the age of death recedes and the fertility rate (largely for social and economic reasons, helped by technology) declines, so the developed countries' populations are leaning more and more towards the aged Hence the conventional worry that rich countries will, by 2025 or so, have too little youth and too much old age Those countries will be divided between taxpayers and benefit-consumers, just as they are already coming to be divided between those with children (who consume public services and make lots of noise) and the increasing number of those without (who think they pay for the services and endure the noise) IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Even in the developing countries, at least those where AIDS has not reached plague proportions, a time looms, perhaps nearer 2050, when that same problem will arise of a large group of elderly needing pensions and health care, supported by a smaller group of younger workers, paying the taxes and earning the profits And, unless those countries are by then much richer, the pain imposed by this imbalance will be much nastier than for the wealthy West If all those demographic predictions come about, then battles between the young and the old could, in both the poor world and the rich, come to dominate politics in the same way as battles between workers and bosses, rich and poor, did in the past Yet that conclusion is too glib For this ageing of the population structure is not the only change that science, economics and society are bringing In the rich world, led as so often by America, what has recently been happening has been rather paradoxical: that, even as the old have become more numerous, so opportunities for the young have been proliferating Companies, and even societies, have become less hierarchical, a trend which has been under way for decades but which seemed to accelerate in the 1990s Seniority counts for less, initiative and creativity for more; and when technology conspires, as it did during the Internet boom, to provide extra rewards to those with minds and fingers nimble enough to exploit it, the balance shifts especially sharply towards the young © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding But who are the young? Another twist brought by science is that people now feel young and look young, for far longer than in the past, and social mores have altered to allow them to express that feeling, whether in dress or behaviour This year the top-selling disc in the pop music charts, in many countries around the world, is yet another compilation of the greatest hits of that trendy youth phenomenon the Beatles Whether that success is explained by the enduring desire of people in their 50s to relive the 1960s, or by a surprising interest in Lennon and McCartney among the conventionally young, is immaterial The line between youth and age has become blurred, and is likely to get even blurrier If it is allowed to by governments, that trend ought in time to ease those conventional worries about too many pensioners and too few vigorous youthful workers, for the line between work and retirement ought also to fade, as more people choose to carry on working, either full- or part-time, well into their 70s or even 80s Pension schemes will certainly need to change if this is to occur But if that comes about, it will greatly ease the potentially divisive problem of an unequal tax burden, as well as providing a welcome freedom of choice to the soon-to-be numerous old All these trends-except, possibly, for the recent revving up of youthful change by the Internet-are for the long term But as John Maynard Keynes famously said, in the long run we are all dead The demographic trends of the 20th century were much altered, or interrupted, by other, more short-run forces such as war and economic depressions Is that not just as likely, once again? IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com The answer is that it is just as possible All the opportunities, or problems, caused by these great demographic trends, of ageing populations, or newly youthful 70-year-olds, or even of ageing Chinese, will come to pass (or at least to dominate) only in a world that develops in a fairly benign way They will, in other words, be problems of success: in generating economic growth, in maintaining peace, in avoiding other shocks of the sort that could alter birth or death rates IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions 14 - 19 Write Yes, No or Not Given 14 Predictions about the size of the human population can be made quite successfully 15 In 1900 it was difficult to see that many people would move to urban areas 16 Better food is helping to extend people's lives in sub-Saharan Africa 17 Many rich countries are concerned about a significant imbalance in old and young people by 2025 18 The consequences of an imbalance between the old and the young would be worse in developed countries than in developing countries 19 In most developed countries today the elderly are respected less than in the past IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Questions 20 - 22 Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer 20 The difference between the definition of an old person and a young one is more than in the past 21 If people work past today's retirement age, will need to be modified for sure 22 If work opportunities exist for the elderly, they will have more as to how to live during their 'retirement' years IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Question 23 - 26 Complete the summary with ONE WORD from the text These concerns over the 23 of the future may be uncalled for In fact they are of concern only if the 24 is a place where 25 is prevalent If war or disaster hits a region, it can, sadly, affect the population size considerably If such things can be avoided, the problems which exist on societies will be a result of 26 © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com SECTION Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions 27 – 40 Righting wrongs A In Shaw's "Pygmalion", Colonel Pickering asks Alfred Doolittle whether he has no morals "Can't afford them, governor," the philanderer replies; "Neither could you if you was as poor as me." Morals are costly to maintain So are rights, especially the kind of "universal human rights" that become enshrined in United Nations' declarations B International support for a core group of human rights, mainly civil and political, has been enshrined for more than half a century in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ratified by the United Nations in the aftermath of the second world war and the Holocaust The declaration proved compelling as a statement of principles, but too general and vague to be useful as a legal instrument So, during the 1960s, two more covenants were thrashed out in an effort to give the declaration some substance: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights C During the cold war, enthusiasm for these covenants split along the obvious divide: capitalists were keen on civil and political rights, Communists on social and economic rights When Western lobbyists accused the Soviet Union of violating its citizens' civil rights, the Soviet government replied that the economic and social rights of its people were more important The division survives: today the Chinese make much the same argument IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com D In terms of publicity and promotion, the rights set out in the first covenant have had the benefit of human-rights advocates such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (HRW) They have publicised the plight of prisoners of conscience and victims of torture As a result, regimes that torture, unjustly imprison or disenfranchise their citizens have sometimes been pushed or shamed into changing their behaviour Until now, the second covenant has been used less widely to promote the rights that it enshrines-mainly to economic benefits such as housing, food, health care and fair wages Now, though, Western human-rights groups, which have traditionally focused only on civil and political violations, are looking again at economic rights, and hope eventually to persuade governments to place the right to a house or a meal on an equal footing with the right to vote IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com E If this sounds foolish, human-rights veterans are used to scepticism "Twenty-five years ago, when Amnesty started talking about torture victims, everyone thought we were ridiculous, out of our minds," says Larry Cox, the senior programme officer for human rights at the Ford Foundation Few people then believed, he says, that mere letter-writing and lobbying could be such powerful weapons But a great deal more manoeuvring and persuasion will be needed to give meaning to social and economic rights than to fight torturers and censors F Not surprisingly, the big battalions among human-rights campaigners approach the issue with some trepidation On August 16th, several hundred representatives of Amnesty International, the first and largest such group, met in Dakar, the capital of Senegal, to discuss changes to its mandate G At the moment, Amnesty's campaigners battle in support of civil and political rights They define their battleground with care, supporting only the rights of individuals If a journalist is thrown into prison, Amnesty will launch a campaign on his or her behalf If a government bans a newspaper, however, Amnesty will remain mute, because the action harms no single individual © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding H Over the past four years, Amnesty's main policy committee, the Standing Committee on the Mandate, has been developing a set of resolutions that would explicitly incorporate economic and social rights into Amnesty's mandate These will be debated and put to the vote at the Dakar meeting Amnesty's rules, oddly enough, prevent its officials from discussing their exact wording until after the vote But, if adopted, the resolutions will alter the character of the organisation profoundly and permanently I The Dakar votes could go either way And much remains to be settled For instance, Peter Pack, the standing committee's chairman, says the organisation could well end up with a position on economic and social rights that resembles its stance on civil and political rights: only certain abuses, under certain circumstances, would fall within Amnesty's remit J However, the main question is whether such a change would reinvigorate Amnesty's mission or splinter it Amnesty's letters, petitions and appeals have successfully chastised torturers and despots Would their tactics be equally effective in the greyer worlds of health, housing, and labour policy? Amnesty's representatives are already fretting about the strains on the group's time, personnel and expertise Expanding its mandate would mean extra work Besides, Amnesty's success rests on the efforts of its members If a sudden change in direction perplexes or annoys Amnesty's membership, the group's core competence may be damaged with few compensating gains IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions 27 - 36 Match each heading to the most suitable paragraph i Amnesty's dilemma ii More weight given to the original iii A significant change at Amnesty iv The pitfalls of a wider remit v A renewed effort vi An Amnesty review vii More effort required than for previous battles viii Amnesty's territory ix The cost of rights x A division of backing IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com xi An unclear outcome 27 Paragraph A 28 Paragraph B 29 Paragraph C 30 Paragraph D 31 Paragraph E 32 Paragraph F 33 Paragraph G 34 Paragraph H 35 Paragraph I 36 Paragraph J IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Questions 37 - 40 Write True, False or Not Given 37 Larry Cox is optimistic about the future of human-rights campaigns 38 Amnesty fights battles for individuals and groups involved in civil and political rights 39 At Dakar members will vote on the wording of Amnesty's potentially new role 40 The draw on Amnesty's resources is a concern for some members © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Answers IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding 10 11 12 13 v iii vii viii vi ii i False Not Given True True Not Given False 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Yes No No Yes No Not Given blurred pension schemes choice demographics world peace success 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ix ii x v vii vi viii iii xi iv Not Given False False True IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com © IELTS-PRACTICE-TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you [...]... resources is a concern for some members © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Answers IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content... core competence may be damaged with few compensating gains IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding Questions 27 - 36 Match each heading to the... you IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 v iii vii viii vi ii i False Not Given True True Not Given False 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Yes No No Yes No Not Given blurred pension schemes choice demographics world peace success 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ix ii x v vii vi viii iii xi iv Not Given False False True IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com... for previous battles viii Amnesty's territory ix The cost of rights x A division of backing IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com xi An unclear outcome 27 Paragraph A 28 Paragraph B 29 Paragraph C 30 Paragraph D 31 Paragraph E 32 Paragraph F 33 Paragraph G 34 Paragraph H 35 Paragraph I 36 Paragraph J IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Questions 37 - 40 Write True, False or Not Given 37 Larry Cox is optimistic about... pension schemes choice demographics world peace success 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ix ii x v vii vi viii iii xi iv Not Given False False True IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com © IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com , All Rights Reserved This content is for your ow n individua l study only You ca nnot sha re or tra nsm it it Non com plia nce could result in lega l a ction a ga inst you.. .IELTS- PRACTICE- TESTS.com Pra ctice Test / Rea ding H Over the past four years, Amnesty's main policy committee, the Standing Committee on the Mandate, has been developing a set of resolutions that would explicitly incorporate