CC NGUN THI V THI LNG ễ NHIM VEN BIN VIT NAM (S liu c c tỏc gi tng hp nm 2010 tham kho) GS TS Trn Hiu Nhu Cỏc ngun thi cú ngun gc lc a: 1.1 Cỏc ngun thi t dõn c, ụ th, khu cụng nghip ven bin - Ngun thi t cỏc KCN, cỏc "im núng" ven bin : Cỏc KCN v dõn c trung Hi Phũng - Qung Ninh, KCN Nng - Qung Nam, Vng Tu - ng Nai - TP H Chớ Minh, tng trng liờn tc mi lnh vc, lm gia tng cht thi, ngun thi Ngun ụ nhim vo cỏc vựng bin ca cỏc KCN trng im trờn ch yu l nc thi sinh hot, cụng nghip (Bng 1) T bng cho thy cỏc im núng hng nm ó vo bin hng trm ngn tn COD, hng chc ngn tn BOD, dinh dng - Ngun ụ nhim t sụng ti ra: cỏc sụng ln Vit Nam trc bin u chy qua cỏc khu dõn c trung, cỏc KCN v vựng nụng nghip phỏt trin Vỡ vy, ngun thi t nc sụng cng nh hng khụng nh n cht lng nc bin ven b Hng nm cỏc sụng bin khong 880 km3 nc, 270 - 300 triu tn phự sa, ú cú nhiu cht cú th gõy ụ nhim bin nh cỏc cht hu c, dinh dng, kim loi nng v nhiu cht c hi khỏc cha nc v phự sa Bng Ti lng cỏc cht ụ nhim t cỏc ngun thi t lin i vi nc bin ven b Cht ụ nhim Vựng Hi Phũng- Vựng Qung Ninh Qung Nam thi 895.793,00 1.385 Nng- Vựng Vng Tu Tp HCM 20.935 Nc (103m3/nm) COD (tn /nm) 141.122,30 129.020** 5.674* BOD 25.207,80 34.248** 3.559* TN 14.272,30 1.776** 1.214* TP 7.770,20 587** 83.6* TSS 3.079.485,70 5.297* Cu 65,29 Pb 45,12 Zn 840,73 Hg 5,13 As 45,89 Cd 3,44 Thuc tr sõu 7,50 Phõn hoỏ hc 255,10 9.571 Du m 22.448,10 Ngun : Phõn vin Bin ti Hi Phũng, S KH,CN&MT Nng, Trung tõm Cụng ngh Mụi trng (ENTEC) Ghi chỳ: * : Ch tớnh riờng cho ngun thi cụng nghip ** : Ch tớnh cho khu vc nng v sụng Hn Bng : Tng thi lng mt s cht ụ nhim bin ca mt s h thng sụng v c nc n v: tn / nm Thụng s H thng sụng Cu Pb Zn As Hg Cd NO3 PO4 Thỏi Bỡnh 1.101 154 3.352 120 17 164 10.466 9.888 Hng 2.817 730 2.015 448 11 118 24.602 14860 Hn 37 16 79 2.475 36 Thu Bn 62 16 192 7.900 2.500 102 2.921 79.570 10.220 190 12.775 982 13 128 134.750 24.750 21.739 2.407 133 1082 273.720 60.971 Si Gũn-ng Nai Mờkụng 1.825 C nc 14.184 2.063 26 Ngun: Chng trỡnh nghiờn cu Bin cp Nh nc KT.03.07 Khu vc phớa Bc: Vựng KTTPB cú 53 ụ th, (cỏc thnh ph: H Ni, Hi Phũng, Hi Dng , H Long, Bc Ninh, Hng Yờn, Sn, Uụng Bớ, Cm Ph, Múng Cỏi, 43 th trn), dõn s 4,4 triu ngi (tng s 10 triu ngi trờn ton vựng), 20 khu cụng nghip trung Khu vc Trung: Vựng KTTMT (thnh ph Nng , Tha Thiờn - Hu, Qung Nam, Qung Ngói), 4,35 triu ngi, chim 5,6% dõn s c nc Cú thnh ph, 40 th trn v hng chc th t, ó cú 18 KCN/KCX, gn 40.000 c s sn xut cụng nghip, tiu th cụng nghờp Khu vc Nam: Vựng KTTPN (B Ra - Vng Tu, thnh ph H Chớ Minh) l vựng phỏt trin ụ th húa v cụng nghip húa mnh nht ca nc ta, cú 28 KCN/KCX Bin l vựng khai thỏc du khớ Vựng ng bng sụng Cu Long cú 10 KCN/KCX Bng S c s cụng nghip mt s tnh, thnh ph Vựng S c s cụng nghip Qung Ninh 5.766 Hi Phũng 10.284 Tha Thiờn - Hu 10.663 Nng 4.239 Qung Nam 11.101 Qung Ngói 12.265 Khỏnh Hũa 6.400 B Ra - Vng Tu 3.864 Thnh ph H Chớ Minh 28.450 Ngun: Bỏo cỏo hin trng Mụi trng Bin nm 2004 Bng Lng nc thi ụ th v khu cụng nghip t cỏc vựng kinh t Vựng kinh trng im t ụ th Min Bc Nc thi ụ th Khu (m3/ngy) nghip Cm Ph, H Long, Hi 397.400 Phũng, Sn Nng, Tha Thiờn-Hu, 97.216 Qung Nam, Qung Ngói Tp H Chớ Minh, B Ra - 560.990 Vng Tu Min Trung Min Nam cụng Nc thi cụng nghip (m3/ngy) 20 140.000 12 24.342 40 160.538 Ngun: Bỏo cỏo hin trng Mụi trng Bin nm 2004 Bng Lng nc thi v rỏc thi t ụ th vựng ven bin Nc thi (1000 m3/ngy) Rỏc thi (tn/ngy) 1995 1999 2005 2010 1995 1999 2005 2010 778,5 980,8 1.040 1.216 5.190 6.130 7.800 9.120 Ngun: Bỏo cỏo hin trng Mụi trng Bin nm 2004 Bng Lng thi ụ nhim t ụ th vựng ven bin (tn/ngy) 1995 1999 2005 (c tớnh) 2010 (c tớnh) TSS BOD TSS BOD TSS BOD TSS BOD 674,7 560,52 796,90 620,04 845,00 702,00 988,00 820,80 Ngun: Bỏo cỏo hin trng Mụi trng Bin nm 2004 p lc ca hot ng du lch n mụi trng bin Tng ỏp lc v cht thi sinh hot, c bit cỏc trung tõm du lch, gúp phn lm tng nguy c ụ nhim mụi trng t, nc vựng ven bin: c 0,67 kg cht thi rn, 100 lớt cht thi lng/khỏch/ngy 800 7000 700 6000 600 5000 500 4000 400 3000 300 2000 200 1000 100 1995 1999 2005 2010 Tổng ngày ch (Ngàn ngày) 3002 3536 5040 7000 l- ợ ng n- c thải (Ngàn m3) 300 354 504 700 Tổng l- ợ ng thải (ngàn m3) Tổng ngày ch (ngàn ngày) 8000 Hình Tải l- ợ ng n- c thải theo mức độ gia tă ng DL tạ i khu vực Long Hải- Vũng Tàu ải lỏng/khách/ngày.ssdddhải 1.2 Ngun thi sụng Trung bỡnh 20 km cú mt ca sụng h thng sụng ln vi lu vc trờn 10.000 km2 (Hng, Thỏi Bỡnh, Mó, C, Thu Bn, Ba, ng Nai-Si Gũn v Cu Long), lu lng hng nm 880 t m3 nc v 300 tt bựn cỏt Mang theo mt lng ln cỏc cht ụ nhim: hn 100 nghỡn tn Nitrat, khong 22 nghỡn tn Km, gn 20 nghỡn tn ng, trờn 1.000 tn Cadimi Lng du v sn phm du t t lin thi vo bin 1992: 4.040 tn, 1995: 5.300 tn v 2000: 7.500 tn Bng Dũng thụ cỏc cht ụ nhim t sụng ti bin hng nm trờn c nc (tn/nm) Min Cu Pb Cd Zn Co Ni As Hg Bc 6.791 885 282 5.367 274 253 790 28 Trung 293 76 - 676 - - 44 - Nam 11.000 1.102 800 15.696 230 270 1.600 105 C nc 18.084 2.063 1.082 21.739 503 523 2.407 Ngun: Bỏo cỏo hin trng Mụi trng Bin nm 2004 134 1.3.Cỏc ngun thi bin Cỏc ngun thi ny ch yu phỏt sinh t cỏc hot ng trờn bin nh: khai thỏc thu sn, khai thỏc du khớ, giao thụng ti - Ngnh hi sn ang phn u nõng cao tng sn lng khai thỏc hng nm, bng cỏch tng s lng v ci hoỏn tu Trong nhng nm gn õy, lng tu thuyn gn mỏy tng hng nm v t xp x 80 ngn chic: - Ngun thi t cỏc tu xung bin nht l cỏc bn cng, vng vnh ó lm cho nhiu ni b ụ nhim nng Dc theo b bin vi chiu di trờn ngn km, trung bỡnh khong 20 km cú mt ca sụng, v ú thng cú bn tu thuyn Cú nhiu ni trung hng ngn tu thuyn ln nh nh bn cng: Hu Lc, Nghi Sn (Thanh Hoỏ), sụng Hn ( Nng), Bn ỡnh (Vng Tu), Ca ễng c (C Mau), Ca Sa Hunh (Qung Ngói) Kt qu iu tra cho thy, hu ht cỏc khu vc bin cú cng cỏ hot ng, hm lng cỏc cht dinh dng, hu c v tng coliform tng i cao, nhiu ó vt gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn, nht l du v vi khun - Ngun thi t cỏc hot ng giao thụng ng thu: cựng vi phỏt trin, m rng hot ng ca i thng thuyn, m rng kh nng luõn chuyn hng hoỏ qua cỏc cng cng lm tng thờm ngun thi vo bin, tng thờm s c hng hi ch yu gõy cỏc v trn du u nm 2003 ó cú v trn du khu vc sụng Si Gũn v Vnh Vng Tu, gõy thit hi nghiờm trng cho mụi trng, nht l cỏcvựng nuụi trng thu sn - Ngun thi t cỏc hot ng khai thỏc thm dũ du khớ: cựng vi sn lng du thụ khai thỏc tng hng nm l s gia tng thi lng cht bn vo bin Theo bỏo cỏo ca Vietsopetro hin trung bỡnh mi nm cú khong 5.600 tn rỏc thi du khớ cn c a vo b x lý, ú cú khong 20-30% cht thi c hi nguy him Tuy nhiờn vic chn v trớ lm bói cha v x lý hin cũn vng mc vỡ vy cỏc cht thi ny chc chn s nh hng ti mụi trng xung quanh ú cú mụi trng bin T u thỏng n cui thỏng nm 2007, ti 20 tnh, thnh ph ven bin nc ta ó xy hin tng du thụ trụi dt vo b m cha tỡm th phm Tng lng du thu gom l 2071,3 tn Du thụ ó xut hin dc b bin t H Tnh n C Mau v ti cỏc o nh Cự Lao Chm , Cụn o, Bch Long V Quy mụ ca t ụ nhim du l rt ln v kộo di, tỏc ng nghiờm trng ti s phỏt trin bn vng ca t nc c bit ngnh du lch v thu sn ó b thit hi nng n ụ nhim du 1.4 Hiu ng xuyờn biờn gii Do nh hng ca giú mựa, cht ụ nhim (c bit l cỏc v trn du) cú th c mang t bin vựng o Hi Nam v tnh Qung Chõu (Trung Quc) v vựng bin H Long (Hi Phũng) v ngc li Cht ụ nhim v du trn cú th t cỏc nc Inonờxia, Malayxia, Singapore, Thỏi Lan, Campuchia cú th theo dũng chy v giú ti b bin phớa Nam nc ta v ngc li Nhng ging loi, c bit l loi cú hi, ó b mang bnh cng cú th theo hi lu lan truyn n nc ta 2.Mụi trng nc bin ven b mt s nm gn õy: 2.1.Khỏi quỏt Nhit nc bin hố (thi gian quan trc thỏng v thỏng 8) hu ht cỏc im quan trc u cú giỏ tr cao hn gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho bói tm t 0,4 - 2,00C ó quan trc c mt s vựng bin b ụ nhim bi tng cht rn l lng nh vựng bin C Mau, v vựng bin Ba Lt Cỏc vựng bin b ụ nhim bi hm lng silicate l: Ba Lt, nh An, Rch Giỏ, C Mau Cỏc vựng bin b ụ nhim NO2 l vựng bin Sn, Ba Lt, Sm Sn, v vựng bin ngoi Tõy Nam B Cỏc vựng bin b ụ nhim amoniac (NH4) l vựng bin Ba Lt v vựng bin phớa Tõy Nam B Hu nh ton di bin ven b b ụ nhim bi du v km Cỏc kim loi khỏc: Cỏc khu vc Ca Lc, Ba Lt, Sm Sn v khu vc ngoi vựng bin phớa Tõy nam b v vựng bin Cụn o cú ln ó quan trc c hm lng ng, khu vc Tr C hm lng cadimi xp x gii hn cho phộp, thu ngõn nc bin khu vc Sm Sn t o thỏng rt cao vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp nuụi trng thu sn ti ln Vựng bin phớa Nam t Nha Trang n Rch Giỏ thng xuyờn b ụ nhim bi vi sinh Suy gim cht lng nc vựng ven b So sỏnh kt qu quan trc, phõn tớch cht lng mụi trng nc bin ven b nm 2004-2005 vi kt qu ca nm 2000 cho ta nhng nhn xột sau : - Mt s thụng s cú xu hng tng cao hn cỏc nm trc nh tng cht rn l lng, silicate mt s vựng bin cú cỏc sụng ln - Hm lng du cú xu hng tng vựng bin phớa nam v vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng - Mt s kim loi cú hm lng tng t ngt v ó vt gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn l ng Ca Lc, Ba Lt, Sm Sn, Thu ngõn khu vc Sm Sn - Hm lng km cú xu hng tng vựng bin t Trung tr vo v ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn T u thỏng n cui thỏng nm 2007, ti 20 tnh, thnh ph ven bin nc ta ó xy hin tng du thụ trụi dt vo b Tng lng du thu gom l 2071,3 tn Du thụ ó xut hin dc b bin t H Tnh n C Mau v ti cỏc o nh Cự Lao Chm , Cụn o, Bch Long V Quy mụ ca t ụ nhim du l rt ln v kộo di, tỏc ng nghiờm trng ti s phỏt trin bn vng ca t nc c bit ngnh du lch v thu sn ó b thit hi nng n ụ nhim du Trờn nột i th cú th túm tt nh sau: - Hm lng oxy hũa tan: Trong lp nc tng mt, v ụng, nn nhit thp v cng xỏo trn mnh nht nm nờn lng oxy hũa tan cng cao nht nm Khu vc Vnh Bc b v Bc Trung B cú lng oxy hũa tan trờn tng mt dao ng t 4,75 ml/l n 6.00 ml/l Khu vc Nam B v Vnh Thỏi Lan cú lng oxy hũa tan dao ng khong 3,00-4,50 ml/l Phõn b hm lng oxy hũa tan ca nc tng mt ụng cú xu th gim dn t Bc xung Nam V hố, hu nh ton b vựng ven bin v Vit Nam cú lng oxy hũa tan nc tng mt khỏ cao (4,00-4,50 ml/l) v ng nht cho mi vựng - Hm lng tng cht rn l lng (TSS) hu ht cỏc im o thuc vựng bin phớa Bc (t Ca Lc n ca Lũ) v khu vc vựng bin phớa Nam (t Vng Tu n Kiờn Giang) ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho bói tm c bit C Mau ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng (TSS trung bỡnh t 354,85 mg/l) cho bói tm: 25mg/l; cho nuụi trng thu sn: 50 mg/l; cỏc ni khỏc: 200 mg/l) Nc bin cú giỏ tr TSS cao ch yu l nc sụng vỡ vy cỏc giỏ tr cc i thng xy vo ma l - pH nc bin tng mt bin i khong 6,29-8,22, giỏ tr pH thp nht o c bin Tr C vo quớ IV/02, cha rừ nguyờn nhõn - Nng mui nc bin ven b bin i khong 0,10 - 33,40%o Khu vc cú nng mui thp l khu vc ca Ba Lt (1,00%o), vựng bin Rch Giỏ (1,30%o) v vựng bin nh An (0,10%o), nhng ni cú nng mui thp l nh hng ca nc l t sụng chy Ngoi nc bin cú nng mui khong 33,00 - 33,90%o - Nng silicate nc bin mt s khu vc nh hng ca ma l ó cú giỏ tr vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin cho mi mc ớch s dng (TC ca ti KT03-07: Si = 3,0mg/l) nh ng Hi, Qui Nhn, nh An, C Mau, Rch Giỏ t o thỏng (hm lng ln nht C Mau o c 4,047 mg/l) khu vc bin Ba Lt hm lng silicate cng luụn vt quỏ tiờu chun - Tng hm lng cht rn l lng (TSS) nc bin thay i khong 2000 mg/l Giỏ tr cao nht quan trc thy nh An Hm lngTSS khu vc Bc v Nam thng xuyờn cao hn gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn (50mg/l) v bói tm (25mg/l), nht l nhng khu vc gn nhng ca sụng chớnh ma l (ti ca Ba Lt trung bỡnh t 171,2 mg/l, vựng Vng Tu, Rch Giỏ cũn t ti 698 mg/l) Vựng bin Trung cng ó quan trc c mt s giỏ tr vt gii hn cho phộp cỏc khu vc bin b nh hng ca nc sụng ma l nh vựng bin ng Hi, Thun An, Nng Theo thi gian, hm lng TSS nc bin vựng bin Bc cú xu th gim dn t nm 1999 n nm 2002 nhng ó tng lờn nm 2003 Cỏc vựng khỏc khụng cú xu th tng gim rừ rt - Nhu cu ụ xy sinh hc v nhu cu ụ xy húa hc: Nhu cu ụ xy sinh hc (BOD) v nhu cu ụ xy húa hc (COD) nc bin ven b khu vc Bc v Trung cũn khỏ nh so vi gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng (BOD nh hn 10 mg/l) Vựng bin phớa Nam, c bit l vựng ven bin ca sụng Cu Long cú ch s COD luụn cao, dao ng khong 10,9 23,2 mg/l Ti khu vc ny, hm lng COD cú xu hng tng dn t nm 2000 n 2003: ca nh An: 8,2 mg/l (2000), 12 mg/l (2001), 14 mg/l (2002) v 16,2 mg/l (2003); Rch Giỏ tng ng l: 8,2 mg/l, 12,2 mg/l, 16,1 mg/l v 18,8 mg/l - Nng nitrat (NO3) nc bin dao ng khong 0,020 0,668 mg/l thi k 1999-2003 Ti nhiu vựng ca sụng Bc v ng bng sụng Cu Long, hm lng ny ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng nuụi trng thy sn nht l vo l Ti ca Ba Lt, giỏ tr trung bỡnh t 0,227 mg/l, ti ca nh An l 0,220 mg/l v ti ca Rch Giỏ l 0,306 mg/l khu vc Bc v Trung hm lng Nitrat tng mnh t nm 1999 n nm 2003, cũn Nam khụng cú xu th rừ rt khu vc Trung nh hn cỏc khu vc Bc v Nam Theo giỏ tr gii hn ca ASEAN cho bin ụng NO3-N = 0,060 mg/l), nc bin thuc cỏc khu vc phớa bc v nam cú hm lng nitrat cao hn giỏ tr trờn - ln, khu vc bin Trung cũn cú mt s khu vc cú giỏ tr thp hn nh Nha Trang, Phỳ Quý, cỏc khu vc cũn li ó cú nhiu t quan trc c giỏ tr cao hn gii hn trờn, nht l vo ma l - Hm lng Nitrit (NO2) nc bin ven b bin i khong 0,003 0,050 thi gian 1999-2003 Khu vc Bc hm lng Nitrit nc bin luụn cao hn gii hn cho phộp i vi nuụi trng thy sn (0,01 mg/l), c bit l ma Nm 2003 ó phỏt hin thy Sn, hm lng ny nc bin l 0,048 mg/l Khu vc Trung thỏng 11 thng cú hm lng Nitrit vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp Nhỡn chung hm lng Nitrit nc bin bin i khụng theo xu th chung - Hm lng amoniac (NH3-N) cao nht o c nc vựng bin Ba Lt t 0,695mg/l, vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng (TCVN 5943 - 1995: NH3-N 0,50mg/l) cỏc khu vc khỏc vựng bin phớa Bc nng amoniac ó vt quỏ giỏ tr gii hn ca ASEAN (NH3-N =0,070mg/l) t n ln, tr vựng bin Tr C, Sn, Ca Lũ vo t o thỏng khu vc bin Nam hm lng NH3-N bin i t vt n 0,112mg/l, ó cú khu vc vt quỏ giỏ tr gii hn ca ASEAN Riờng Trung, giỏ tr hm lng NH3-N cũn nh - Nng Phosphate (PO4 -P) nc bin ven b v ngoi tng i nh, cha phỏt hin cú trng hp no vt quỏ gii hn ca ASEAN i vi nc bin vựng ca sụng (PO4 =0,045mg/l), nhng cng ó cú nhiu ni ó vt quỏ gii hn i vi nc bin ven b (nc bin ven b PO4 = 0,015 mg/l) nh Ca Lc, Sn, Cn C, Nng, Dung Qut, Phan Thit, nh An vo mt s thi im quan trc - Hm lng du nc bin bin i khong 0,14 - 1,10 mg/l, ó vt quỏ gii hn ca ASEAN cho bin ụng (du = 0,14 mg/l) hu ht cỏc t o v tt c cỏc khu vc Nu so vi tiờu chun (0,3mg/l) tm ly Hi tho v quan trc mụi trng bin nm 1999, thỡ hu ht cỏc khu vc bin Bc v Nam b u vt quỏ gii hn ny vo mi thi im quan trc ( Trung cũn mt s khu vc cú nhng thi im cú giỏ tr thp hn) Mt cỏc nguyờn nhõn gõy ụ nhim du nc bin vựng ven b l cỏc v trn du rừ v khụng rừ nguyờn nhõn t hot ng hng hi Ch t nm 1994 ti 2001, khu vc TP H Chớ Minh v Vng Tu dó cú v trn du ln vi lng hng ngn du trn bin - Ch s Coliform nc bin ven b nc ta bin i khong 12-9.200 cfu/100ml Vựng bin phớa Nam t Nha Trang n Rch Giỏ thng xuyờn cú ch s coliform cao hn gii hn cho phộp 1-9,2 ln tr t o thỏng Khu vc Trung, Bc ch s coliform nh hn, nhng cng cú mt s ni ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng nh ốo Ngang, Quy Nhn t o thỏng 2, Thun An, ng Hi, Nng, Dung Qut, Sa Hunh t o thỏng - Hm lng xianua nc bin khu vc Bc v Trung tng i nh, bin i khong 0,56 - 9,00 g/l v khụng cú giỏ tr no vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng Khu vc bin Nam hin cha cú s liu quan trc thụng s ny - Hm lng km Zn nc bin khu vc Bc bin i khong (4,8013,31 g/l), t o thỏng 11 ó vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn Vựng bin Trung v Nam cú hm lng km nc bin bin i khong 9,86 -38,70 g/l (cao nht khu vc Rch Giỏ v nh An), vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin ven b dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn (TCVN 5943 -1995 Zn : 10 g/l cho nuụi trng thu sn) - Cỏc kim loi khỏc: hm lng ng (Cu) bin i khong 1,00 - 8,42g/l; chỡ (Pb) 1,50 - 7,74 g/l; cadmi (Cd) 0,16- 3,49g/l; asen (As) 0,20 - 4,00g/l; thu ngõn (Hg) 0,18 - 0,80g/l Hm lng cỏc kim loi trờn nc cũn khỏ thp so vi TCVN i vi nc bin ven b cho mi mc ớch s dng Tuy nhiờn hm lng thu ngõn cao hn khỏ nhiu so vi gii hn ca ASEAN dựng cho bin ụng (Hg = 0,16 g/l) khu vc ngoi vựng bin Tõy Nam b, hm lng Cu bin i khong 6,50 - 3,90 g/l , cú 5/15 im cú hm lng cao hn gii hn cho phộp i vi nc bin dựng cho nuụi trng thu sn - Hm lng thuc BVTV hu c Clo nc bin khỏ thp so vi gii hn cho phộp ca TCVN 2.2.Trm tớch bin ven b Cht lng trm tớch bin ven b theo s liu nm 2002 ca cỏc trm quan trc bin cho thy : - Hm lng km (Zn) bin i khong 63,32-162,48 ppm khu vc bin Bc Ti vựng bin Tr C, Sn ó quan trc c giỏ tr vt quỏ gii hn Zn trm tớch ca Trung Quc ỏp dng cho vựng nc dựng nuụi trng thu sn (150 ppm), cỏc ni khỏc u quan trc c giỏ tr vt quỏ gii hn c phộp no vột v thi cht no vột ca M (105 ppm) (hin cha cú TCVN cho thụng s ny) khu vc Trung bin i khong 35,40-77,50 ppm; khu vc Nam 3,45 - 59,49 ppm u nh hn cỏc gii hn trờn - Hm lng ng (Cu) bin i khong 14,48-44,57ppm khu vc bin phớa Bc, khong 1,94-65,35ppm khu vc bin Trung, v 2,46- 15,48 ppm khu vc bin phớa Nam So vi gii hn ca Cu trm tớch caTrung Quc c ASEAN ỏp dng vựng bin ụng vi vựng nc dựng nuụi trng thu sn (Cu =35ppm) thỡ khu vc bin phớa Bc vo nhiu thi im cú giỏ tr cao hn gii hn trờn Khu vc Trung cú vựng bin ốo Ngang v Thun An cng vt gii hn trờn - Hm lng chỡ (Pb) bin i khong 7,50-51,29ppm khu vc bin phớa Bc, khong 1,01-40,10ppm khu vc Trung, v 4,22 - 30,29ppm khu vc bin Nam Hm lng chỡ cú giỏ tr cao nht ti vựng bin Ba Lt (51,29ppm), Dung Qut (40,10ppm), vt gii hn (33ppm) ca TCCP no vột v cỏc cht no vột xung bin ca M (hin cha cú TCVN cho thụng s ny) Nhng cha cú giỏ tr no cao hn gii hn Pb trm tớch ca Trung Quc vựng nuụi trng thu sn (Pb = 60ppm) - Hm lng cadimi (Cd) bin i khong 0,57-1,68 ppm khu vc bin phớa Bc, khong 0,35-1,26 ppm vựng bin Trung, v t vt - 0,15ppm vựng bin phớa Nam Trm tớch ti vựng bin Sn cú hm lng Cd cao nht t 1,68ppm Nhỡn chung trm tớch nhiu vựng bin (tr khu vc phớa Nam) cú hm lng Cd cao, vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp v vic no vột v thi cht no vột xung bin ca M: 0,7ppm v ca Canada: 0,6ppm v gii hn Cd trm tớch vựng nuụi trng thu sn: 0,5ppm ca Trung Quc - Hm lng Asen (As) bin i khong 0,94-1,98ppm vựng bin phớa Bc, khong 0,09-3,53ppm khu vc bin Trung, v 1,19 - 6,20ppm khu vc bin Nam Hm lng As trm tớch cũn khỏ nh so vi gii hn Asen trm tớch vựng nuụi trng thu sn (As= 20 ppm) ca Trung Quc - Hm lng thu ngõn bin i khong 0,074-0,291ppm vựng bin phớa Bc, khong 0,019-0,170ppm vựng bin Trung, v 0,20 - 0,93ppm vựng bin phớa Nam vựng bin phớa Bc hm lng Hg trm tớch t o thỏng 2, vựng bin phớa Nam c hai t o ó cao hn gii hn ca Trung Quc vi vựng nc dựng nuụi trng thu sn (Hg= 0,20ppm) - Hm lng du bin i khong 7,54-752,85ppm vựng bin phớa Bc, khong 16,70- 0,11ppm vựng bin Trung, v 76,8 - 480,9ppm khu vc Nam khu vc Ca Lc hm lng du trm tớch cao nht, vt gii hn ca Trung Quc vi vựng nc dựng nuụi trng thu sn (du= 500ppm) 2.3.Sinh vt phự du v ng vt ỏy Vựng ven bin Bc - Thc vt ni : cú thnh phn loi a dng, khong 155-180 loi, trung bỡnh 165 loi, h s a dng rt cao khong 0,5-4,5 v mt khỏ ln 1x102-5x105 t bo/l Thnh phn loi to c hi tim tng (THTT) khong 12-16 loi, trung bỡnh 13,8 loi v mt thng khụng vt quỏ 2x104 t bo/l Mt s khu vc cú mt thc vt ni v THTT rt cao nh Tr C, Ca Lc, Sm Sn, Ca Lũ, nhng cha dn n hin tng n hoa v thu triu - ng vt ni : s loi cỏc khu vc bin i t 19-23, mt trung bỡnh t 7.58313.633 con/m3 Cỏc khu vc Ca Lũ, Sn, Ca Lc cú mt v s loi cao, thp nht l khu vc Ba Lt - ng vt ỏy: khu vc Tr C cú thnh phn loi, mt v sinh cao nht, thp nht l khu vc ca Ba Lt S DSH gim dn t phớa Bc n ca Ba Lt, sau ú li tng dn xung phớa Nam ti khu vc Ca Lũ - D lng hoỏ cht tn lu c th cỏc loi thõn mm hai mnh v (Bivalvia), c xỏc nh cao nht ti Sm Sn v Ba Lt (11,14-11,83 mg/kg tht ngao), thp nht ti Tr C (1,54mg/kg) Cỏc cht Lindan cú hm lng thp nht (t dng vt ti 1,69 mg/kg), thp hn so vi gii hn cho phộp Cỏc cht Aldrin, Endrin, Diedrin, c bit l Aldrin v Endrin, cú hu ht cỏc mu phõn tớch v luụn vt quỏ gii hn cho phộp, bin i t 0,12 n 3,11 mg/kg Vựng ven bin Trung - Thc vt ni: ó xỏc nh c 129 loi Khu vc Thun An cú s loi v mt cao nht (60 loi v 53.061x103 tb/l), thp nht l khu vc Quy Nhn (33 loi 23.355x103 tb/l) ó phỏt hin 11 loi to c hi, ú khu vc Nng cú s loi THTT cao nht (9 loi) Cng ti Nng vo thỏng 11/2002 ó cú du hiu n hoa ca loi to silic Skeletonema costatum - ng vt ni: ó xỏc nh c ton vựng ven bin Trung cú 92 loi, nhiu hn 11 loi so vi nm 2001 Khu vc Quy Nhn cú s loi cao nht (47 loi), th hai l khu vc ốo Ngang (46 loi), thp nht l khu vc ng Hi (36 loi) - ng vt ỏy: ó xỏc nh c ton vựng ven bin Trung cú 118 loi ng vt ỏy, nhiu hn nm 2001 l loi Khu vc ốo Ngang cú thnh phn loi phong phỳ nht (21 loi), thp nht Sa Hunh (13 loi) V sinh vt lng, khu vc ng Hi, Thun An cao nht (thỏng 11/2002, t 390 con/m2-55,8 gam/m2 v 370 con/m2-42,1gam/m2), thp nht l khu vc Sa Hunh Vựng ven bin Nam - Thc vt ni : tng s cú 212 loi, khu vc vnh Nha Trang cú mc DSH cao nht vi 152 loi, thp nht l khu vc bin Phỳ Quý vi 87 loi ó phỏt hin 19 loi THTT, ú khu vc Nha Trang v Rch Giỏ cú s loi THTT cao nht (10 loi) Tuy nhiờn mt ca chỳng cha ti mc gõy hi ngoi tr khu vc Vng Tu vo thỏng cú xut hin loi to c Pseudonitzschia sp Vi mt khỏ cao t 301.600 tb/l v ti khu vc bin Rch Giỏ vo thỏng 11 xut hin loi to c Microcytis sp vi mt 150.000 tb/l - ng vt ni: ó xỏc nh c 214 loi ng vt ni, ú vnh Nha Trang cú mc DSH cao nht vi 138 loi Khu vc bin Rch Giỏ cú mt ng vt ni cao nht, t 80.961 con/m3 v thp nht l khu vc bin Phỳ Quý - 1.976 con/m3 - ng vt ỏy: ó phỏt hin 225 ging loi ng vt ỏy, khu vc bin C Mõu cú thnh phn loi cao nht vi 102 loi, th hai l khu vc ca nh An vi 79 loi, thp nht l khu vc Phỳ Quý (19 loi) v Nha Trang (20 loi) Vựng bin Tõy Nam b Sinh vt ni: phỏt hin 110 loi thc vt ni v 84 loi ng vt ni Mt trung bỡnh ca thc vt ni l 5.2365x103 tb/l, ca ng vt ni l 1.488 con/m3 v 290,70 mg/m3 Ch s a dng H ca thc vt ni l 4,2184, ca ng vt ni l 4,1591 2.4.Hin tng bi xúi B bin nc ta thuc loi bin i nhanh v mnh, c bit l cỏc vựng bin chõu th Sụng Hng v sụng Cu Long Vựng bi thỡ bi cng rt mnh, t n 100m/nm, nh vựng Kim Sn, Ninh Bỡnh, t Mi C Mau Vựng xúi l cng khỏ nghiờm trng, hng nm cng cú th b xúi mt hng trm một, nh Hi Hu, Nam nh Xúi l thng xy v phỏt trin mnh on b thuc chõu th sụng Hng v sụng Cu Long, yu hn khu vc Trung 2.5.Mt s s c mụi trng bin nm 2002-2005 10 Hin tng thu triu ó xy trờn din tớch 15km x 5km vựng bin Bỡnh Thun tiờu dit hu ht tụm, cua , cỏ, san hụ, rong c bin v to n hoa n 25triu t bo/l Nha Trang lm cht mt s cỏ vo thỏng nm 2002, gõy thit hi c tớnh khong 10 t ng Cú du hiu to n hoa Nng vo thỏng 11 nm 2002 - VEDAN 2008 - tnh H Tnh, Qung Bỡnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thiờn Hu 2016 11 Ngun ti liu t cỏc d ỏn nghiờn cu TT Ngi lm Tờn d ỏn, ti metadata Phung Chi Assessment of Water and Sy Sediment Quality in Cai Mep Estuary, Ba Ria- Vung Tau Province Waste Management Planning for Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province by the year of 2010 Setting up the effluent standards for the industries and services discharging into the Thi Vai River Environmental Monitoring Tien Sa Port, Danang City in Assessment of environmental status and proposal of measures for pollution control at the Dung Quat Deep Sea Port C quan thc Ni dung c bn hin (ENTEC) Assessment of water and sediment quality in Cai Mep estuary, Ba Ria-Vung Tau province Institute of Survey of boats/ships Tropical activities, assessment of Technology pollution levels caused by and the boats/ships activities, Environmental proposal of measures for Protection pollution control, setting up the environmental protection regulation Institute of Identification of waste Tropical water sources, estimation Technology of waste water loads, and water quality modelling, Environmental setting up the effluent Protection standards for indistries and services discharging into the Thi Vai river (ENTEC) Assessment of air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, sedimentation rate Institute of Assessment of water Tropical quality, identification of Technology potential oilspills, oil and dispersion modelling, Environmental measures for oil spill Protection response and pollution control (ENTEC) Assessment of potential risks and proposal of measures for prevention and control Proposal of measures for prevention of environmental risks in the Ho Chi Minh CityDong Nai-Ba Ria-Vung Tau port system Environmental Monitoring in the Institute of Middle Region of Vietnam Tropical Technology and Environmental Protection Environmental Planning for ENTEC Quang Ngai Province 12 Thi gia 5/2002 10/1998 3/1997 5/1999 5/1997 1/2001 Assessment of air quality, 1996 noise, water quality, acid rain and solid waste composition Assessment of present 1/2001 environment, prediction of environmental impacts, proposal of measures for implementation of Tran Nhue Hieu Hai Phong City CEETIA Ha Tinh province CEETIA Thua Thien Hue province CEETIA Nam Dinh province CEETIA Nghe An province CEETIA Ninh Binh province CEETIA 13 environmental planning Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Hai Phong between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Hai Phong city Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Ha Tinh province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Ha Tinh Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Thua Thien Hue province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Thua Thien Hue and NEA Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Nam Dinh province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Nam Dinh Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Nghe An province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Nghe An Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Ninh Binh province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Ninh Binh 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 La Van Bai Luu Dieu Quang Ninh province CEETIA Quang Tri province CEETIA Thai Binh province CEETIA Thanh Hoa province CEETIA Annual Report on Marine Environmental Monitoring (Phan Thiet, Nha Trang, Dinh An, Ca Mau, Vung Tau, Rach Gia stations) Marine Monitoring station of the South Vietnam (Institute of Oceanography) Van Annual Report on Marine HIO Environmental Monitoring (Ba Lat, Cua Lo, Cua Luc, Do Son, Sam Son, Tra Co stations) Assesment of water Institute of environmenttal quality at Port Geography and Estuary of Hai Phong Water Environmental Quality of HIO Ha Long Bay Viet Nam Pollution Monitoring Case Study HIO in Ha Long Bay Viet Nam The study on Environmental Japan 14 Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Ninh Binh province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Quang Ninh Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Quang Tri province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Quang Tri Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Quang Tri province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Thai Binh Data were collected as a part of the Collaborative Research on the Existing Environmental Resources Survey in Quang Tri province between CEETIA and DoSTE of the Thanh Hoa 1995 1995 1995 1995 1996 1996 12/1994 20/7/200 17/6/199 13/7/199 Management for Ha Long Bay International Viet Nam, July 1998 cooperation Agency; HIO The study on Environmental Japan Management for Ha Long Bay International Viet Nam, December 1998 cooperation Agency; HIO Nguyen vu Annual Report on Marine CMESRC Tuong Environmental Monitoring (Deo Ngang, Dong Hoi, Thuan An, Da Nang, Dung Quat, Sa Huynh, Quy Nhon stations) Status and problems of CMESRC environment in Northern Economic Zone EC Cuu Long Project, INDO-DC CMESRC programme, 1996-1998 KT.03.07 Project (National CMESRC Programme for Marine Research (NPMR), Riverine Pollution Input 1992-1996)-North Part of Vietnam KT.03.07 Project (National CMESRC Programme for Marine Research (NPMR), Riverine Pollution Input 1992-1996)-Middle Part of Vietnam KT.03.07 Project (National CMESRC Programme for Marine Research (NPMR), Riverine Pollution Input 1992-1996)-South of Vietnam Dynamic and Environment CMESRC survey on cross section of Gulf of Tonkin 15 12/1998 1996 11/1999 1996 Research on riverine 20/12/19 pollution input of ThaiBinh-Red river system Research on riverine 20/11/19 pollution input of HanThu Bon river system Research on riverine 10/3/199 pollution input of SvaiGon-DongNai and CuuLong river system Insitu measurement of 20/10/19 current, wave, flow, water level and water quality