V IEN KH O A HOC X A HOI VIET IMAM • a ■ ■ VIEN N G H IEN CljfU TO N G IA O ■ _ BAN TOM TAT De tai khoa hoc cap Bo nam 1998 DAC DIEM VA VAI TRO CUA PHAT GIAO VIET NAM THE Kl XX m m Co quan chu tri: PHONG NGHIEN ClXJ PHAT GlAO VA CAC TON GlAO TRUYEN THONG VIEN NGHIEN CLTU TON GlAO Chu nhiem de tdi: T S N g u y e n Q u o c T u a n HA NOl - 2006 NHAP d£ The ky 20 dat dau hoi quan cho su tdn vong cua Phat giao Viet Nam: lam the nao de co the thich nghi vdi nhung bien dong Ion va sau sac pham vi Viet Nam va rong ra, la the gidi? Va thuc su, Phat giao Viet Nam da giai quyet cac van de kha cong nhu d d6 tai se chung minh Khdng rieng gi Phat giao, cac tdn giao ldn tren th6' gidi cung da, dang va se phai tu xem xet lai qua trinh ton tai, rut nhung bai hoc d l lay lai vi the cua chung Phat giao von chu truong chia tach hoac khe hap vdi nhung van d i ngoai tdn giao (chu nghia xa hoi, chu nghia tu ban, chmh tri, khoa hoc ), mong mud'n xay dung nen phat hoc mdi, mong dd'i dai vdi nhung diin bien the tuc, dac biet la viec giai quyet nhirng van de toi thuong cua ngudi (cai chet, su dau kho, y nghia dich thuc cua cudc song) Cac van de thuc te ma Phat giao a Viet Nam phai ddi dien cung cung khuynh hudng chung tren the gidi la mot mat Nhung mat khac, Phat giao d Viet Nam the ky 20 ddi difn vdi nhung van de cu the noi tai rieng tu, ma muon cach diln dat cua ngudi nao dd, vira cd nhung dac trung chung “hien dai” vdi Phat giao the gidi, song dong thdi van t6n luu dac trung co truyen hinh qua trinh lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam Chung ta nha't thiet phai nghien cun thuc te dd Ve mat tai lieu, chung tdi chi tan dung nhirng tai lidu cd the tan dung Phai ndi rang tai lieu van dung d day cd nhiiu song cung chua du Ngudi doc cung se ft thay nhung nghien cun nude ngoai dugc trfch dan, trir nhung van de chung can thiet Vi vay? Vi cd the ndi chi ndi nhung nghien cun cua cac hoc gia Phat giao Viet Nam cung da cho thay kha rd buc tranh Phat giao nude nha, ngudi nude ngoai thuc su chi nghien cuu lai lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam d trudc the ky 20 la chu yeu Cung the, nhirng suy nghi va lap luan ciia chung tdi d day cd the thay tit bay gid chua hoan toan bao quat het mot dd'i tugng nghien cuu rong ldn dudng ay Nhung chung tdi khdng ngdn ngai tien hanh mot cong viec nhu vay, vi biet rang can phai nd luc to'i da de cd th i nam bat dugc dac dilm va vai trd cua Phat giao Viet Nam the ky 20 Su han che ve tai lieu khiS'n chung tdi khdng bao gid nghi rang cdng trinh ndi dugc tron ven va rd't rao nhung dac diem cua tdn giao quan nhu Phat giao d Viet Nam Mdt nhung nguon tai lieu quan khac ma chung tdi sir dung de vijra bu dap nguon tai lieu thieu thd'n, vira cap nhat nhung suy nghi, nhung quan dilm khac vi hi£n trang Phat giao Viet Nam, nha't la vao giai doan cuo'i the ky 20, la cac trang website tren mang internet Trang website chung tdi thudng sir dung nha't la w w w quangduc.com, mot trang cac nha su d Australia lap Viec sir dung tai lieu cua cac websites khdng vi pham ban quyen bdi chung dugc lap vdi muc dich phi lgi nhuan Tuy nhien, cung phai ndi rang chung tdi chi sir dung cac bai nao cd thai dd dung dan, du cd thi di ngirgc voi quan diem chfnh thong cua Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam Vi vay? Bdi vi khong xem nhung bai nay, chung ta se khong nhin thay mot cach day du tmh cha't phuc tap cua cac loai quan diem cua Phat giao Viet Nam the ky day bien dong nhu the ky 20 Ve doi tuong dang nghien curu, chung toi khong trinh bay nhung dac diem va vai trd ma Phat giao Viet Nam dang co theo chieu hudng hoac ca ngoi thai qua, hoac chi nhin tha'y nhirng yeu td tieu cuc Lap trudng xuyen suot cua cdng trinh la “su thuc” the nao nen duoc trinh bay nhu the, du biit rang khdng phai su kien duoc neu d day, chua den ndi xa xoi, song khdng phai la khdng cd nhung “diem md” vi tai lieu de cd dd hoan toan chfnh xac Chung tdi dong y vdi cach nghi cua mot sd nha nghiSn cuu khac da timg neu la su kien duoc neu diiu kien tai lieu cd khiem khuyit nhu vay, se khdng tranh khdi mang dau an chu quan, ddi vo doan, vay, ddi hdi se phai b6 sung, cai chfnh cd duoc tai lieu mdi chting minh khac di Mat khac, ddi tuong d day la mot tdn giao cd qua khu va hien tai rat phuc tap, vay, tot hon het la ta hay nghe va phan doan chfnh nhung gi ma ngudi tdn giao (phin ldn la ngudi Viet Nam, can cd the lay cua ngudi nude ngoai) nhan dinh Do dd, chung tdi xin bao trudc la nhung quan diem duoc din de tai se nhieu chieu, phong phu, cot tha'y duoc tmh da dang ve quan diem the ky 20 cua Phat giao nude nha Dung y cua chung tdi la hay doi dien vdi tmh chat da dang dd de tha'y duoc dien mao Phat giao the ky 20, khdng lam gian luge hoa nhirng gi thuc cd va can quan tam den cai thuc cd dd Tren cach dat van d i nhu the, bo cuc cua tong luan gom: Nhap de Chuong 1: Diem lai ddi song Phat giao Viet Nam trudc the ky 20 Chuong 2: D iin bien chu yeu d the ky 20 Chuong 3: Binh dan - Dai chung (hay loi song Phat giao) va Vung Mien - Tdc ngudi Chuong 4: Phuc hgp va thong nha't Chuong 5: Vai trd cua Phat giao Viet Nam the ky 20 Ket luan va kien nghi Tai lieu tham khao Day la cdng trinh tap the cua Phong Nghien ciru Phat giao va cac Tdn giao truyen thong, nhung ban t6ng luan la chu nhiem de tai soan thao Do vay, nhirng sai sot kho cd thi tranh khdi va chu nhiem d i tai chiu trach nhiem v i ndi dung dugc trinh day CHUONG 1: DIEM LAI D d i SONG PHAT GIAO VIET NAM TRUdC THE KY 20 1.1 PHAC LITOC PHAN KY LICH SIT PHAT GIAO VIET NAM TRl/CfC THE KY 20 Trong khuon kho mdt de tai, nhin lai hai thien niSn ky cua Phat giao Viet Nam la mdt cong viec qua ldn, nhung lai rat can de co the di tiep vao noi dung co ban Do do, du biet rang tom luge lai cac cach phan ky khong don gian, chung toi nghi khong the khong phac luge di6n mao chfnh cua ton giao trudc the ky 20, bdi may nguyen do: - Khong the biet dugc nhung diln bien cua Phat giao the ky 20, neu khong biet trudc do, ton giao da “song” nhu the nao tam thirc ngudi dan Viet Nam - Quan trgng hon, neu khong nhin lai Phat giao trudc the ky 20, se khong thay dugc su ke thfta va quan trgng hon la su khac biet kha co ban giura the ky 20 vdi cac the ky truoc ve nhung bieu hien ton giao, nha't la sau phong trao cha'n Phat giao vao nhung nam 1920 tro di - Do do, se khong the hieu dugc nhung gi dang di6n Phat giao sau da co nhung thay doi d thdi diem 1981, nam lap Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam, va mat khac la nhirng van de dat cua Phat giao dieu kien toan c&u hoa va xay dung mot xa hoi Viet Nam hien dai Cac tac gia viet sir Phat giao Viet Nam trudc day va gan day thudng dung cum tir “Phat giao Viet Nam”, nhung thuc cha't su phan ky lai chi dua chii yeu vao di6n bien Phat giao ngudi Viet, cac toe ngudi khac di theo Phat giao da khdng dugc chu y (nhu Cham, Khmer, la chua tmh den ngudi Hoa) Dieu su thuc co nhung “khuc mac” lich sir va hgc thuat, song ra't r5 la khdng the de cap khai niem “Viet Nam” neu khong bao gom noi dung mot quoc gia chinh the g6m nhieu toe ngudi, ngudi Viet la toe chu thi Hon va khac cac the ky trudc dd, Phat giao Viet Nam the ky 20 da hoi tu nhung bo phan, nhung khuynh hudng va nhu cau kha khac noi bo Phat giao, va cung hoi tu nhirng khuynh hudng va nhu cau kha khac anh hudng tir Phat giao the gidi ddi vdi Phat giao nude ta Vay, de cd cai nhin t6ng hgp cac cach phan ky, chung tdi nghi lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam, tren nguyen tac v in lay lich sir Phat giao Viet lam chd dua chinh, song khdng the khdng de cap den nhirng van de cua Phat giao cac tdc ngudi khac cd the, n6n chia cac thdi ky nhu dudi day 1.1.1 Thoi ky trade Cong nguyen den Cong nguyen 1.1.2 Thdi ky tir the ky den the ky 1.1.3 Thoi ky tir the ky den the ky 10 1.1.4 Thoi ky tir the ky 11 den the ky 14 1.1.5 Thdi ky tir the ky 15 den the ky 19 1.2 MOT SO VAN d £' TRONG GIAO LY Qua nhung gi biet dugc, chung ta co the tom luge tu tuong Phat giao Viet Nam trudc the ky 20 vao mot so noi dung, du biet rang diem nhu vay se bo sot kha nhieu chi tilt 1.2.1 Tir tirdng hoa tron cac tdng phai Nhu da nhac tren day, su hoa tron cac tong phai Phat giao d ngudi Viet la mot van d l nghien curu thuc su thu hut nhilu tam stic cua cac hgc gia Viet Nam Ndi cach khac, sir hoa tron dd cho thay mot lan ranh md nhat vl tu tudng ca nhan cua cac nhan vat Phat giao trudc the ky 20 Ngudi ta da tung cho rang, va den van vay, su noi troi cua tu tudng Phat giao Viet Nam la Thiln tong Su thuc, vi dira chu yeu vao mot sd thu tich sot lai, nen mot nhan dinh nhu the cd the xem la du Nhirng neu chung ta bo sung them vao dd mot sd tai lieu khac, du gi£n tiep, thi dudng nhu su hoa tron cac tong phai khdng han da lam tieu bien su doc lap cua tung tong phai ba tong phai dd Chung ta cd the cay vao nguon tai lieu dien da thuc dia de lam cdng viec nhu vay Nhan day cung phai ndi lai mot chuyen ma bay lau nay, cac hoc gia van thien vl nhan dinh Thien tdng uu thang sd cac tong phai Phat giao d thdi ky Dai Viet Dd la viec can cu: vao cuon Thien Uyin Tap Anh, cac hgc gia nghiSn cuu lich sir Phat giao cho rang cuon chi ndi ve cac ddng truyen thira Thiln tdng tai Viet Nam luc dau cho den thdi diem cuon sach ddi Su thuc, ba ddng Thien dugc lift ke cuon sach thi theo chung tdi, trir ddng Thao Dudng la khdng ro phap mon tdng phai, chi cd ddng Thien Vo Ngon Thdng la dung thuc chat Thien tdng, ddng Ti Ni Da Luu Chi la chu yeu tu hanh theo Mat tdng Hanh trang cua cac vi cao tang thuoc ddng truyln thua cho tha'y hg la'y cac kinh Mat tong lam kinh can ban, ma dd cd the dgc ten cua kinh Dd La Ni, Kim Cuong Du cd su dung mot vai thoai dau ggi md, song tmh cha't Mat tdng la khdng the tranh cai Thuc ra, cac vi dugc goi la Thiln su thdi Ly vira dan khdng dot ngot xuat hien, bdi nhu da de cap tren kia, cac tdng phai Phat giao Trung Hoa va An Do da tdn tai vdi tu cach tdng phai tir da lau roi Neu ta loai trir Phat giao d ngudi Khmer nhu la mot bo phai Tieu thua - Thugng tga bo - Nguyen thuy “thuSn khiet”, thi d ngudi Viet, vdi van he pali, ma theo hoc gia Le Manh That, da tha'y cd khoang Cdng nguyen de mot so ban kinh da dugc dich va liru truyen theo tieng Viet va ve sau dugc chuyen ngu sang tieng Han dudi ten Luc tap kinh, C m tap thi du kinh, Tap thi du kinh Nhu the, vdi nguon tu lieu mdi dugc phan tich, ta cd the ndi den mot tu tudng nguyen thuy da xuat hien thdi ky dau Phat giao du nhap Viet Nam Va phai chang chfnh tfnh chat da lam cho su doc lap cua t£mg tong phai vl sau khong thuc su ro net nhu d Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban Ne'u xet theo goc ban tfnh toe ngudi, dudng nhu da co ldi giai khac ve su hoa tron tong phai Do la ban tfnh ngudi Viet khdng phai la toe ngudi co su uu doi vai nhung van de trim tuong, sieu hinh, phan lap Cho nen, co the su chia cat giua cac tong phai chi co y nghia chung muc timg ca nhan ngudi tu hanh chang, khong tao nen nhung tdng phai (hay trudng phai) vdi nhung nhan vat rieng co giong nhu Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban DSu vay, cung dung nen voi ke't luan la cac tong phai Phat giao d Viet Nam chi cd ba, mac dau cho de'n chua chung minh khac ngoai nhung y kien da co la chi cd Thiln tdng mdi that su uu troi, hay y kien khac la cd su hoa tron Thien - Tinh - Mat truyln thdng nhu da neu tren 1.2.2 Tu tuong xay dung mot nen Phat giao Viet rieng biet Day cd the xem la mot dac trung khac cua giao ly Phat giao Viet Nam trudc the' ky 20, dac biet la d ngudi Viet bdi chung ta dlu biet d Viet Nam cd Phat giao Nguyen thuy cua ngudi Khmer, Dai thCra giao d ngudi Hoa, vay mdi luu y dac biet tdi ngudi Viet Tfnh rieng biet d day muon ndi den tinh than doc lap dan toe xen cai tu tudng giao ly han la ddc lap ve giao ly, bdi giao ly Phat suy cho cung cung chi cd mot ma thdi Va lai, cung khdng the khdng nhac lai mot lan nua rang tir budc vao thdi dai tu chu va doc lap, Phat giao Viet da cd su gdn ke't vdi Phat giao Trung Hoa han la vdi Phat giao An Do, Sri Lanka Sir gin ke't vdi hai nguon sau chi thuc su hien huu d the ky 20 nhu phSn sau se trinh bay Song cung lai khdng nen quen ca the' ky 20, Phat giao Viet cung chi them hai nguon An, Sri Lanka, khdng phai la cat dut vdi nguon Trung Qudc Trudng hap din de de cap de'n tu tudng xay dung mot nen Phat giao Viet rieng biet khdng gi tot han la Phat giao thdi Tran, cu th i han la Thiln phai True Lam cua cac vua Tran sang lap Da cd nhieu nghien cun v l Thiln phai True Lam ma chung tdi tha'y khdng can nhac lai d day Vay cd the tom luge Phat giao Tran vao mdt menh d l la tu tudng Thiln - Giao la mot Cd nghia khdng chi cd tham thien, thoai dau, khdng coi kinh diln, ma bao ham ca cac sinh hoat tdn giao dd vin dua vao kinh diln, soan cac sach ndi ve kinh diln va tu tap theo kinh Rat tie'c la sau thdi Tran, cd ve nhu tu tudng xay dung mot nln Phat giao Viet rieng biet da khdng dugc tiep tuc Mot lan nua, sir yeu kem viec ghi chep lich su lai khie'n chung ta khdng cd dugc mot btic tranh chi tiet v l Phat giao sau thdi Tran Hy vong se cd nhung cong trinh bo sung, se cd dugc mot nguon tai lieu mdi tir cac kho cua cac nude Phap, Ha Lan, Anh d l cd th i b6 sung vao lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam ndi chung nhung dilm mdi Tom lai, nhu da trinh bay d dau, chuong mot chi cd nhiem vu diem lai mot sd net cua lich su Phat giao Viet Nam trudc the ky 20 Cung cd nhung diem chung tdi ke thua nghien cuu cua cac hoc gia va ngoai nude, song cung cd nhirng diem chung tdi neu nhu gia thiet can dirge chumg minh them, hoac vdi tai lieu mdi, cd the phai nhin nhan lai Song cung khdng nam ngoai dieu mudn trinh bay su khac biet hai thdi doan lich su trudc the ky 20 va the ky 20 cua sir phat trien Phat giao d Viet Nam CHITONG 2: DlfiN BIEN CHINH THE KY 20 Viec ngat rieng the ky 20 lich sir Phat giao Viet Nam cd nhung ly noi tai cua tdn giao Thuc vay, the ky 20 da cd nhirng bien chuyen can ban de Phat giao khdng nhu cu, nhung cung khdng hoan toan cat dut vdi truyln thdng cua minh Ve phuong dien chfnh tri, kinh te va xa hoi, the ky 20 d Viet Nam cd the tom vao may diem sau: - Xa hdi Viet Nam thuc su bi bien thuoc dia cua Phap cuoi the ky 19 va nua dau the ky 20 Tiep den, mot nua nude Viet Nam lai roi vao sir xam chiem cua My nhan danh bao ve “the gidi tir do”, chdng cong san sau Hiep dinh Geneve nam 1954 - Cuoc dau tranh giai phong dan toe va dan chu chdng thuc dan cu va mdi, tiep den la chien tranh bao ve da't dai lanh tho (hai cuoc chien tranh bien gidi 1978, 1979), chiem gan trgn the ky - Chu nghia tu ban di vao bang cua sau va ddng budc vdi xam chiem va khai thac thuoc dia - Cac dd thi mdi ddi, cac tu tudng ldn cua Tay, Ddng, khoa hgc, cong nghe va cac nganh nghe thuat phuang Tay bo vao Viet Nam - Chu nghia xa hoi va tu tudng cua no da trd thirc the; ddi thoai va dau tranh giua cac ddng tu tudng, triet hgc cua ca the tuc va ca tdn giao diln long xa hoi mot lo ro - Chu nghia xa hoi the gidi khung hoang rdi di den sup do; Viet Nam cung lam vao khung hoang nhung da kip thdi doi mdi, md cira, chuyln doi nln kinh te ke hoach hoa tap trung cd xua't phat diem tha'p kem kinh te thi trudng da phfin che xa hoi chu nghia vdi thugng tdng kien true va y thirc he khdng thay doi - Viet Nam thuc hien chu nghia da phuang quan he qudc te dudi nhieu mire va tren hau het moi linh vuc Day la nhung diem mau chot ma xem xet Phat giao the ky 20 khdng the khdng tmh den Rieng ve Phat giao, diln bien chfnh yeu nha't the ky 20 duoc cam mdc bang bon su kiln dac biSt noi bat: - Phong trao Chan himg tir nhung nam 20 den nam 1951; - Cuoc “Phap nan” nam 1963 mien Nam va he qua; - Sir thdng nha't cua Phat giao Viet Nam mot Giao hoi toan quoc nam 1981, md mot thdi ky phat trien tren qui mo Ion nha't tir trudc toi nay; - Phat giao sau nam 1990 Co the xem day la bon su kien mau chot qui dinh dien mao rieng cua Phat giao Viet Nam hi£n dai, khong trung lap voi ba't c\x giai doan nao trudc 2.1 M0T SO NGUYEN NHAN CHAN HUNG PHAT GIAO Mot so nguyen nhan can duoc neu nhu dudi day: Trudc het, ro rang la sinh menh cua Phat giao di lien voi van menh cua dan toe Dan toe bi no le thi Phat giao cung khong the nam ngoai Noi duoc nhu the vi khac vdi cac cuoc xam luge cua Trung Quoc trudc day, lan la mot the lire thuc dan phuang Tay la Phap, vi vay neu nhu trudc day la xam luge cua ke thu nhung la ke thu dong chung dong van thi gid day, ke thu la di chung di van Tuy nhien, khac vdi trudc the ky 20, Phat giao cung lai cd dugc nhung dieu kien mdi d l nhin nhan lai minh mot cach r5 net han, nha't la doi mat vdi thuc dan va the gidi phuang Tay Dieu dugc phan anh kha ro suot gan mot the ky thirc dan Phap xam chiem va khai thac Ben canh su boc lot, tran ap thi lai la nhung tuu van minh hien dai cua nhan loai dugc du nhap Nghich ly thay, chua bao gid, ca mot quo'c gia Viet Nam lai cd dieu kien tiep xuc nhieu nhu the dd'i vdi ben ngoai, mac dau chi la mot xti thuoc dia Chfnh mdi trudng dd, Phat giao vira bi birc hai bdi chfnh sach cua nha cam quyen Phap, nhung cung chfnh quyen dd ho va chfnh sach dd lai cd mat vuot ve Phat giao (cho phep lap hoi Phat hoc d ca ba ky nhu d sau se de cap) Cung diiu kien la thuoc dia cua chu nghia tu ban, moi lien he vdi Phat giao quo'c td - bang ca nhung chuyen vieng tham cua cac nhan vat Phat giao, va dac biet la dudng sach bao nhap noi - da khien cho Phat giao Viet Nam ndi chung cd dugc sinh khf mdi vl hgc thuat va tu tudng, chuan bi cho su xua't hien cua nhffng nhan vat xuat sac cua cong cuoc chan Do dd, khdng the nhin mot cach dan gian chi nhat nguyen nhan mat nude ma ddi phong trao cha'n Thir hai la “doi thoai” giua chu nghia xa hoi, cac bo mon khoa hgc dd'i vdi tdn giao ndi chung, Phat giao ndi ridng da md rong d tam muc the gidi, Phat giao khdng the khdng ddi mat va tra ldi Cung nhu thd nam chung cuoc ddi thoai hoc thuat va tu tudng Ddng - Tay, ma cung vdi cac tdn giao ldn va triet thuyet ldn d phuang Ddng cd su eg xat vdi cac tdn giao va triet thuyet ldn cua phuang Tay, Phat giao da cd mot trao luu gidi thuydt tdn giao rSm ro nhat Trong diln bidn dd, can tha'y su xua't hien cua chu nghia xa hoi nhu mot thuc the da co tac dong rat ldn den tu tuong Phat hoc duong thdi Cung khong thd khong de cap den cuoc “tranh luan” giua Phat giao va cac ton giao khac, nha't la vdi Kitd giao, dac biet la vdi Cong giao Thuc ra, se khong co dau tranh tu tuong neu nhu Phat giao chi ton tai d nhung nuac phuang Dong doc lap va co chu quyen Cuoc da'u tranh da dign bdi canh h£u nhu moi nude phuang Dong co Phat giao lai la thuoc dia cua phuang Tay thuc dan, vay su dau tranh co ve khong can sue Nhung chu nghia thuc dan sup vao nira cuoi the ky 20, cac nude thuoc dia gianh dugc doc lap va bat dau di vao dudng phat trien xa hoi theo hai khuynh hudng la chu nghia tu ban va chu nghia xa hoi, roi tam guang cua Nhat Ban va nhirng nude cdng nghiep mdi da tao mot hmh anh khac cho phuang Ddng, thi cuoc da'u tranh da cd sac thai mdi: thay vi phai nhun nhudng trudc day thi Phat giao d nhung nude Ddng A lai dang cang tham nhap sau vao the gidi phuang Tay Thtr ba thuoc ve noi tai Phat giao tren hai cap do: the gidi va quoc gia C) cap the gidi, Phat giao cud'i the ky 19 va dau the ky 20 bat dau khdi su pha't cao cd tap hgp va thong nhat Cac van dong tu tudng va tdn giao khoang thdi gian giua hai the gidi Ddng - Tay da khien xuat hien nhirng yeu nhan cua su khdi dau dd Ngudi ta han se nhd cac nha su Sri Lanka, Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban da den hoang phap d My, Chau Au tir thdi dau the ky 20, va ngugc lai, nhirng tin Kitd giao d nhung nai dd lai khdi tdn giao minh de da'n than vao Phat giao va tim tha'y giao ly cua dure Phat nhilu dieu bo ich Tieu bieu cho ngudi phuang Tay cha'n Phat giao, ngudi dat nen tang de tao nen phong trao thong nha't Phat giao the gidi, la mot ngudi My: ong Henry Steel Olcott (1832 - 1907) Cd the xem nhung hoat dong cua H S Olcott d Sri Lanka va d My la nhung vien da dau tien hudng tdi mdt nen Phat giao lien thdng Ddng Tay, mdt nen Phat giao thong nha't d tam mire the gidi Nhu cau thd'ng nhat Phat giao dudi hinh thuc nhu mot “giao hoi the gidi” da chdm no mdt Phat giao ddi mat vdi each mang khoa hgc, ky thuat, do'i tri va dong thuan diic tin vdi dire tin, nha't la vdi Kitd giao KS't qua la da cd Hoi Lien huu Phat giao The gidi (The World Fellowship of Buddhist, viet tat la WFB) ddi nam 1950, roi Hoi Tang gia The gidi ddi nam 1966 (The World Buddhist Sangha Council, viet tat la WBSC) Tom lai, nhung van dong Phat giao t£m cd quoc te da cd nhung tac dong rat manh me doi vdi nhung vi cao tang Viet Nam d ca “ba ky” duang thdi Nhieu vi da dgc cac tac ph&n va bao chf nude ngoai, va da biet kha ro cac tu tudng canh tan Phat giao C ca'p quoc gia, Phat giao Viet Nam vdi nhieu he phai cd nhu cau thd'ng nha't de cd sue manh ton tai va phat trien dieu kien chien tranh, da'u tranh y thu’ he, da'u tranh y thirc quoc gia, dan toe da khdng phai qua xa c xoi, dung cham den nen tang ton tai ciia Phat giao Chfnh su no cua cac tu tuong mdi, nhieu vi cao tang va cu si tam huyet da vach ro nhung te lau Phat giao nude nha, nha't la hang ngu tang gia Di dau sd dd la cac Hoa thuong Khanh Hoa, Thien Chieu d Nam Bo, cu si Minh Tam Le Dinh Tham va mdt sd vi Hoa thuong d Trung Bo, Hoa thuong Tri Hai, Thfch Thanh Hanh, Thilu Chiru d Bac Bd Nhirng y tudng mdi thuc day manh me tu tudng cai cach vi nhung cong ciia Phat giao qudc te da bat d£u phat huy anh hudng Khdng nhung chi dat cau hoi, cac vi thuc su bat tay vao chan chinh giudng mdi tir gi^o ly, nghi 16 va cho ddi nhiiu to chuc nham d^y tdi cai cach mong cd mot cuoc chan d tam muc mdi me Thu tu la long tu hao ve truyen thdng hoc thuyet va thuc hanh cua due Phat to va cua truyln thdng Phat giao cua dan toe: tir bi bac ai, dudng giai thoat, tu tudng sieu viet khdng gian va thdi gian, su mang cuu ta't ca chung sinh, tinh than nhap the d thdi Tran Thirc vay, day la nguyen nhan sau sa nha't ciia cha'n Chfnh tir long tu hao dd ma cac vi cd trach nhiem Phat giao mong muon cha'n nen dao de cd the tri mai mai giao nghia sieu viet cua Phat to, nhung cung rat gan gui vdi ngudi dan thuoc moi tang ldp xa hoi Dd khdng phai la niem tin binh thudng, dd la niem tin manh liet su trudng tdn cua Phat giao noi cac vi Mat khac, su co xat vdi nhung tu tudng ngoai dien, dac biet la tu tudng khoa hoc, ky thuat duong thdi, cho cac vi tha'y rang mac diu ngudi cd the thang tien ve vat cha't, cd the lam chu phan nao tu nhien, nhung cai quan hon van la ngudi can cd su cai cach d ban than, thoat khoi nhung due vong va ham muon lam tieu tan y nghia dfch thuc cua cuoc song la thoat khoi vinh vien cai vd thudng de dat den chan ly tuyet ddi d ddi sdng hien the, khdng bi me hoac bdi nhirng ao gia cung chfnh ngudi tham nhiem cuoc sdng the' tuc Cd the cd them nhirng nguyen nhan khac nua, song vdi chung toi, bdn nguyen nhan tren day la can ban de dan tdi cong cudc Chan Phat giao khdi di tu nhung nam 1920, dat nln tang cho su phat trien cua tdn giao suot phan lai cua the' ky 20 va ca de'n 2.2 PHONG TRAO CHAN HUNG Tt/NHUNG NAM 1920 DEN NAM 1951 2.2.1 Cac trung tam ldn Trung tam Nam Bo Tai lai la Nam Bo ma khdng la Sai Gon - Cho Ldn - Gia Dinh, cung cd nghia khdng gidng vdi tinh hinh a Trung Bd va Bac Bo? D iiu se duoc ly giai bdi nhirng gi se trinh bay dudi day Nhu vay, cd the nen bat d&u tir boi canh Phat giao luc dd d Nam Bo va tir mot nhung nhan vat hang diu cua Tang gia duong thdi la Hoa thuong Khanh Hoa gian hoa theo m ot cach m a cung co the hiSu dugc va lam dugc la b6 thi (dana), tri giai (sila) va thien djnh (bhavana) Bd thi (dana) la cho nguai khac mot cach rong rai Rat quan trgng cho mot Phat tir thirc hanh bd thi nhu m ot hanh d lu tien phai lam de di vao duang chan chanh, vi cho nguai khac la mot hanh dong hy sinh Co kha nang cho m ot cai gi la sua soan tam tri trgn ven de tu bo vat sd h&u cua minh, cai minh yeu quy, cai minh da buoc dinh vao Do do, ta d6i mSt vai m ot nhung nguyen nhan lan n h it la due vgng va tham lam That la thfch thu ta th iy loi sflng dugc hudng d in theo cach thuc m a ap dung tung budc mot, ta se loai bo dugc mot s6 nhugc d ilm va ca tfnh nguai v6n da tao su cang th in g va nham chan quay nhieu chung ta hang Thai rong lugng, bao dung vai nguai khac la lilu thu6c chong due vong, tham lam, keo kiet, va fch ky Tri giai (Sila) la giu: mot so luat tic dao due va luan ly D ue Phat biet ro la nguai ta khong th i dat nhung dieu le hay ky luat cho moi nguai theo cung mot phuang cach Vi vay chi co mot so giai luat cho nguai tai gia Co them m ot ft dieu khac cho nhung nguai mudn sdng d tu vien tra ngudi xuat gia, nh&ng ngucri tu nguyen di theo dudng nghiem khac cua luat tac va tinh hoa Vi the tri gidi la mot su thuc hanh d in d in de moi ngudi chon theo kha nSng hien tai cua ban than Cuoi cung la T h iln djnh (Bhavana), hay luyen tap tam tri Bhavana co nghia nguyen thuy la phat trien, su phat triln them tri tue D ue Phat cho rin g moi sir deu phat ngudn tir tam tri cua ngudi, va Ngai la mot nhung ngudi d lu tien phat bieu ve d ilu H iln chuong cua Lien Hiep Qudc m d d lu vdi cau "Vi ch iln tranh b it dau tir tam tri cua ngudi, cung tir t£m tri ngudi ma su bao ve hoa binh dugc th ilt lap" Cau phan anh dung theo tinh than ldi day d lu tien cua Phat kinh Phap Cu\ "Tam dan d iu cac phap, tam lam chu, tam tao tac" M ot tam trj co th i dugc kiem soat bdi y chi, m ot tam tri khong chay theo ngoai canh d l dua d in sir d in g th in g va nham chan; ngugc lai luon dugc tinh thuc, luon tu phat triln, luon tu kham pha, m ot tam tri nhu the la kho bau ldn nhat cua ngudi Chung ta khong co gi ngac nhien th iy cac qudc gia phat trien khoa hoc ky thuat cao n h it cd m ot nhu c lu g in nhu cuong nhiet la luyen tap du cac loai th iln djnh Ai th u y lt giang d ilu gi, trilt ly gi, ky thuat nao dugc chap nhan khong phai la v in de quan Su that la ngudi ta b it d lu nhan rin g moi luc chiem nghiem yen tinh, moi luc tu sau ling, moi luc tam tri van dong co su k ilm soat dung, cd hudng dan dung, la mot d ilu th ilt y lu cho cach sdng tot cua ngudi Hai ngan n&m tram nam trudc day, Due Phat cung day nhu th i va n lu khong co gi khac m& ngudi cln , cai ma ngudi c ln chfnh la sir yen tinh d tam hdn Con ngudi m udn thoat mgi su cang th in g cua minh va nd luc chong lai su nham chan va chung ta th iy sir giai dap Phat giao dac bi€t la ba dudng dao da noi: bo thf, tri gidi va thien dinh Hay xet nguyen tic hay su b it d lu cua Due Phat Chung ta da nghe nhieu ngudi di tir canh ngheo d in giau sang, nhung tir cho giau sang den cho ngheo, ta cd the noi la de tim sir yen tinh cho tam tri, d ilu an lac ldn n h it cua ngudi K it qua ngudi da tim lai dugc chfnh minh, roi day nhung ngudi khac rin g nhugc d ilm ldn n h it la su rang buoc vdi nhung su vat vo thudng va la d lu mdi cua moi ric rdi va kho dau Loi ket 76 Du chung ta quySt djnh the nao v6 viec dat duac muc dich co mot dieu ma chung ta khong the thoat khoi: chung ta khong th6 choi bo su kien t i t ca nhung phat tridn hien dai khong m ang lai dieu gi ngoai sir bat an va su dau tranh khong ngim g nghi cua nguai Phat giao da cong hiSn mot s6 phuong phap rat don gian va r£t hfru hieu dS hoa giai nhung dieu Vi vay, nguai viet thay rin g Phat giao co mot vai tro quan trong ddi song cua chung ta, m ot vai tro m a chung ta, nhung nguai Phat tu, tham du mot phln quan vao dai song xa hoi Bon phan cua chung ta la chia se nhung kinh nghiem, nhung hiSu biSt cua minh vai cang nhieu nguai cang tot de cu6i cung tat ca chung ta thay duac buc thong diep cua Due Phat danh cho chung sinh tiep tuc dSn vai loai nguai tren kh2p nam chau bon be (Trich dich tir Buddhism in M odern Life quyen Parents and Children: Key to Happiness, trang 158-164, xuat ban tai Singapore, thang 11/1994) Cap nhat ngay: 01-102001 ” Doi vai giai Phat giao nuac, quan diem nhin nhan vai tro cua Phat giao dai song hien dai cung la mot chii de thuong xuyen duoc thao luan Chung toi cung da tirng trfch dan bai viet ciia tac gia Tran Tuan Min, mot tri thirc Phat giao, noi ve vai tro ciia Phat giao nuac ma chung toi cho lit ro rang va sat thuc chuong Xin nhac lai d day mot doan, xem nhu la mot v kien thuoc loai nav: II Xa Hoi V ift nam va chuc nang cua ton giao: Khi dat nuac d u ac giai phong vao nam 1975, chinh quyen va nhan dan Viet Nam phai d6i mat vai nhieu kho khan mot giai doan chuyln tiep 15 nSm bai nhung hau qua cua cuoc chi6n tranh lau dai vi doc lap tir va thong nhat dat n u ac va nhung khac biet gi&a hai m ien Nam , B ic Viet Nam vS c a c iu chi'nh tri, hoi, kinh t6, va ca ve 16i sinh hoat, suy nghT N r6i tinh trang dan dan tra nen t6t dep han va dai song xa hoi cang d u ac on dinh Chfnh sach m a cua cua nha nuac Viet Nam ro rang da giup dat nuac tien tai mot buac ngoat su phat tri6n kinh te Do vay ma phat sinh m ot sir thay doi nhanh chong nhiSu lTnh vuc sinh hoat x3 hoi, co nguy c a xoi mon nen tang dao due cua xa h6i N hieu nguai, nhat la giai tre, da phai d6i mat vai nhung nen van hoa ngoai lai, nhung loi sdng m va cu6i cung c h ip nhan chung ma khong h6 d in can n h ic M ot tang lap xa hoi m g6m nhung ngucri giau, san phim cua kinh te thi truong, cua tham nhung, bat chfnh da khai su hinh Trong do, du co nhirng tuu dang k l ve phat trien kinh tS, ngheo kh6, tham chf doi khat va lac hau van t6n tai a m 6t so viing x a Hien m ot s6 nguai bao ring chfnh sach m a cua, xa hoi Viet Nam bi anh huong bai he thong kinh tS tu ban va nhung xu huong m \ h chfnh tri, xa hoi van hoa, dieu doi hoi m ot su thay doi che chfnh tri Toi khong phai la mot nha chfnh tri nhung toi nghi rin g Trung Qu6c da va dang dat duac nhung k it qua r it tot dep nha chfnh sach mcr cua tir hai thap nien vira qua ma chang c ln co mot thay doi che chfnh tri nao ca Theo toi, nhiem vu truac m it la phai thuc hien cho duac m ot sir can bang giura phat trien kinh te va phat triln dao due cho xa hoi Viet Nam 77 Chi'nh q u y ln khong ngirng keu goi nhan dan gin giu- dao due, van hoa tru y ln thong va ton tinh th in tuan thu phap luat, nhung s6 toi pham van gia tang lien tuc, gay nhieu roi ren cho xa hoi T ruac tinh hinh suy thoai dao due nay, ton giao phai tham gia chua tri can benh cua xa hoi bang cach thiet lap mot trat tu dao due Ca chinh quyen lan ton giao deu hua hen hanh phuc cho nhan dan Tuy nhien, lai hua ve hanh phuc cua ton giao thi hSp dan han vi nguai ta van bao rang hanh phuc tu tap thi tuyet d6i va vTnh cuu Chi co ton giao mai co the thuc su khac sau vao tam thuc nguai ta mot n ilm tin sau sac, m anh liet, mot tin tuong vao su tuyet doi, vao nang luc toi thuong Niem tin tuong hanh dong, phan doan va chang di'nh dang gi den luat phap va su thuong phat cua dai thuang Ton giao va dao due se co kha nang duang dau vai sue m anh kinh te va chu nghTa tu ban hay khong? Cau hoi da dugc neu a nhieu nuac, da phat trien hay dang phat trien, va cau tra lai la “Vang, se co kha nang” Tai mien Nam Viet Nam truac n3m 1975, cau hoi cung dugc cac nha ton giao, cac nha dao due dat va nhung no lire cua t6 churc ton giao, dao due da to co hieu nang viec giam thieu nhung roi ren cua xa hoi Dieu quan la phai co mot su hgp tac chat che giua chinh quyen va ton giao Chi'nh quyen phai ung ho ton giao nhung hoat dong vi hanh phuc cua so dong va vi su phat trien cua ton giao III Chirc nang cua Phat giao tai Viet Nam nay: Dat nuac dugc giai phong vao nam 1975, m a mot ky nguyen moi cua nuac cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam Trong b6i canh chinh tri nay, mot cuoc van dong dugc phat khoi nham thong nhat cac to chuc va cac he phai Phat giao a hai mien Nam va Bac Viet Nam Vao 06 thang 11 nam 1981, mot Dai Hoi dugc t6 chuc tai Ha Noi voi sir tham du cua 165 dai bieu, soan thao mot ban hien chuong, theo Giao Hoi Phat giao Viet Nam la to chuc nhat dai dien cho toan th i Tang Ni va Phat tu tai Viet Nam Dai hoi cung dua mot chuong trinh hanh dong cho Giao Hoi Phat giao Viet Nam, gom cac diem sau: Thuc hien su hgp tac hoa hgp dan toe giua cac he phai Phat giao, giua Tang ni Phat tu; Truyen ba Chanh phap va neu ro tinh tich cuc cua Phat giao; Thiet lap m ot he thong giao due cho Tang Ni va m ot loi song dung dan cho cac Phat tu; Tang cuong truyen thong yeu nuac cua Phat giao Viet Nam , m6i lien he gan bo cua Phat giao vai nhan dan Viet Nam va su dong gop tich cuc cua Phat giao vao cong cuoc xay dung va bao ve t6 quoc; On djnh kinh t l nha chua de cai thien dieu kien sinh hoat cua Tang Ni va dong gop tao ph6n vinh cho dSt nuac; Tang cuong moi lien he h&u nghj vdi Phat tu va cac t6 chuc Phat giao tren th i giai, tham gia xay dung hoa binh va hanh phuc cho nhan loai That kho co th i mieu ta het nhung tuu nhieu m at cua Giao hgi Phat giao Viet nam suot gan 20 nam qua ke tu giao hoi dugc lap C day toi chi co th i neu mot so net Hien nay, Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam lanh dao va to chuc t i t ca cac hoat dong Phat sir cua khoang 30.000 Tang Ni 15.000 tu Vien va 40 trieu Phat tu 78 toan nuac Ben canh Giao hoi trung irang, co 44 tinh, hoi Phat giao Hoi dong tri sir giao hoi trung irang g6m ban nganh vien chiu trach nhiem vk nhung m at hoat dong khac nhau: la cac ban nganh Tang sir, Giao due Tang Ni, Hoang Phap, Van hoa, Nghi le, H uong dan Phat tu, Kinh te nha chua, TCr thien xa hoi, Phat giao qu6c tS va Vien nghien cuu Phat hoc Viet nam Moi ban nganh d6u co nhan sir va tru so tai m6i tinh Ba hoc Vien Phat giao Viet nam va 26 truang c a Ban Phat hoc cung nhiSu khoa chuyen mon ngSn han hay dai han, dang dam nhiem giao due va dao tao Tang ni Hon 100 Tang ni sinh t6t nghiep dang du hoc tai cac dai hoc noi tieng a nuac ngoai Vien nghien cuu Phat hoc Viet nam da tap hop, dich thuat va x u lt ban 27 tap kinh Pali, va Han ngu- nham hinh mot bo Dai Tang Kinh Viet nam cho Tang Ni Phat tu va cac nha Phat hoc Viet nam Tren toan nuac, Giao hoi Phat giao Viet nam da xay dung 25 benh vien mien phi, 655 phong phat thuoc, 196 lap hoc tinh thuang cho tre em duang pho, 116 nha tu thien S6 sach bao Phat giao du loai cu tang dan moi n a m Noi chung, Phat giao Viet nam da dat dugc nhung qua quan trong viec tham gia phat trien dat nuac Bay gia toi xin trinh bay v in tat mot so dac trung cua dao due hoc Phat giao va mot s6 no lire cua giao hoi Phat giao Viet nam nham ph6 bi6n nhung dac trung ay quan chung Theo dao due hoc Phat giao, ba goc re te hai gay dau kh6 cho cuoc dcri la tham, san, va si Bao lire, chien tranh, can kiet tai nguyen, o nhiem moi truang, khung hoang va moi xau ac d6u la nhiJng bieu hien cua ba can ban xau xa ky Phat giao giang day va d in dat nguai ta d in su tieu tru ba thu doc dugc ky Hoc thuydt \ h Nghiep - Tai sinh, nhan q u a khang dinh rang nguai phai chju trach nhiem \ h nhung hanh dong cua chinh minh Hoc th u y lt vo nga khi'ch le nguai ta quen minh va hanh dong vi lgi l'ch cua s6 dong Phat giao dat cho cac tin giai de song dai dao due Do la: khong sat sinh, khong trom cap, khong ta dam, khong noi xau va khong dung chat gay say Neu moi nguai, Phat tu hay khong phai Phat tir, tuan theo nam gidi thi dao due ca nhan se toan thien va cuoc dcri se tra nen an lanh hanh phuc Cac Phat tu d in chua de le Phat, hanh thien hay tham dir cac khoa giao ly Thoi quen lam phong phu dai s6ng tam linh cua ho va tao sir tinh lang, sang suot cho tam ho Ban huang dan Phat tir la mot bo phan nham truySn ba dao due Phat giao Ban da lap nhieu doan Phat tu g6m nien, nguai lan tu6i tham nhap quan chung lam cong tac xa hoi va keu goi moi nguai gift gin n ip song dao due “Gia dinh Phat tu” la mot bo phan nham huang dan va huan luyen cac thi€u nien Phat tu Doi ngu gom 50.000 doan vien va 6000 huynh truang dugc chia tung nhom gia dinh sinh hoat tai nhi6u chua cr m ien Trung va miSn Nam Viet nam Ban hoang phap tuyen chon cac Tang ni nhieu kha nang huan luyen qua cac khoa dai han va ngdn han dugc to chuc tai nhieu tinh Doi ngu giang su dugc chuyen mon hoa dam nhiem cong viec giang day Phat phap, truyen ba dao due Phat giao va neu cho moi ngudri mot loi s6ng tot dep han IV Ket luan: Phat giao la mot ton giao cua tir bi va tri tue Nguyen tac can ban cua dao dire hoc Phat giao la moi ngudi can phat trien long tu bi Ve mat dao due, tri tue that sir chfnh la sir hieu bi6t thuc tiln the hien thai va hanh vi dai s6ng xa hoi Phat giao luon co thai cai m a d6i vai cac ton giao va cac he y thuc Phat giao chdp nhan bSt c u he th6ng dao due, triet hoc hay chinh tri nao mien la he thdng ay co thS giup ngucri ta dat hanh phuc va hoan cuu canh 79 Trong tinh than hop tac, doan ket va hoa hop dan toe, toi tin c h ic rin g Phat giao cung nhu cac ton giao khac tai Viet nam co the dong mot vai trd quan tr