Chapter Writing Classes Java Software Solutions Foundations of Program Design Seventh Edition John Lewis William Loftus Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Writing Classes • We've been using predefined classes from the Java API Now we will learn to write our own classes • Chapter focuses on: – – – – – – – – class definitions instance data encapsulation and Java modifiers method declaration and parameter passing constructors graphical objects events and listeners buttons and text fields Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Outline Anatomy of a Class Encapsulation Anatomy of a Method Graphical Objects Graphical User Interfaces Buttons and Text Fields Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Writing Classes • The programs we’ve written in previous examples have used classes defined in the Java standard class library • Now we will begin to design programs that rely on classes that we write ourselves • The class that contains the main method is just the starting point of a program • True object-oriented programming is based on defining classes that represent objects with well-defined characteristics and functionality Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Examples of Classes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Classes and Objects • Recall from our overview of objects in Chapter that an object has state and behavior • Consider a six-sided die (singular of dice) – – • It’s primary behavior is that it can be rolled We represent a die by designing a class called Die that models this state and behavior – • It’s state can be defined as which face is showing The class serves as the blueprint for a die object We can then instantiate as many die objects as we need for any particular program Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Classes • A class can contain data declarations and method declarations int size, weight; Data declarations char category; Method declarations Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Classes • The values of the data define the state of an object created from the class • The functionality of the methods define the behaviors of the object • For our Die class, we might declare an integer called faceValue that represents the current value showing on the face • One of the methods would “roll” the die by setting faceValue to a random number between one and six Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Classes • We’ll want to design the Die class so that it is a versatile and reusable resource • Any given program will probably not use all operations of a given class • • See RollingDice.java See Die.java Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc //******************************************************************** // RollingDice.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the creation and use of a user-defined class //******************************************************************** public class RollingDice { // // Creates two Die objects and rolls them several times // public static void main (String[] args) { Die die1, die2; int sum; die1 = new Die(); die2 = new Die(); die1.roll(); die2.roll(); System.out.println ("Die One: " + die1 + ", Die Two: " + die2); continue Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc continue label = new JLabel ("Pushes: " + count); add (push); add (label); setPreferredSize (new Dimension(300, 40)); setBackground (Color.cyan); } //***************************************************************** // Represents a listener for button push (action) events //***************************************************************** private class ButtonListener implements ActionListener { // -// Updates the counter and label when the button is pushed // -public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent event) { count++; label.setText("Pushes: " + count); } } } Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Push Counter Example • The components of the GUI are the button, a label to display the counter, a panel to organize the components, and the main frame • The PushCounterPanel class represents the panel used to display the button and label • The PushCounterPanel class is derived from JPanel using inheritance • The constructor of PushCounterPanel sets up the elements of the GUI and initializes the counter to zero Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Push Counter Example • The ButtonListener class is the listener for the action event generated by the button • It is implemented as an inner class, which means it is defined within the body of another class • That facilitates the communication between the listener and the GUI components • Inner classes should only be used in situations where there is an intimate relationship between the two classes and the inner class is not needed in any other context Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Push Counter Example • Listener classes are written by implementing a listener interface • The ButtonListener class implements the ActionListener interface • An interface is a list of methods that the implementing class must define • The only method in the ActionListener interface is the actionPerformed method • The Java API contains interfaces for many types of events • We discuss interfaces in more detail in Chapter Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Push Counter Example • The PushCounterPanel constructor: – instantiates the ButtonListener object – establishes the relationship between the button and the listener by the call to addActionListener • When the user presses the button, the button component creates an ActionEvent object and calls the actionPerformed method of the listener • The actionPerformed method increments the counter and resets the text of the label Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Quick Check Which object in the Push Counter example generated the event? What did it then? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Quick Check Which object in the Push Counter example generated the event? The button component generated the event What did it then? It called the actionPerformed method of the listener object that had been registered with it Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Text Fields • Let's look at another GUI example that uses another type of component • A text field allows the user to enter one line of input • If the cursor is in the text field, the text field object generates an action event when the enter key is pressed • • See Fahrenheit.java See FahrenheitPanel.java Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc //******************************************************************** // Fahrenheit.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of text fields //******************************************************************** import javax.swing.JFrame; public class Fahrenheit { // // Creates and displays the temperature converter GUI // public static void main (String[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame ("Fahrenheit"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); FahrenheitPanel panel = new FahrenheitPanel(); frame.getContentPane().add(panel); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); } } Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc //******************************************************************** // Fahrenheit.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of text fields //******************************************************************** import javax.swing.JFrame; public class Fahrenheit { // // Creates and displays the temperature converter GUI // public static void main (String[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame ("Fahrenheit"); frame.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); FahrenheitPanel panel = new FahrenheitPanel(); frame.getContentPane().add(panel); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); } } Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc //******************************************************************** // FahrenheitPanel.java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Demonstrates the use of text fields //******************************************************************** import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class FahrenheitPanel extends JPanel { private JLabel inputLabel, outputLabel, resultLabel; private JTextField fahrenheit; // // Constructor: Sets up the main GUI components // public FahrenheitPanel() { inputLabel = new JLabel ("Enter Fahrenheit temperature:"); outputLabel = new JLabel ("Temperature in Celsius: "); resultLabel = new JLabel (" -"); fahrenheit = new JTextField (5); fahrenheit.addActionListener (new TempListener()); continue Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc continue add (inputLabel); add (fahrenheit); add (outputLabel); add (resultLabel); setPreferredSize (new Dimension(300, 75)); setBackground (Color.yellow); } //***************************************************************** // Represents an action listener for the temperature input field //***************************************************************** private class TempListener implements ActionListener { // -// Performs the conversion when the enter key is pressed in // the text field // -public void actionPerformed (ActionEvent event) { int fahrenheitTemp, celsiusTemp; String text = fahrenheit.getText(); continue Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc continue fahrenheitTemp = Integer.parseInt (text); celsiusTemp = (fahrenheitTemp-32) * 5/9; resultLabel.setText (Integer.toString (celsiusTemp)); } } } Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Fahrenheit Example • Like the PushCounter example, the GUI is set up in a separate panel class • The TempListener inner class defines the listener for the action event generated by the text field • The FahrenheitPanel constructor instantiates the listener and adds it to the text field • When the user types a temperature and presses enter, the text field generates the action event and calls the actionPerformed method of the listener Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Summary • Chapter focused on: – – – – – – – – class definitions instance data encapsulation and Java modifiers method declaration and parameter passing constructors graphical objects events and listeners buttons and text fields Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc [...]... Education, Inc UML Diagrams • UML stands for the Unified Modeling Language • UML diagrams show relationships among classes and objects • A UML class diagram consists of one or more classes, each with sections for the class name, attributes (data), and operations (methods) • Lines between classes represent associations • A dotted arrow shows that one class uses the other (calls its methods) Copyright... Client Methods Data Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Visibility Modifiers • In Java, we accomplish encapsulation through the appropriate use of visibility modifiers • A modifier is a Java reserved word that specifies particular characteristics of a method or data • We've used the final modifier to define constants • Java has three visibility modifiers: public, protected, and private • The protected... One: " + die1 + ", Die Two: " + die2); System.out.println ("New sum: " + sum); } } Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc //******************************************************************** // Die .java Author: Lewis/Loftus // // Represents one die (singular of dice) with faces showing values // between 1 and 6 //******************************************************************** public class Die... visibility can be referenced only within that class • Members declared without a visibility modifier have default visibility and can be referenced by any class in the same package • An overview of all Java modifiers is presented in Appendix E Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Visibility Modifiers • Public variables violate encapsulation because they allow the client to modify the values directly