Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 Thì đơn: Form:(+) S + V/ V(s;es) + Object (-) S + do/ does not + V ? (?) Do/ Does + S + V? Cách sử dụng: -Diễn tả lực thân: VD: He plays tennis very well -Thói quen tại: VD: I watch TV every night -Sự thật hiển nhiên;Chân lí ko thể phủ nhận: VD: The sun rises in the East and set in the West -Diễn tả hành động xảy theo lịch trình, thời gian biểu định sẵn, đặc biệt động từ di chuyển VD: The train leaves at 7.00 am in the morning Các trạng từ kèm: always; usually; often; sometimes; occasionally; ever; seldom; rarely; every Cách thêm “s,es” vào động từ thể khẳng định đơn: -Khi chủ ngữ "I / You / We / They chủ ngữ số nhiều khác” giữ ngun động từ -khi chủ ngữ "He / She / It chủ ngữ số khác" thêm "s" "es" sau động từ Với động từ tận "o,x, ch, z, s, sh" ta thêm "es" vào sau, động từ khác thêm “s” Khi động từ tận "y" đổi "y" thành "i" thêm "es" vào sau động từ Cách phát âm s,es: /iz/: động từ kết thúc đi: ce, x, z, sh, ch, s, ge /s/:các động từ kết thúc t, p, f, k, th Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 PhÇn 1: PhÇn lý thut Part I: Pronunciation (ph¸t ©m) A C¸c phơ ©m h÷u vµ v« tiÕng Anh: * H÷u /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, η, l, r, j, w/ + toµn bé nguyªn ©m a, e, o, u, i * V« /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viƯc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘s’: • ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /z/ theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u trõ ©m (z, ʒ, ʤ/) • ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /s/ theo sau c¸c ©m v« trõ ©m (s,∫,t∫) • ‘s’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ / iz/ ®i sau c¸c ©m (z, ʒ, ʤ, s, ∫,t∫ ) Quy t¾c c¬ b¶n viƯc ph¸t ©m c¸c tõ tËn cïng víi ‘ed’: • §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /d/ theo sau c¸c ©m h÷u trõ ©m (d) • §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /t/ theo sau c¸c ©m v« trõ ©m (t) • §éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng ‘ed’ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m lµ /id/ theo sau c¸c ©m (t, d, te, de) B Stress Tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt (Two - syllable words) - §èi víi tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt, träng ©m cã thĨ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu hc ©m tiÕt thø hai  §èi víi ®éng tõ, tÝnh tõ, tr¹ng tõ, vµ giíi tõ cã quy lt c¬ b¶n sau: nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hc nguyªn ©m kÐp (trõ) th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: arrive (v), attract (v), correct (a), perfect (a), alone (adv), inside (pre)  Ngc l¹i nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n hc nguyªn ©m kÐp , hc ® ỵc kÕt thóc b»ng mét phơ ©m th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: open (v), borrow (v), lovely (a), sorry (a), rather (adv)  §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m ng¾n th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu Vd: money, product Ngỵc l¹i, nÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai cã chøa nguyªn ©m dµi hc nguyªn ©m kÐp th× träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: balloon, design, estate Tõ cã ba ©m tiÕt (Three - syllable words)  §èi víi ®éng tõ , nÕu ©m tiÕt ci lµ ©m tiÕt m¹nh, nã sÏ cã träng ©m Vd: enter’tain, resur’rect - NÕu ©m tiÕt ci lµ ©m tiÕt u, träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®øng tríc nã, VD: encounter, determine - NÕu c¶ ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba lµ ©m tiÕt u th× träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt ®Çu tiªn Vd: advertise, speculate  §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt ci cïng u hc tËn cïng b»ng /əu/, vµ ©m tiÕt thø hai m¹nh, träng ©m sÏ r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt thø hai ®ã Vd: statistics, potato, diaster ; - NÕu ©m tiÕt thø hai vµ thø ba cïng lµ ©m tiÕt u,th× ©m tiÕt ®µu tiªn sÏ mang träng ©m Vd: quantity, cinema, emperor Tõ ph¸t sinh (derived-words) * Tõ ph¸t sinh lµ nh÷ng tõ cã h×nh th¸i tõ gèc céng víi mét hc nhiỊu phơ tè (affixes) Phơ tè bao gåm tiỊn tè (prefixes) vµ hËu tè(suffixes) * Ba trêng hỵp phơ tè cã t¸c ®éng ®Õn träng ©m cđa tõ:  B¶n th©n phơ tè mang träng ©m chÝnh Vd: ‘semicircle,  Phơ tè kh«ng lµm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ‘pleasant, un’pleasant,  Sù cã mỈt cđa phơ tè lµm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ’magnet mag’netic Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 D¹ng ph¸t ©m m¹nh vµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m u cđa c¸c tõ chøc n¨ng (weak forms and strong forms of function words) Mét sè tõ chøc n¨ng tiªng Anh (trỵ ®éng tõ, giíi tõ, liªn tõ, ) cã thĨ cã hai c¸ch ph¸t ©m- d¹ng m¹nh vµ d¹ng u D¹ng ph¸t ©m u (weak form) lµ d¹ng ph¸t ©m th«ng thêng cđa nhãm tõ nµy vµ chóng chØ ®ỵc ph¸t ©m díi d¹ng m¹nh (strong form) c¸c trêng hỵp sau:  Khi tõ ®ã xt hiƯn ë ci c©u nãi Vd: Chips are what I’m fond of  Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc ®em t¬ng ph¶n víi mét tõ kh¸c Vd: the letter’s from him not to him  Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc ®¸nh träng ©m v× mơc ®Ých nhÊn m¹nh cđa ngêi nãi Vd:You must give me more money  Khi tõ ®ã ®ỵc trÝch ®Én Vd: You shouldn’t put and at the end of the sentence NhÞp ®iƯu (Rhythm): Ng«n ng÷ lêi nãi tiÕng Anh ®ỵc cho lµ cã nhÞp ®iƯu vµ nhÞp ®ã ®ỵc ph¸t hiƯn nhê vµo sù xt hiƯn ®Ịu ®Ỉn cđa c¸c ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m TiÕng Anh cã nhÞp ®iƯu theo träng ©m cã nghÜa lµ c¸c ©m tiÕt cã träng ©m cã xu híng xt hiƯn nh÷ng kho¶ng thêi gian t¬ng ®èi b»ng dï gi÷a chóng cã sè lỵng ©m tiÕt kh«ng mang träng ©m kh¸c Vd: ‘Walk ‘down the ‘path to the ‘end of the ca’nal Nt ©m (Elision) Nt ©m lµ sù lỵc bá hc nhiỊu ©m nãi Díi ®©y lµ mét sè trêng hỵp nt ©m chđ u: • Sù biÕn mÊt cđa nguyªn ©m • Sù mÊt ®i nh÷ng nguyªn ©m u theo sau /p, t, k/ • Sù biÕn mÊt cđa phơ ©m Nèi ©m (linking) o Phơ ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: Look at me; Can I help you? o Nguyªn ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: How often I have to it? Ng÷ ®iƯu (Intonation) Ng÷ ®iƯu lµ sù lªn xng cđa cao ®é ©m ta ph¸t ©m Cã ba lo¹i ng÷ ®iƯu c¬ b¶n ®ỵc tr×nh bµy SGK 12: Ng÷ ®iƯu gi¸ng (falling tune); ng÷ ®iƯu th¨ng (rising tune); ng÷ ®iƯu th¨ng - gi¸ng (rising-falling tune) Sau ®©y lµ mét sè quy t¾c ng÷ ®iƯu c¬ b¶n: • C©u trÇn tht:  C©u trÇn tht th«ng thêng xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: I love you  C©u liƯt kª lªn giäng võa ph¶i ë mçi phÇn liƯt kª vµ xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: We had some soup, smashed potato, fish and chips and finally a glass of orange juice • C©u hái cã tõ ®Ĩ hái: - Quy lt c¬ b¶n lµ xng giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: What does WTO stand for? - §«i lªn giäng dÇn tõ b¾t ®Çu cho ®Õn kÕt thóc ph¸t ng«n (thĨ hiƯn sù quan t©m nhiỊu h¬n) Vd: How’s your daughter? • C©u hái ®¶o: ®Ịu lªn giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n kĨ c¶ lo¹i cã d¹ng thøc gièng nh c©u trÇn tht Vd: Do you love him? You love him? • Lêi yªu cÇu, ®Ị nghÞ: Lªn giäng ë ci ph¸t ng«n Vd: Can you open the door ,please? • C©u hái ®u«i: Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 - Xng giäng ë phÇn ®u«i cđa c©u hái hái chØ ®Ỵ x¸c nhËn th«ng tin C©u hái nh thÕ nµy cã t¸c dơng gÇn nh mét c©u c¶m th¸n Vd: It’s really hot, isn’t it? - Khi hái ®Ĩ lÊy th«ng tin thùc sù vµ cÇn cã sù kh¼ng ®Þnh hc phđ ®Þnh cđa ng êi nghe th× phÇn ®u«i cđa c©u hái ph¶i lªn giäng Vd: You don’t love her, you? • C©u hái lùa chän: lªn giäng ë mçi sù lùa chän trõ sù lùa chän ci cïng th× xng giäng Vd: Would you like tea, coffee or milk? PART II: GRAMMAR (PhÇn ng÷ ph¸p) I The present simple tense (Thì đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V1… S + am/is/are…… - Negative: S + do/does + not + V1… S + am/is/are + not… - Interrogative: Do/Does + S + V1….? Am/Is/Are + S ….? Usage: - Th× HT§ dïng diƠn t¶ mét thãi quen, mét hµnh ®éng x¶y thêng xuyªn lỈp di lỈp l¹i ë hiƯn t¹i eg I watch T.V every night - Th× HT§ dïng diƠn t¶ mét ch©n lý, mét sù thËt hiĨn nhiªn eg The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America - Th× HT§ ®ỵc dïng ta nãi vỊ thêi khãa biĨu (timetables), ch¬ng tr×nh (programmes) eg The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m The film begins at p.m - Th× HT§ dïng sau nh÷ng cơm tõ chØ thêi gian: when, as soon as, vµ nh÷ng cơm tõ chØ ®iỊu kiƯn: if, unless eg When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach You won’t get good marks unless you work hard Adverbs: Often = usually = frequently, always = constantly, sometimes = occasionally, seldom = rarely, everyday/ week/ month II The present continuous tense (Thì tiếp diễn) Form : - Affirmative: S + am/is/are + V- ing…… - Negative: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing ….? Usage: - Th× HTTD diƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang diƠn vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë hiƯn t¹i (th êng cã c¸c tr¹ng tõ : now, right now, at the moment, at present) eg The children are playing football now - Th× HTTD còng thêng ®ỵc dïng theo sau c©u ®Ị nghÞ, mƯnh lƯnh eg Be quiet! The baby is sleeping Note: Kh«ng dïng th× HTTD víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c nh : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe (Víi c¸c ®éng tõ nµy ta thay b»ng th× HT§) eg She wants to go for a walk at the moment SO SÁNH SIMPLE PRESENT Với PRESENT CONTINUOUS Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian n chung khơng thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian ma việc diễn ngày (every day), tuần (every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… - He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer * Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (a current activity) hay việc làm (now/ at present/ at this moment), hơm (today), tuần nµy (this week), năm (this year)… - We are learning English now Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 - Mary is playing the piano at the moment Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day - I’m working in a bakery this week * CHÚ Ý : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) như: feel, see, hear… động từ trạng thái như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngồi dùng Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present dùng với trạng từ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never… - That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late + Chúng ta dùng Simple Present để chân lí hay thật hiển nhiên (a general truth) - The sun rises in the east - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom (2) Thì Present Continuous còng dùng để hành động tương lai gần (a near future action) Với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer… III The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện hồn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + has/have +V3/ed… - Negative: S + has/have + not + V3/ed… - Interrogative: Has/Have + S + V3/ed….? Usage : - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng võa míi x¶y ra, võa míi kÕt thóc, thêng ®i víi tr¹ng tõ “just” eg We have just bought a new car - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø, cßn kÐo dµi ®Õn hiƯn t¹i vµ cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕp tơc ë t¬ng lai eg You have studied English for five years - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng xả qu¸ khø mµ kh«ng biÕt râ thêi gian eg I have gone to Hanoi - Th× HTHT diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng ®ỵc lỈp ®i lỈp l¹i nhiỊu lÇn ë qu¸ khø eg We have seen Titanic three times - Th× HTHT dïng sau nh÷ng tõ so s¸nh ë cÊp cao nhÊt (trong lêi b×nh phÈm) eg It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen - Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time eg This is the first time I’ve lost my way - Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term nh÷ng thêi gian nµy vÉn cßn lóc nãi eg I haven’t seen Joana this morning Have you seen her? Note : - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to eg Marry has gone to Paris(®ang ë hc ®ang trªn ®êng ®Õn Pari) Marry has been to Paris(®· ®Õn nhng b©y giê kh«ng cßn ë Pari) Adverbs : - just, recently, lately :gÇn ®©y, võa míi - ever: ®· tõng - never: cha bao giê - already: råi - yet: cha (dïng c©u phđ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn) - since: tõ (chØ thêi ®iĨm mµ hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu) - for: kho¶ng (chØ kho¶ng thêi gian cđa hµnh ®éng) - so far = until now = up to now = up to the present : cho ®Õn nay, cho ®Õn tËn b©y giê Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 * Th× HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving Sư dơng t¬ng tù th× HTHT nhng mn nhÊn m¹nh tÝnh liªn tơc cđa hµnh ®éng eg You have been learning English for years SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để kết tình trạng (the result of the present state), việc xảy khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập lập lại nhiều lần kéo dài đến + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để tiếp diễn hành động (the continuity of an action) - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975 - We have been working in the garden all morning + Thì Present Perfect Continuous dùng với động từ : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… - They have been learning English since 1995 - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages IV The past simple tense (Thì Q khứ đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V2/ed… S + was/were…… - Negative: S + did + not + V1… S + was/were + not… - Interrogative: Did + S + V1….? Was/Were + S ….? Usage : - Th× QK§G diƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng x¶y qu¸ khø, ®· chÊm døt vµ biÕt râ thêi gian eg I went to the cinema last night Adverbs : - last, yesterday, ago, in 1989,… - Khi ®ỉi sang d¹ng phđ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn nhí ®a ®éng tõ chÝnh vỊ nguyªn mÉu - Chó ý c¸ch ph¸t ©m c¸c ®éng tõ cã tËn cïng lµ ‘ed’ SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST * Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để khứ không rõ thời điểm liên lạc với * Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với + CHÚ Ý : (1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years - The bell has just rung (2) Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác đònh : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago - We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday * Thì Simple Past dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out V The past continuous tense: (Thì q khứ tiếp diễn) Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 Form : - Affirmative: S + was/were + V-ing… - Negative: S + was/were + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Was/Were + S + V-ing….? Usage : - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian ë qu¸ khø eg Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the afternoon - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y t¹i mét thêi ®iĨm x¸c ®Þnh qu¸ khø eg We were learning English at a.m last Sunday - Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y (ë qu¸ khø) th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c xen vµo (Hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y dïng th× QKTD, hoµn ®éng xen vµo dïng th× QK§) eg When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast - Hai hµnh ®éng x¶y song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø eg Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book Note: Kh«ng dïng th× nµy víi c¸c ®éng tõ chØ nhËn thøc, tri gi¸c (thay b»ng QK§) Adverbs: - at p.m yesterday - at this time last Sunday SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy khứ - I met him in the street yesterday + Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) dùng để hành động kéo dài khứ tương ứng với hành động khác khứ - I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident + Thì Past Continuous diễn tả hành động kéo dài điểm thời gian xác đònh khứ hai hành động liên tiếp song song với - My father was watching TV at o’clock last night - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV VI The past perfect tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + had + V3/ed… - Negative: S + had + not + V3/ed… - Interrogative: Had + S + V3/ed….? Usage: DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø x¶y tríc mét thêi gian cụ thể hc tríc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c qu¸ khø (NÕu c©u cã hai hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø, hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y tríc ta dïng QKHT, hµnh ®éng nµo sau ta dïng QK§) eg They had live here before 1985 After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed VII The past perfect continuous tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: - Affirmative: S + had + been + Ving … - Negative: S + had + not + been + Ving… - Interrogative: Had + S + been + Ving….? Usage: DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø ®· x¶y vµ kÐo dµi cho ®Õn hµnh ®éng qu¸ khø thø hai x¶y (hµnh ®éng thø hai dïng QK§) Kho¶ng thêi gian kÐo dµi thêng ®ỵc nªu râ c©u eg The boys had been playing football for hours before I came SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động trước hành động khứ khác xảy Hãy so sánh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes (Hành động had been studying xảy liên tục hành động came for classes xảy ra) Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 - She had studied English before she came for classes (Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes) Và so sánh : - It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa dứt thức dậy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa thức dậy VIII The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn) Form : - Affirmative: S + will/shall + V1… - Negative: S + will/shall + not + V1… - Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V1….? Usage: - Dïng ta qut ®Þnh lµm mét ®iỊu g× ®ã vµo lóc nãi eg You will give your sentences now - Dïng ®Ĩ yªu cÇu, ®Ị nghÞ ®ã lµm g× eg Will you shut the door - Dïng ®Ĩ ®ång ý hc tõ chèi lµm g× eg: A: I need some money B: Don’t worry I’ll lend you some - Dïng ®Ĩ høa hĐn lµm ®iỊu g× eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dïng shall I vµ shall we ®Ĩ ®Ị nghÞ hc gỵi ý eg Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema? - Dïng I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll ta qut lµm / kh«ng lµm ®iỊu g× eg.I think I’ll stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight Adverbs : - someday :mét ngµy nµo ®ã - next week/ next month - tomorrow : - soon :ch¼ng bao l©u n÷a IX Near future (Thì tương lai gần) Form: S + Be (is/am/are) + Going to + V bare infi (dù ®Þnh sÏ) S + Be (is/am/are) +Ving (s¾p sưa) Usage: DiƠn t¶ hµnh ®éng sÏ x¶y t¬ng lai gÇn cã dù ®Þnh tríc (thêng c©u kh«ng cã tr¹ng tõ chØ thêi gian) eg They are going to repaint the school - DiƠn t¶ sù tiªn ®o¸n, sù kiƯn ch¾c ch¾n x¶y ë t¬ng lai v× cã dÊu hiƯu hay chøng cø ë hiƯn t¹i - eg Tom’s a good student He’s going to pass the final exam Look at those clouds It’s going to rain X The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) Form: S + will / shall + Be + Ving Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y t¹i mét thêi ®iĨm x¸c ®Þnh t¬ng lai eg I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ë t¬ng lai th× cã mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c x¶y eg I’ll be cooking when my mother return this evening SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả hành động xảy (có thời gian xác đònh tương lai); Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả hành động liên tiến điểm thời gian xác đònh tương lai - He will go to the stadium next Sunday - We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh : - I will eat breakfast at o’clock tomorrow - I will be eating breakfast at o’clock tomorrow Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 + Trong mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), Simple Present dùng để thay cho Simple Future - I shall not go until I see him - If he comes tomorrow, he will it + CHÚ Ý: WILL dùng cho tất XI The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành) Form : S + will + have + V(ed,3) Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng sÏ hoµn tÊt vµo mét thêi ®iĨm cho tríc ë t¬ng lai Thêng dïng c¸c cơm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By (+ mèc thêi gian ), By the time, By then eg We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock When you come back, I’ll have had lunch XII The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: S + will + have been + Ving Usage : - DiƠn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng b¾t ®Çu tõ qu¸ khø vµ kÐo dµi ®Õn mét thêi ®iĨm cho tríc ë t¬ng lai Thêng dïng c¸c cơm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By for (+ kho¶ng thêi gian), By the time , By then eg By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) dùng để hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác tương lai hay điểm thời gian tương lai - The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for years + Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động, dùng Future Perfect Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) - By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years * Sequence of tenses: (Sù phèi hỵp vỊ th× ) Trong c©u cã hai mƯnh ®Ị trë lªn, c¸c ®éng tõ ph¶i cã sù phèi hỵp vỊ th× Sù phèi hỵp cđa c¸c ®éng tõ mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh (main clause) vµ mƯnh ®Ị phơ (subordinate clause) nh sau : Main clause Subordinate clause - Simple present Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (nÕu thßi gian x¸c ®Þnh ë q/khø) - Simple past Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare infi - Simple present (nÕu diƠn t¶ mét ch©n lý) - Simple present Present perfect Page Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 - Simple past Past perfect eg Marry says she’ll come here next Sunday People have said that London has fog Sù phèi hỵp cđa c¸c ®éng tõ mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh vµ mƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh sau: Main clause Adverbial clause of time - Present tenses Present tenses - Past tenses Past tenses - Present tenses Future tenses + MƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian thêng ®ỵc b¾t ®Çu víi c¸c tõ nèi sau: - when: - until: - whenever : - just as :ngay - as: - since: - while: - no sooner than: - before: - hardly .when: khã .khi - after: - as long as: chõng nµo, cho ®Õn - as soon as: - till: eg You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises When I came there, it was raining hard I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V + Note:- Kh«ng ®ỵc dïng th× t¬ng lai (Future tenses) c¸c mƯnh ®Ị tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian (cã thĨ thay b»ng th× hiƯn t¹i) eg If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home - Trong trêng hỵp dïng tõ nèi Since lu ý: S +V (present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved eg You have been studying English since you came here SỰ HỒ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ Theo luật chung động từ hòa hợp với chủ ng÷ no ù- tức – chủ ngữ số động từ theo sau số ngược lại chủ ngữ số nhiều theo sau động số nhiều Tuy nhiên, ta ý 10 luật đặc biệt sau: [1]: Hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ số đựơc nối liên từ AND đòi hỏi động từ số nhiều - The boy and the girl love their parents dearly - Tom and Mary were late yesterday Tuy nhiên, hai chđ từ diễn tả người, vật hay ý tưởng chung động từ số - Bread and butter is my daily breakfast - To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life [2] : Hai chủ ng÷ nối với AND mà trước chủ ngữ đầu có EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO động từ phải số - Each boy and girl has a textbook - No teacher and student is present [3] : Khi hai chủ ngữ ø nối OR, EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR…thì động từ hồ hợp với chủ ng÷ gần - He or you are the best student in this class - Neither Jack nor I am willing to that [4] : Khi hai chủ ngữ đươcï nối AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, ALONG WITH động từ hòa hợp với chủ ngữ Page 10 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 A Unless you promise to try harder, I’ll help you B I won’t help you unless you promise to try harder C I’ll help you even when you promise to try harder D I won’t help you even when you promise to try harder John began playing the organ five years ago A John has been playing the organ five years ago B John has played the organ for five years C John has been playing the organ for five years D John used to play the organ five years ago She can’t have any more children because of her old age A She isn’t young enough to have more children B She isn’t young to have more children C She isn’t so young that to have more children D She is too old that to have more children I like watching TV more than listening to the radio A I prefer watching TV to listening to the radio B I prefer watching TV than listening to the radio C I’d better watching TV to listening to the radio D I’d better watch TV to listening to the radio Unless you keep your feet dry, you will catch a cold A You won’t catch a cold even if you don’t keep your feet dry B You will catch a cold if you don’t keep your feet dry C You will catch a cold if you keep your feet dry D Unless you keep your feet wet, you won’t catch a cold Parents always make their children wash their hands before meals A Children are always made to wash their hands before meals B Children are always made wash their hands before meals C Parents always allow their children to wash their hands before meals D Parents always let their children wash their hands before meals The bookshelf was so high that Heidi couldn’t reach it A The bookshelf was too high that Heidi couldn’t reach it B The bookshelf was too high for Heidi to reach C The bookshelf wasn’t slow enough for Heidi to reach D B and C Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer A Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer B Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand computer C Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer D Peter was glad to buy secondhand computer It was such a dull play that he fell asleep A The play was not interesting enough that he fell asleep B The play was too dull that he fell asleep C The play was so dull that he fell asleep D The play was very dull that he fell asleep The garden is too small to play football in A The garden is so small not to play football in B The garden is small enough to play football in C The garden isn’t big enough to play football in D The garden is such small that they can’t play football in Donald could not help weeping when he heard the bad news A Donald could not stop himself from weeping at the bad news Page 107 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 B Donald could not allow himself to weep at the bad news C Donald could not help himself and so he wept D Donald could not help himself because he was weeping 58 Caroline asked me what time the meeting would end A Caroline said, “What time will the meeting end?” B Caroline said, “What time would the meeting end?” C Caroline said, “What time the meeting will end?” D Caroline said, “What time the meeting would end?” 59.I’ve never eaten this food before A It’s the first time I’ve eaten this food B It’s the most tasty food I’ve ever eaten C I’ve never eaten such a good food before D the food is so good that I’ve never eaten before 60 We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad A It was so bad a weather that we couldn’t go out B It was such a bad weather that we couldn’t go out C It was so bad weather that we couldn’t go out D It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out Unit 14 – 15 : Phrasal verbs  Exercise I/ Choose the most appropriate preposition to fill in each blank up after on off in I’d like to listen to some music Would you please turn the radio… .? Please try to give… smoking It is not good for your health Don’t put… your homework anymore the deadline is coming When I was young, my uncle looked… me because my parents were abroad Before you enter the class, you need to fill… this form so that we can have your personal information Exercise II Choose one of the following phrasal verbs to complete the sentneces look up look after find out go on turn down give up grow up break down We'll buy a smaller house when the children and left home The computer isn't working - it this morning It was not problem We his number in the telephone book Who the cats when we go away on holiday? I where he lived by checking in the local library My headaches have been much better since I drinking coffee 'What _here? What are you doing?' I _their offer because they weren't going to pay me enough money Exercise III- Choose from the four options given(marked A,B,C or D) one best answer to complete each sentence The driver skidded and ….a dog A ran B ran in to C ran after D ran over Aren’t you going to …the dress…before you buy it? A try/ X B try/ up C try/ on Page 108 D try /in Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 I’m sorry, sir But you’ve already worn these dress That’s why we can’t…it… A take/ back B take /after C take/ in D take/ again Are you telling the truth? Or are you … this story A making B making up C making for D doing Perhaps important supplies of food and minerals were suddenly… A cut out B cut off C cut down D cut back His alarm clock is always set for six o'clock He arises at the same time every day A turns off B gets up C puts on She telephoned her friend to tell him about the meeting They decided to drive there together A turned on C called up Some old friends of mine visited us last night A called on B took off B called up C wore out Fortunately, Marie is associating well with her new co-workers A calling on B talking over C getting along with Exercise IV Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the phrasal verb in brackets You may have to change the form Peter is just like his father! (take after) Peter _ Quite by chance, Brenda met Philip at the station, (run into) Brenda _ 3.Tina's car stopped working on the way to Scotland, (break down) Tina's car 4.Ruth's party has been postponed until next month, (put off) Ruth's party It would be a good idea to stop drinking coffee, (give up) It would be a good idea _ I saw their number in the phone directory, (look up) I _ 7.We offered them £250,000 for the house but they refused our offer, (turn down) We offered them £250,000 for the house _ It took me a long time to recover from my illness, (get over) It took me I’m thinnking about my next holiday with pleasure (look) I’m looking forward 10.You don’t need to wear your rain coat it is so hot here ( take) You can Unit 16 : Clauses of time  Exercise I.Match an adverbial clause in A with its main clause in B A B Page 109 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 By the time we got to the station, a It's two hours since Mary rang b she went home 3.While Mary was washing-up, c she broke a cup After Jill had given Nick his books, d.What were you doing when I phoned you last night? e the train had left until Mrs Hall comes back f I received a phone call When I got home g we'll phone you As soon as we're ready, h Pleasewait here Exercise II Put each verb given into the correct tense When Harry (wake up) _, we told him the news Everyone (wait) for the concert to begin when a message (come) When the film started, I (already arrive) ten minutes before It's a long time since we (not speak) _ to your sister After I finish University I (travel) all over Europe by InterRail Hand in your paper as soon as you (finish) By the time you leave here, I (collect) over 1000 Euros for charity When I see her again, I (tell) _ her your news Exercise III For each question, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using no more than three words Steve left before my arrival When I _already left I'll wait here until it stops raining When it stops raining _leave In the middle of my meal, the phone rang While I _my meal the phone rang I haven't been to the cinema for ages It's _last went to the cinema Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water After Michael _a deep breath, he dived into the water When he was younger David played tennis David _tennis when he was younger Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play By the time we get to the theatre, the play _ Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better After Kate _two aspirins, she felt a lot better MẪU CÂU GIAO TIẾP Page 110 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 1) CÁC MẪU ĐỀ NGHỊ NGƯỜI KHÁC GIÚP MÌNH: Đề nghị - V0 , please - Can you / Could you + V0 - Would you please + V0 - Will you + V0 - I wonder if you'd/ could + V0 - Would / Do you mind V-ing Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Sure - No problem - What can I for you? - How can I help you? Trả lời khơng đồng ý I'm sorry (I'm busy ) I'm afraid I can't/ couldn't - No I don't mind - No, of course not - Not at all - I'm sorry, I can't ) CÁC MẪU MÌNH MUỐN GIÚP NGƯỜI KHÁC: Trả lời đồng ý -Yes Thank you -That's very kind of you Yes, please Oh, would you really? Thanks a lot -Shall I - Would you like me to -Do you want me to - What can I for you ? - May I help you ? - Do you need any help? - Let me help you - Can I help you ? Trả lời khơng đồng ý No Thank you No, thank you I can manage No, there's no need But thanks all the same Well, that's very kind of you, but I think I can manage, thanks ) CÁC MẪU XIN PHÉP NGƯỜI KHÁC: - May I ? - Can I .? Could I -May I go out ? -Do you think I could -I wonder if I could -Is it all right if I - Would you mind if I + QKĐ - Would you mind if I smoked ? - Do you mind if I + HTĐ Do you mind if I smoke ? Trả lời đồng ý - Certainly - Of course - Please - Please go ahead - Yes, by all means Trả lời khơng đồng ý - I'd rather you didn't - I'd prefer You didn't -No, I'm afraid you can't -I'm sorry, but you can't - No, of course not - Not at all - Please - Please go ahead ) CÁC MẪU CÂU RỦ, GỢI Ý LÀM GÌ : Shall I / we (do)? Let's (do) Why don't I / we (do)? How about (doing)? What about (doing)? I think we should (do) I suggest that we (do) It might be a good idea if we / you (do) I think the best way of dealing with this situation would Page 111 Trả lời đồng ý Trả lời khơng đồng ý No, let's not Yes, I think that's a good idea That's probably the best option Sure, why not? Yes, definitely By all means Good idea Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 be to (do) 10 If you ask me, I think we / you should/ could V (do) ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CÁM ƠN: Trả lời - You're welcome - That's all right - Not at all - It's my pleasure - Thank you - Thank you very much - Thanks a lot - Thanks a lot for ) CÁC MẪU CÂU hỏi lại nghe khơng rõ: - Pardon? ( chữ thơng dụng em cần nhớ) - Please say that again - Could you repeat that? ) CÁC MẪU CÂU MỜI: a) Mời ăn uống: Ví dụ: Đáp lại: b) Mời đâu: Ví dụ: - Would you like + ăn/uống Would you like a cup of tea? ( mời bạn uống trà) - Yes, please / - No, thanks - Would you like + to inf Would you like to go to the cinema with me? ( mời bạn xem phim với tơi) Would you like to go to the party? ( mời bạn dự tiệc) ) CÁC MẪU CÂU CẢNH BÁO : Don't move! Look out! Mind you head! Be careful! Watch out! Take care! 10) CÁC MẪU CÂU CHUNG : Showing Uh-huh! Right! Really? That's interesting! interest And? What then? Oh? What happened next? (Thể quan tâm) Showing that Now, you mentioned So, that's how ? you're listening Yes, I was going to ask you about that Could you give me / us an example (Thể bạn of ? lắng Could you explain in more detail ? nghe) Thanking and Many thanks Thanks a lot Cheers! responding That's very kind of you Thank you very much Not at all ( Cảm ơn It's a pleasure / My pleasure You're welcome Don't mention it đáp lại lời cảm 10 Any time 11 That's OK / all right ơn ) 12 I'm glad to have been of some help Apologizing ( Xin lỗi ) Sorry Excuse me I apologize I'm very/awfully/so/extremely sorry Sorry, (it was) my fault Please accept my apologies Page 112 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 Accepting an apology ( Chấp nhận lời xin lỗi) Giving instructions ( Đưa lời hướng dẫn ) Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem hiểu hay chưa) That's all right/OK That's quite/perfectly all right Don't worry about it Not to worry No reason/need to apologize Make sure Remember (to do) Be careful (not to do) Don't forget (to do) Giving directions Go straight on Take the first/second on the left / right Turn left / right Go along as far as 10 Take the number bus / tram 11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) 12 Carry on until you see 13 Look out for Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense MỘT SỐ CÂU GIAO TIẾP THƯỜNG GẶP 1.A: “More coffee ? Anybody ?” B: “………………….” A I don’t agree.I’m afraid” B.I’d love to 2.A: “ Do you like the weather here ?” B: “ I wish it…………………” A.doesn’t rain B.didn’t rain 3.A: “ Oh,I’m really sorry” B: “…………………” A.It was a pleasure B.That’s all right 4.A: “ What’s your hobby,Hoa? B: “…………………….” A.Well, I like collecting stamps C.Well,I want stamps A: “You look nice today I like your new hairstyle” B: “………………………” A.It’s nice of you to say so C.Oh, Well done A: “ A motorbike knocked Ted down.” B: “ …………………… A.ưhat is it now? B.Poor Ted! A: “ I have bought you a toy.Happy birthday to you!” B: “…………………” A.The same to you B.Have a nice day! 8.A “………………” B: “Oh, It’s great” A.How is the English competition ? C.yes,please D.It’s right.I think C.won’t rain D.hadn’t rained C.Thanks D.Yes, why? B.Oh, with computers D.Oh,on the phone B.Shall I? Thanks D.I feel interesting to hear that C.How terrific! D.What a motorbike! C.What a pity! D.What a lovely toy ! thanks Page 113 B.Would you like the English competition? Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 C.What you like about the English competition? D.What you think of the English competition ? “ Peter : “ Do you feel like going to the cinema this everning ?” Mary: “……………………………” A.I don’t agree.I’m afraid B.You’re welcome C.That would be great D.I feel very bored 10 Laura: “ What a lovely house you have “ Mary: “……………….” A.Of course not, It’s not costly B.Thank you Hope you will drop in C I think so D No problem 11 A : “ Has an announcement been made about the eight o’clock flight to Paris ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes,it’s was B.Sorry,I don’t C.I don’t think that D.Not yet 12.A: “Would you mind lending me your bike?” B: “…………………….” A Yes.Here it is B.Not at all C.Yes,let’s D.Great 13.A: “…………….detective stories?” B: “In my opinion,they are very good for teenagers” A.How about B.Are you fond of C.What you think about D.What people feel about? 14.Hellen : “ Congratulations !” Jane : “…………….” A.What a pity B.Thank you C.I’m sorry D.You are welcome 15.Linda : “ Excuse me ! Where ‘s the post office ?” Maria: “………………… ” A.It’s over there B.I’m afraid not C.Don’t worry D.Yes, I think so 16.Tom: “ How did you get there ?” John: “ ………………” A.Is it far from here ? B.I came here by trainC.I came here last night D.The train is so crowded 17.Alice : “ What shall we this everning?” Carol: “………………….” A.Let’s go out for dinner B.No problem C.Thank you D.Not at all 19.Mary: “Whose bike is that?” Tom :”…………….” A.No, It’s over there B.It’s Jane C.It’s just outside D.It’s Jane’s 20.Peter : “ How you go to school?” Mary: “…………………” A.I go there early B.Everyday,Except Sunday C.I don’t think so D.I go there by bus 21.A: “ Bye” B: “………… ” A.See you lately B.Thank you C.Meet you again D.See you later 23.A: “ I’ve passed my driving test” B: “………………… ” A.Congratulations! B.That’s agood idea C.It’s nice of you to say so D.Do you? 24.A: “ would you like to have dinner with me ?” B: “……………….” A.Yes, I love to B.Yes, so I C.I’m very happy D.Yes,it is 25.Ann: “……… where the nearest post office is ? Linda: “ Turn left and then turn right” A.Could you tell me B.Should you show me C Do you tell me D.Will you say me 26.A : “ How you ?” Page 114 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 B: “…………….” A.How you ? B.Not too bad C.I’m well.Thank D.Yeah,OK 27.Peter: “ I enjoy listening to pop music” Maria: “……………… ” A.I’m too B.I don’t C.Neither I D.So am I 28 A: It’s hot in here? B: “ …….I open the window?” A.Did B.Shall C.Would D.Do 29 David : “ Jame is a very brave man “ Bob: “ Yes, I wish I………… his encourage” A.had B.will have C.have had D.have 30.David: “ You’ ve got a beautiful dress!” Hellen: “ ……………… ” A.I B.Thank you C.You,too D.Okay 31.Sue: “ I love music” Alice : “……………” A.So I B.No, I won’t C.Yes, I like it D.Neither I 32.Maria: “ I’m taking my end term examination tomorrow: Sarah : “……………… ” A.Good luck B.Good day C.good time D.Good chance 33 Hang: “ Thank for your help,Lan:” Lan: “ ………………… ” A.with all my heart B.Never remind me C.It’s my pleasure D.Wish you 34.Ann: “ Do you think it will rain?” Peter : “…………………” A.I don’t hope B.I hope not C.I don’t hope so D.It’s hopeless 35.Ann: “ Do you think you you will get the job?” Mary: “………………….” A.Yes, that’s right B.I think not C.I know so D.Well,I hope so 36 David: “ Happy Christmas !” Peter : “………… ” A.The same to you! B.Happy christmas to you! C.You are the same ! D.Same for you! 37.A: “…………going on a picnic this weekend ?” B: “ That’s great !” A.Why don’t we B.Would you like C.How about D.Let’s 38.What an attractive hair style you have got, Mary!- _ A Thank you very much I am afraid C You are telling a lie B Thank you for your compliment D I don't like your sayings 39.You look great in this new dress - A With pleasure B Not at all C I am glad you like it D Do not say anything about it 40.How well you are playing! - A Say it again I like to hear your words C I think so I am proud of myself B Thank you too much D Many thanks That is a nice compliment 41 I’m sorry It’s late I must go now - A You are welcome B Good bye See you soon C Not at all D Hello 42.What a lovely hat you have! – Thanks …………… A that’s OK B I don’t care C I’m glad you like it D certainly 43 A: How’s life? – B: A Sure B Not too bad, but very busy Page 115 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 C Very well, thank you D Pleased to meet you 44 A: “Thank you for the lovely present.” –B: “ ” A Go ahead B Not at all C Come on D I’m pleased you like it 45.A: “Thank you very much” B: …………………… A.Not at all B.You are well come C.That’s all right D.All are correct 46 A: “Do you fancy a coffee?” B: ……………………… A.Oh,dear B.Everything is ok C.Oh,yes I ‘d love one D.How you 47 A:“You look nice in that red shirt.” B: ………………………… A.It’s nice of you to say so B.Am I? Thanks C.Oh,poor me D.I’m interesting to hear that 48 A: Peter had an accident.he’s been in hospital for days” B: …………………………… A.Poor it B.Poor him C.how terrific D.Oh,Is he? 49 A: “Happy birthday! This is a small present for you” B:………………………… A.What a pity B.How beautiful it is ! Thanks C.Have a good time D.How terrble! 50 A: “How are you getting on ?” B: ……………………………… A.All right B.Not bad C.It’s Ok D All are correct 51 A: “ I’m sorry.It ‘s late I must go now.Bye bye” B: ……………………………… A.You are welcome B.Goodbye.See you soon C.Not at all D.Hello 52.A: “ Thank you for a lovely evening.” B: ………………………… A.You are welcome B.Have a good day C.Thanks D.Che 53 A: “ Do you mind if I use your bike” B:………………………… A.Yes you B.Yes , It’s my pleasure C.No, you don’t D.No, You can use it 54 A: “ Congratulations!” B:………………………… A.What a pity! B.Thank you C.I’m sory D.You are welcome 55 A : “ ………………… ” B: I’m in teaching A.What you for a living ? B.What you earn for a living? C.How you live? D What are you working ? Question I: Phonetics _A Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the other words: A abnormality _ B invaluable C miraculous D vaporize A swamp _ B sword C twig D welfare A accessible _ B cosmetic C convenient D conventional A focus _ B smoker C alone D slop Page 116 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 A deafness B release C treatment D seal _B Pick out the word that has the stress pattern different from that of the other words: A invaluable _ B investigate C intimacy D intensity A militant _ B miracle C birthmark D potentially A ancestry B caress C conspicuous A forefather _ B reassure C surgery D vaporize 10 A undergrowth _ B untreatable C solidify D conventional D perversity Question II: In each of the following sentences, four words or phrases have been underlined Choose the one word or phrase that would not be appropriate 11 The laser beam can attack direct and accurate the diseased cells so that the healthy A B C neighbours are left unharmed D 12 The advantage of laser treatment is that it leaves healthy cells unharm A B C D 13 This is the school at which Uncle Ho used to studying when he was young A B C D 14 Laser is used to treating cancer by destroying diseased cells A B C D 15 The laser beam seal the red blood vessels so that the birthmark becomes less conspicuous A B C D 16 The patient is injected with a chemical so it attaches itself to cancer cells A B C D 17 A nonsmoker usually feels uncomfortably when someone is smoking in his house A B C D 18 Force to go out in cold weather, the dog seemed to be very disappointed A B C D 19 Most women used to stay at home and doing housework A B C D 20 There are many things what used to be done by hands are done by machines now A B C D Question III: Choose the best word or phrase to complete these sentences: 21 They don’t shake hands when they are introduced …………………… each other Page 117 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 _A with B about C for _D to 22 The dog inherited the knowledge ……….its ancestry A by B of C from D with 23 There are more and more people who died AIDS A of B from C at D on 24 Non smokers are militant …………… smoking in the public A for B to C with D about 25 Surgeon use lasers ……… miraculously accurate scalpels A for B as C of D with 26 More than 15 years has but I never forget the time when I first met him A gone on B gone up C gone out D gone by 27 The boss asked his secretary to … the figures and calculation again A go over B go on C go away D go up 28 There was a power failure, all the lights , but we had no candle A went back B went away C went out D went on 29 The price of oil and petrol is ………… because of the war in Iraq A going on B going up C going after D going ahead 30 They are accustomed ……………up late at weekends A with getting B to get C by getting D to getting 31 These days almost everybody ………….the dangers of smoking A know of B are aware of C is aware about D is aware of 32 The man and his dogs were reported missing yesterday have just been found safe A who B whom C that D which 33 I am accustomed to working on the computer A used to working B used to work C being used to work D using to work 34 In America, when a woman and a man are introduced, shaking hands is up to a woman A depends on B replies on C waits on D congratulates on 35 A few diseases are still in the world A treatable B untreatable C treated D untreated 36 He always tells lies His word is A value B valuable C invaluable D valueless 37 She is totally ……… in her detective novel A absorbed B absorbing C absorbent D absorptive 38 He has a for English novel A preference B preferentially C preferential D prefer 39 His work suffered because of his total in sport A absorb B absorbent C absorbed D absorption 40 Freedom and ……… are all that Vietnamese people had to struggle for years A dependent B dependence C independence D independent 41 The noise me I cannot hear anything A deaf B deafness C deafened D deafen 42 In the last few years, this area has become A industry B industrial C industrialize D industrialized 43 Thanks to the laser beams, at last, he could get rid of the ……………….birthmark on his face A normal B abnormal C abnormality D abnormally 44 There was no keen between the dog and the man A intimate B intimacy C intimated D intimating 45 You will your health if you don’t give up smoking A danger B dangerous C dangerously D endanger 46 In winter, Western people usually wear a hat with ……… to prevent them from cold A eardrum B ear flaps C earrings D earphones 47 The local authority has made great to prevent flood A efforts B effects C affords D offers 48 Uncle Ho’s desire was that our country might other countries in the world A keep pace with B be fed up with C make use of D take grand for Page 118 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 49 You are a bit I think you should more exercise and go on diet A overnight B overdose C overcome D overweight 50 That beautiful girl died of an … morphine A overdose B overweight C overhear D overdo 51 My father has been working as a teacher ………… over 30 years A since B for C during D ago 52 ………….the laser beam is very thin, it is intense enough to drill through the most delicate bones A When B While C Since D Although 53 Sally said she ……… twenty the following week A was B is C will be D would be 54 Don’t bother me while I ……………… A am working B was working C will work D will have completed 55 How long have you attended your ………………… training? A military B militaristic C militarism D militarize 56 I the book by the time you come tonight A will be finishing B finished C have finishing D will have finished 57 Before cars , people horses and bicycle A were discovered / had used B discovered / had to use C is discovered / had been used D had been discovered / have been using 58 How since we school? A are you / left B will you be / had left C have you been / left D had you been/ had left 59 When he came A I was watching TV B I watched TV C I am watching TV D I have watched TV 60 It was not good to walk outside in ……………… A such a fearful cold B such fearful cold C such fear coldness D so fearful a cold 61 We walked out of the room silently ………… disturb the sleeping baby A in order to B not to C as not to D so as not to 62 She read about the company beforehand so as …………her chances of getting the job A to improve B to improving C to be improved D to not improve 63 I’m going on diet in order to A gain weight B become fatter C lose weight D lost weight 64 I whispered so that …………………………… A I wouldn’t want anyone to hear our conversation B no one would hear our conversation C no one wouldn’t hear our conversation D I wanted no one to hear our conversation 65 He spoke in a low voice in order that A nobody can hear what he said B everybody could understand his saying C any body would be able to hear D nobody could hear his conversation 66 “Many people think Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure”, It means …………………… A The American love of adventure is thought to be represented by Jack London’s life and writings B It is thought that Jack London’s life and writings represent the American love of adventure C Jack London is thought to represent the American love of adventure by his life and writings D It is thought that Jack London represents the American love of adventure by his life and writings 67 “The last time I met him was in 2002” It means…………………………… A I have usually met him since 2002 B I have not met him since 2002 C I have not met him for 2002 D I met him since 2002 68 No one has seen Linda since the day of the party It means…………………………… A Linda has not been seen since the day of the party B Linda is nowhere to be seen at the party C The party is going on without Linda D No one has seen Linda for ages 69 “He lost his job three months ago” It means ……………………………… A They are three months since he lost his job B It is three months ago since he lost his job C It is three months since he lost his job D It had been three months ago since he has lost his job D My sister felt tired to go to bed early 70 Thousands of houses were destroyed because the storm was so terrible It means………… A The storm was so terrible that thousands of houses weren’t destroyed B It was such terrible storm that thousands of houses were destroyed C It was such a terrible storm that thousands of houses were destroyed Page 119 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 D The storm was too terrible for thousands of houses to be destroyed Question IV: Read the passage and then decide which word (A, B, C, or D) best fits each space When you are (1)………… by an American host and hostess, you can bring (2)………… when coming to visit them You should offer to help them in same ways by asking if there is any thing you can in the (3)…………… In many cases, the (4)…………… is more important than actually helping Moreover, you should know about the American (5) ……………… in order not to make them uncomfortable without meaning to or without even realizing it People in the U.S make a (6)………… of trying to make others feel comfortable and relaxed (7)…………… the whole, they tend to be (8) Men shake hands only when they are (9)……… When a woman and man are introduced, shaking hands is up (10) the woman 71 (1) A inviting B invited C invite D invitation 72 (2) A wine B food C nothing D presents 73 (3) A living room B dining room C kitchen D sitting room 74 (4) A gesture B means C requires D demands 75 (5) A cultural B customary C traditional D custom 76 (6) A decision B point C speech D use 77 (7) A in B on C at D over 78 (8) A formal B informal C formality D informality 79 (9) A introduced B introducing C introduction D introduce 80 (10) A to B from C with D for While military scientists test lasers against satellites, (1) use them as miraculously accurate scalpels The (2) can be focused to spot one fiftieth the size of a human hair, yet its intensity is enough to kill cancer (3) leaving their healthy neighbours unharmed or drill through the most delicate bones (4) touching any of the surrounding tissue So it is invaluable in ear (5) and cancer (6) In cosmetic surgery, the (7) beam helps make birthmarks (8) conspicuous and transform the lives of people (9) had to suffer (10) lifetime physical abnormality 81 (1) A doctor B nurse C workers D surgeons 82 (2) A light B wave C beam D radar 83 (3) A cells B sick C treatment D chemicals 84 (4) A with B without C by D in 85 (5) A drum B surgery C surgeon D operate 86 (6) A cells B chemical C surgery D treatment 87 (7) A wave B intensity C laser D light 88 (8) A less B more C normal D abnormal 89 (9) A whose B which C who D whom 90 (10) A to B from C with D for Question V: Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each questions from the four choices (A, B, C or D) given Jack London life and writing are thought by many to represent the American love of adventure He was born in San Francisco, California in 1876 And quit school at fourteen to become a sailor He traveled a lot during his short lifetime, in the United States, Europe, and the Far East When gold was discovered in Alaska in 1897, Jack London answered the call of adventure and took part in the famous “gold rush” His experience in the wild northern country provided him with material for his later stories and novels Jack London achieved fame with the publication of his first volume of short stories “The Son of the Wolf” in 1900 He wrote 19 novels and 10 collections of short stories during the remaining sixteen years of his life Many of his novels and stories appear to be the word of a hack writer, but a few have become minor classes, notably three novels “The Call of the Wild” (1903), “White Fang” (1906) and “Martin Eden” (1909) Although London gained great material wealth, he never could conquer in his inner struggle, like the man is one of his best stories “To Build a Fire” London wasn’t able to discover his place in the Universe He died in 1916 after he had taken a lethal dosage of medicine at his ranch in California 91 What Jack London’s life and writings represent? A the American love of traveling B the American love of adventure C the American love of working D the American love of writing 92 When did he become a sailor? A at the age of forty B at forty years old C when he was fourteen D when he quit school at forty 93 Jack London achieved fame with the first publication of……………………… A “The Son of the Wolf” B “The Call of the Wild” C “White Fang” D “Martin Eden” 94 He died at………………… A 14 B 24 C 40 D 44 95 He die because of …………………………… Page 120 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết tập anh văn lớp 12 A using an overdose of morphine C his poverty B his illness D living alone in California Jack London was the famous American novels and short story writer He was born in San Francisco, California in 1876 He quit school to become a sailor when he was fourteen He was a self-taught student He finished his high school and college education during six months He led an adventurous but poor life His viewpoint was in favour of the poor and socialism He took a high place in American literature at the beginning of the century The characters in Jack London’s books live a different life, a life of danger In his stories, the heroes are afraid of nothing and no thing can stop them People in his books never give up hope, they never stop fighting for life even when the end seems very near In 1916 he committed suicide because of despair of life and disillusion with American dream He used an overdose of morphine and drowned himself in the sea He was an adventurous novelist, a Socialist reformer and prominent socialist who often signed under the line “Yours for the Revolution, Jack London” 96 Jack London quit school in …………………………… A 1916 B 1890 C.1876 D.1895 97 He had a/an ……………………….life A rich and quiet B adventurous and poor C rich and adventurous D poor and quiet 98 He was in favour of…………………… A capitalism B the rich and the poor C self-teaching D the poor and socialism 99 People in Jack London’s books………………… A are afraid of everything B stop fighting for life C never stop hope D never live in a dangerous life 100 Why did he commit suicide? A He used to have a dream B Because of socialism C Because he left the party D Because of despair of life and disillusion with American dream Page 121 [...]... ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommand, encourage, urge, warn, want  §éng tõ têng tht + ®éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (to-infinitive) *§éng tõ têng tht:agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide  Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V  Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V Page 12 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12. .. consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t bear, can’t stand, be worth, be busy, it’s no use, there’s no… - We enjoy listening to music - I can’t help laughing when she makes jokes B ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU: (Infinitive) Động từ nguyên mẫu thường có giới từ to đứng trước (to do, to learn, to help, to advise…) và được dùng trong... dïng: - Tríc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®ỵc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o - Hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y - C¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m Page 23 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 vÝ dơ: u : an uncle h : an hour - Hc tríc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®ỵc ®äc nh 1 nguyªn ©m VÝ dơ: an L- plate, an SOS, an MP a - ®ỵc dïng: - Tríc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phơ ©m (consonant) - Dïng tríc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu... CLAUSES I Noun clauses: - Lµ mét mƯnh ®Ị phơ lµm c«ng viƯc cđa mét danh tõ - Noun clause: ®ỵc nèi víi mƯnh ®Ị chÝnh bëi c¸c tõ nèi: That, who, what, which, where, when, how, whether - Khi dïng c¸c tõ nèi trªn, ®éng tõ trong M§ danh ng÷ chia ë thĨ x¸c ®Þnh, kh«ng chia ë thĨ nghi vÊn Page 16 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 1 Noun clause lµm chđ ng÷ trong c©u: eg What he said was not true... nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi tªn cđa mét khu vùc ®Þa lý VÝ dơ: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany - The + tªn c¸c ®å hỵp xíng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cỉ ®iĨn, c¸c ban nh¹c phỉ th«ng VÝ dơ: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles - The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biĨn/ khinh khÝ cÇu VÝ dơ: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain Page 25 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12. .. +O V d She looks after her children properly Page 32 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 3 Lo¹i 3: Đéng tõ kh«ng ®i víi bỉ ng÷ trùc tiÕp - ®©y lµ néi ®éng tõ Ta kh«ng ®ỵc t¸ch rêi hai phÇn cđa cơm ®éng tõ C«ng thøc: V + Adverb Vd: break down , break up, get away, get by, go down, hold on, pass away, pass out, set off/ set out, stand out, take off 4 Lo 4: Đéng tõ bao gåm c¶ tr¹ng tõ vµ giíi... pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 - Th× HT§ thay v× dïng th× TL§ * Sau As vµ While ta hay dïng ®éng tõ th× tiÕp diƠn GERUNDS & INFINITIVES A DANH ĐỘNG TỪ: (Gerund) Danh động từ có cấu trúc giống như hiện tại phân từ (tức là động từ thêm ING) : talking, learning, cutting, lying… Danh động t , như tên gọi, là động từ dùng như danh từ Danh động từ chủ yếu đứng ở vò tr , và thực hiện chức năng, của... (that ), On condition (that) (víi ®iỊu kiƯn lµ ), As long as, so long as (miƠn l , víi ®iỊu kiƯn lµ ), Suppose, supposing (gi¶ sư nh ), In case (trong trêng hỵp ), Even if (ngay c¶ khi, dï cho dïng ®Ĩ chØ sù t¬ng ph¶n hay nhÊn m¹nh ), cã thĨ dïng thay cho If trong c©u ®iỊu kiƯn eg Supposing it rains, what will you do ? Page 15 Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 I’ll accept your invitation provided... to a problem Tìm giải pháp fill in complete a sentence by writing in a blank Điền vào fill up fill completely with gas, water, coffee, etc Đổ đầy, làm đầy find out discover information Tìm ra, phát hiện ra get in enter a car, a taxi Lên xe, tax i get off leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle Xuống xe bt, máy bay get on enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle Lên xe get.. .Ngữ pháp – lý thuyết và bài tập anh văn lớp 12 - John, as well as you, is responsible for this act - Tom, with his friends, is in the car [5] : Một danh từ tập hợp (collective noun) cần 1 động từ số nhiều khi ta ngụ ý nói tới từng cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy, nhưng động từ vẫn là số ít nếu ta ngụ ý nói chung chung coi cả tập hợp như một đơn vị - The family of this