Series on Innovation in Structures and Construction —Vol Series Editors: A S Elnashai & P J Dowling DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHRISE REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ht :// ta ili eu x d co m Editor: Hiroyuki Aoyama irfk Imperial College Press ht :// ta ili eu xd co m DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHRISE REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SERIES ON INNOVATION IN STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTION Editors: A S Elnashai (University of Illinois at P J Dowling (University of Surrey) Urbana-Champaign) Published Earthquake-Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings by M Tomazevic Vol 2: Implications of Recent Earthquakes on Seismic Risk by A S Elnashai & S Antoniou Vol 3: Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures by H Aoyama ht :// ta ili eu xd co m Vol 1: Series on Innovation in Structures and Construction — Vol Series Editors: A S Elnashai & P J D o w l i n g eu x d co m DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHRISE REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ili Editor Hiroyuki Aoyama ht :// ta University of Tokyo, Japan ICP Imperial College Press Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 d co m UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE ili e ux British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library //t a DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHRISE REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Copyright © 2001 by Imperial College Press ht : All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher ISBN 1-86094-239-3 Printed in Singapore by Uto-Print Preface eu xd co m Reinforced concrete (RC) as construction material has been used for a wide range of building structures throughout the world, owing to its advantages such as versatile architecture application, low construction cost, excellent durability and easy maintenance However, its use in seismic countries and areas in the world has been limited to lowrise or mediumrise buildings, considering inherent lack of structural safety against earthquakes In the last several decades, highrise RC buildings finally emerged in Japan, under the increased social need of more advanced types of RC buildings Such a new type of structures was developed with the tremendous technical efforts for new high strength material, new design method, and new construction method, backed up by vast amount of research accomplishment ht :// ta ili A five year national research project, entitled "Development of Advanced Reinforced Concrete Buildings using High Strength Concrete and Reinforcement", was conducted in 1988-1993 by the coalition of many research organizations in Japan with the Building Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction as the central key organization The major incentive of this national research project was to further promote construction of highrise RC buildings as well as other advanced types of RC structures, by providing new high strength material and new design and construction methods suitable for such material This national research project was simply referred to "the New RC" project Now it is more than five years since the conclusion of the New RC project It is quite clear that the project was successful and effective in finding numerous applications in the practical design and construction of advanced RC structures This book was written as an effort to disseminate major findings of the project so as to help develop modern RC buildings in seismic countries and areas in the world It consists of the following nine chapters In Chapter 1, development and structural features of highrise RC buildings up to the onset of the New RC project are explained It was the major motivation of the New RC project to develop even taller highrise RC buildings in seismic areas Methods of seismic design and dynamic response analysis, vi Preface ht :// ta ili e ux d co m prevalent at the time of New RC project initiation, are also introduced in this chapter In Chapter 2, the development goal of the New RC project, development organizations and the outline of expected results are mentioned Chapter is entitled "high strength materials", and describes the development of high strength concrete and reinforcement and their mechanical characteristics Chapter describes the structural tests of New RC structural members such as beams, columns, walls, and so on, subjected to simulated seismic loading, and the evaluation methods of structural performance of New RC members and assemblies Chapter is entitled "finite element analysis", and describes the development of nonlinear finite element analysis models for New RC members, examples of analysis that supplement the structural testing of Chapter 4, and the guidelines for nonlinear finite element analysis Chapter introduces the New RC Structural Design Guidelines, emphasizing the new seismic design method for New RC highrise buildings, which basically consists of evaluation of seismic behavior through time history response analysis and static incremental load (push over) analysis Also introduced in this chapter are several design examples Chapter intends to give an introductory explanation of dynamic time history response analysis to readers who are not quite acquainted with this kind of analysis, or to those who have experience in modal analysis or elastic analysis only Computational models suitable for RC structures, general trends of seismic response of RC structures, and method of numerical analysis are presented In Chapter 8, outline of a full-scale construction test and the New RC Construction Standard are presented The construction standard is the compilation of standard specifications for New RC materials, their manufacturing and processing, and various phases of construction works In the last Chapter 9, feasibility studies on three new types of buildings using high strength materials are mentioned, and highrise buildings utilizing New RC materials that were actually designed and constructed, or under construction, are introduced Most chapters of this book were authored by persons who acted as secretaries of the relevant committees of the New RC project This is the reason why relatively few literatures were referred to in each chapter of this book Preface vii The authors wish that the publication of this book will further promote the dissemination of the results of the New RC project into practice throughout the world, and will also encourage further research on the use of high strength and high performance materials to RC structures ht :// ta ili e ux d co m Hiroyuki Aoyama m co ux d lie ta i :// ht co m Contents d Preface v 1.1 Evolution of RC Highrise Buildings 1.1.1 Historic Background 1.1.2 Technology Examination at the Building Center of Japan 1.1.3 Increase of Highrise RC and the New RC Project 1.2 Structural Planning 1.2.1 Plan of Buildings 1.2.2 Structural Systems 1.2.3 Elevation of Buildings 1.2.4 Typical Structural Members 1.3 Material and Construction 1.3.1 Concrete 1.3.2 Reinforcement 1.3.3 Use of Precast Elements 1.3.4 Preassemblage of Reinforcement Cage 1.3.5 Re-Bar Splices and Anchorage 1.3.6 Concrete Placement 1.3.7 Construction Management 1.4 Seismic Design 1.4.1 Basic Principles 1 ht : //t a ili e ux Chapter RC Highrise Buildings in Seismic Areas Hiroyuki Aoyama ix 7 10 12 13 15 15 16 17 18 19 21 21 22 22 Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings 429 Fig 9.26 The Scene Johoku (Building No 4) in Table 9.7 This is the building utilizing 60 MPa concrete and 685 MPa steel, before the completion of the New RC project in 1993 It consists of reinforced concrete space frame, with increased number of stories and longer spans than preceding reinforced concrete highrise buildings and yet composed by approximately same size members as before, which was realized owing to the use of high strength material An architectural improvement was achieved by the adoption of stepped girders that made it possible to eliminate steps on the loor finishing in a dwelling unit Also the use of shallow depth girders around the building periphery provided better view and feeling of openness to the residents Building No 5, Gran Corina Seishin-Minami, is a 22-story residential building as in Fig 9.27 Its structure consists of frames in the longitudinal direction, 430 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures Fig 9.27 Gran Corina Seishin-Minami (Building No 5) and frames with two single-span shear walls in the transverse direction High strength concrete of 60 MPa and SD490 steel are used in columns and shear walls up to the 5th story Building No 6, Hankyu Hills Court Takatsuki, is a 20-story residential building shown in Fig 9.28 It is a reinforced concrete frame building with the full use of precast construction technique Anchorage of beam bars in the beam-column joints is a special feature of the structural design Building No 7, Ship Residence, is a 28-story residential building as shown in Fig 9.29 It is a reinforced concrete building with special features of structural design The peripheral frames consist of columns with reversed beams, that is, spandrel beams with floor slabs connected to the lower face of beam sections, Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings Fig 9.28 Hankyu Hills Court Takatsuki (Building No 6) ^§li' ^ Fig 9.29 Ship Residence (Building No 7) 431 432 Design of Modern Highrwe Reinforced Concrete Structures consisting a tube structure which is connected to interior frames only by floor slabs In other words the first interior span around the building has no beams, allowing free arrangement of architectural partitions At the central portion of interior frames are located what the structural engineers call "honeycomb dampers" made of mild steel plate with hexagonal openings, which are expected to yield at relatively small story drift and to dissipate seismic energy Concrete up to 42 MPa is combined with high strength steel of USD685 Building No 9, Ikeshita Redevelopment Building, is a 26-story building for residence and partial use for stores, shown in Fig 9.30 Its structural feature is reinforced concrete space frame with span length 8.5 m in both directions, which is much longer than other highrise buildings up to date Girders are made of half-precast construction, and floor subbeams are constructed by PRC (prestressed and reinforced concrete) where SD490 steel is used for pretensioning High strength concrete of 60 MPa is used in lower part of the structure Fig 9.30 Ikeshita Redevelopment Building B (Building No 9) Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings Fig 9.31 Hon~Komagome 2-chome Building B (Building No 10) Fig 9.32 Tsuchiura Redevelopment Project Building (Building No 11) 433 434 Design of Modem Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures Building No 10, Hon-Komagome 2-chome Building, is a 22-story residential building as shown in Fig 9.31 It consists of reinforced concrete space frame using concrete up to 60 MPa and steel of grade SD490 Columns are precast, and girders and floor slabs are partially precast, to speed up the construction Building No 11, Tsuchiura Eedevelopment Project Building, is a 31-story residential building, shown in Fig 9.32 It is a reinforced concrete space frame building whose material and construction method are similar to Building No 10 above Building No 12, Fujima Building, is a 22-story residential building, shown in Fig 9.33 It is a reinforced concrete space frame building whose material is similar to three preceding examples, but precast units are used for girders and floor slabs only Columns are cast in place Building No 13, King Mansion Doujimagawa, is a 43-story residential building, shown in Fig 9.34 It is also a reinforced concrete space frame, utilizing precast technique in all structural members Fig 9.33 Fujima Building (Building No.K 12) Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings 435 Fig 9.34 King Mansion Doujimagawa (Building No 13) Other buildings in Table 9.7 are more or less similar to these buildings They are mostly residential buildings, ranging from 24 to 43 stories Use of concrete in excess of 60 MPa in compressive strength is seen in Building Nos 18 and 19, where 70 MPa concrete is adopted, and in Building Nos 16, 25 and 27, where 100 MPa concrete is used in the limited part of the structure High strength steel higher than 490 MPa yield point is used in five cases, that is, grade USD685 is used for Building Nos 16, 18, 19, 25 and 27 Thus, USD685 steel is always combined with concrete stronger than 60 MPa The recent trend as extracted from the analysis of these example buildings of New RC is summarized below First, the scope of reinforced concrete construction is being extended to taller buildings than before, but high strength material is also widely used for medium-high buildings Secondly, span length of reinforced concrete is now getting longer than before, and is comparable to the span length that had been regarded as being suitable for composite 436 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures steel and reinforced concrete construction Thirdly, it appears that the use of SD490 steel for girders and that of USD685 steel for columns will become the favorite choice of structural engineers in future Lastly, it seems that the precast construction will increase, and at the same time more attempts of hybrid structural system as in Building No will be made in future References 9.1 Architectural Institute of Japan, Standard for Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9.2 Architectural Institute of Japan, Recommendation for Design and Construction of Partially Prestresed Concrete (Class III Prestressed Concrete) Structures, 1986 9.3 Architectural Institute of Japan, Guidelines for the Evaluation of Habitability to Building Vibration, 1992 Index accelerated neutralization test, 382 acceptance criteria, 389 aggregate, 64 aggregate interlock, 229 air-entraining and high-range water-reducing agents, 66 air tubes, 363 alkali-aggregate reaction, 381 alternate reversal of loading, 96 amino-sulfonate acid chain, 350 analytical models, 231 anchorage, 104 anchorage of girder bars, 20 anchorage strength, 107 andesite, 66 arc welding, 100 ascending and descending waves, 282 beams, 128, 236 bearing failure, 106 bend direction, 107 bend position, 107 bend radius, 107 bendability, 93 biaxial effect, 239 biaxial loading test, 123 bidirectional earthquake motion, 289 bidirectional flexure, 147 bidirectional horizontal motions, 272 bidirectional loading, 178, 196 bond, 104, 229 bond index, 135 bond link element, 235 bond splitting, 216 bond-splitting failure, 129 box column structure for thermal power plant, 418 buckling, 121 buckling of axial re-bars, 121 Building Standard Law, 369 bar diameter, 108 bar diameter column depth ratio, 110 bars with screw-type deformation, 354 base shear coefficient, 26 basement, 12 beam bar bond index, 192 beam bar slip, 109 beam-column joints, 30, 105, 189, 255 beam-hinge mechanism, 22 beam model, 28 capacity-demand diagram method, 337 cement, 62 chemical admixture, 66, 348, 384 chemical component, 93 chloride content, 381 circular section, 116 cold work, 94 column section, 13 columns, 128, 251 compatibility matrix, 326 90 degree bend, 105 180 degree bend, 105 3-D joints, 196 60-story apartment building, 291 L-type flow test, 350 437 438 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures compressive deterioration of cracked concrete, 229 compressive strength, 76, 118, 377 compressive strength reduction coefficient, 238 concrete, 229 Concrete Committee, 61 concrete confinement models, 248 concrete core, 377 concrete cover, 383 concrete mix, 349 concrete placement, 21 concrete pump truck, 357 concrete strength, 15 concrete temperature, 366 confined concrete, 77, 113 confinement effect, 238 confinement, 13 consolidation, 387 constitutive equations, 125 Construction and Manufacturing Committee, 345 construction joints, 363, 388 construction management, 21 Construction Standard for New RC, 375 core bars, 14 core-in-tube structure, 305 core strength, 368 correction factor for temperature, 379 corrosion resistance, 99 cracking, 229 cracking strength, 140, 240 cracking stress, 125 cracks, 234 creep, 80 critical section, 102 cured in water on site, 347 curing, 388 cylinder strength cured in seal on site, 368 damping, 34 damping proportional to incremental stiffness, 35 deformation capacity after yielding, 141 deformation capacity of columns, 215 deformation capacity of walls, 178 degrees-of-freedom, 320 dependable material strength, 277 dependable strength, 274, 283 design criteria, 23 design drift limit, 275, 278 design drift limitations, 275 design earthquake intensity, 275 design earthquake motion, 279 design seismic deformation limit, 271, 272 direction of seismic design, 286 discrete crack model, 234 dissemination of results, 59 double tube structure, 299 double-tube system, 10, 11 dowel action, 229 drilled cores, 347 drying shrinkage, 80, 382 ductility of girders, 28 dumbbell type section walls, 170, 184 durability, 82, 97, 381 durability index, 382 earthquake response analysis, 32, 315 effective width, 140 elongation, 93 end-tail portion, 108 entrained air, 386 epoxy grout splices, 100 equation of motion, 336 equivalent linearization, 316, 337 equivalent SDF system, 337 equivalent viscous damping, 214 equivalent viscous damping factor, 194, 286 etringite type special admixture, 70, 384 example buildings, 424 explosion, 382 exposed engineering bedrock, 279 exterior beam-column joint, 198 Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings exterior joints, 105, 203 factor to multiply standard deviation, 379 failure criterion, 123 feasibility of new structures, 391 FEM analysis, 231 FEM, 122, 227 fine aggregate ratio, 386 finite element method, 122, 227 fire resistance, 84, 97, 382 first phase design, 24, 26 fixed base model, 281 flexibility matrix, 327 flexural bond, 105 flexural bond resistance, 111 flexural compression failure, 215 flexural cracking, 210 flexural shear model, 32 flexural strength, 187, 214 flexural strength of walls, 219 floor plan, flush butt welding, 354 fly ash fume, 70 form vibrator, 360 formwork, 376 foundation, 13 foundation structure, 289 frame model, 319 freezing-thawing test, 82 fresh concrete, 356 full scale construction test, 345 gas butt welding, 19, 100 ground granulated blast furnace slag, 70, 384 heat treatment, 94 high range AE water reducing agent, 348, 384 high strength concrete, 61, 345 high strength materials, 235 high strength re-bars, 90 high strength reinforcing bars, 86 439 high strength steel, 345 high temperature, 97 High Strength Concrete Committee, 345 high-stress fatigue test, 96 higher mode effect, 29 highrise flat slab buildings, 391 highrise flat slab condominium with core walls, 393 highrise flat slab condominium with curved walls, 399 hot rolling, 94 hydration heat, 382 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake, 337 hysteresis, 286 hysteresis model, 28, 319 hysteretic energy dissipation, 286 in-plane shear, 124 index J, 222 initial stiffness, 210 inorganic grout splices, 100 instantaneous stiffness matrix, 342 interior beam-column joint, 191, 198 interior joint, 109 internal viscous damping, 34, 35 JASS (Japan Architectural Standard Specification), 375 JIS G 3109, 87 JIS G 3112, 87 JIS G 3117, 87 joint failure index, 195, 197 laboratory tests, 353 lap splice, 100 lapped splices, 19 large size box column structure, 391 lateral confinement, 113 lateral pressure, 117 lateral pressure index, 118 lateral reinforcement, 113 lath mesh, 363 440 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures levels and 2, 273 level 1, 273 level 2, 273 level 2, 277 limestone, 66 limiting deflection, 214 mechanical properties, 104 mechanical splices, 100 mediumrise office buildings, 310 megastructures, 391, 407 member models, 319 metal trowel finishing, 365 method of manufacture, 93 mineral admixture, 66, 347, 384 minimum lead length of 90 degree bent anchorage, 108 mix, 384 mix design, 71 modal analysis, 316 modeling, 232 modeling of structures, 281 moist curing, 388 moment redistribution, 27 monolithic casting, 348 mortar strength, 62 MS model, 328 multi-degree-of-freedom (MDF) system, 335 multiaxial spring model, 328 multimass model, 323 neutralization, 382 New RC buildings, 271, 272 New RC construction standard, 345 New RC earthquake motion, 279 New RC project, 1, 40, 235 New RC structures, 272, 274 Newmark's /3-method, 342 nonlinear earthquake response analysis, 276 nonlinear frame analysis, 33 oblique direction, 287 on-line heat treatment, 94 on-site water-cured cylinder strength 367 one-component model, 325 one-way reversal of loading, 96 ordinary portland cement, 350 organization for the project, 44 outline of results, 53 panels, 236, 265 parametric analysis, 256 P C steel, 94 penthouse, 12 placing, 387 plain concrete plate, 123 plane stress condition, 122 plant tests, 353 polycarbonate acid chain, 350 possible strongest intensity earthquake, 275 post-level 2, 273, 277 preassemblage of reinforcement cage, 18 precast members, 17 pressed collar, 19 probability of nonexceedance, 284 projected embedment length, 108 projected horizontal length of embedment, 107 proportioning strength, 384 push-over analysis, 27, 317, 337 range of material strength, 41 RC, 229 RC members, 235 RC structures, 231 ready-mixed concrete plant, 386 rectangular section, 116 reinforced concrete, 229 reinforced concrete plate, 124 reinforcement, 16, 229 reinforcement cages, 356 Reinforcement Committee, 104 response drift limit, 275 response spectrum, 279, 338 restoring force characteristics, 283 Feasibility Studies and Example Buildings restoring force characteristics of beams, 209 restoring force model, 28 Richart equation, 117 rigid slab, 321 rod-type vibrator, 360 safety performance criteria, 276 sandstone, 66 Sa-Sd response spectrum, 340 screw coupler splices, 100 screw-deformed bars, 20 screw-type coupler joints, 356 SD245, 87 SD295A, 87 SD295B, 87 SD345, 87 SD390, 87 SD490, 87 seal-cured on site, 347 second phase design, 24, 27 segregation resistance, 377 seismic dampers, 11 seismic design, 22 serviceability, 275 serviceability drift limit, 275 serviceability performance criteria, 276 settlement, 360 shear-compression failure, 170 shear failure in the hinge zone, 217 shear model, 32 shear reinforcement ratio, 247 shear stiffness, 239 shear strength, 188, 230 shear strength equation, 166, 174 shear strength of beam-column joints, 221 shear strength of beams and columns, 219 shear strength of beams, 162 shear strength of columns, 156 shear strength of slender walls, 183 shear walls, 11, 169, 236 side concrete cover, 107 441 silica fume, 70, 350, 384 simple mass and spring model, 281 simplified adiabatic curing, 379 single-degree-of-freedom(SDF) system, 335 slab effect, 136 sleeve splices, 20 slump, 377 slump flow, 377 slump flow loss, 363 slump flow test, 350 slump loss, 363 slump test, 350 smeared crack model, 234 soil-foundation-structure interaction, 282 soil structure interaction, 35 soil-structure model, 325 space frame system, 10 space frame with seismic elements, 10 specified design strength, 377 specified yield strength, 91 splice, 100 splitting failure, 106 square sections, 118 SRC, standard-cured, 347 standard curing, 379 standard deviation, 379 static incremental (push-over) analysis, 281 steel grade, 108 stiffness matrix, 331 story drift, 275 strain at yield plateau, 91 strain concentration, 102 stress-strain relationship, 77, 113 strong column-weak beam mechanism, 22 structural concrete, 377 Structural Design Committee, 271 structural drift, 275, 277 Structural Element Committee, 104, 127 442 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures structural performance evaluation, 209 structural planning, structural systems, 10 structural walls, 169 surface bubbles, 359 surface cracks, 371 surface finishing, 365, 388 sway-rocking model, 282 Takeda hysteresis model, 326 tamping, 365 tangent stiffness, 342 target of the project, 41 temperature history chasing curing, 379 tensile strength, 77 tension stiffening, 125, 239 three-dimensional analysis, 232 time-history response analysis, 316 top bars, 112 transportation time, 387 two-dimensional analysis, 232 U-bend girder bars, 355 U-type bent anchorage, 354 ultimate load carrying capacity, 26 uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves, 237 unit bulk volume of coarse aggregate, 386 unit water content, 385 upper bound material strength, 277 upper bound strengths, 274, 283 USD1275, 86, 375 USD685A, 86, 375 USD685B, 86, 375 USD785, 86, 375 USD980, 86, 375 vertical ground motion, 289 vertical splitting, 152 vertical splitting crack, 152 VH separate casting, 15, 348 wall girders, 14 wall model, 331 walls, 169, 260 water-binder ratio, 384 weak-beam strong-column type collapse mechanism, 271 web reinforcement ratio, 112 welding, 19 workability, 75 yield yield yield yield deflection, 211 hinge regions, 275 ratio, 92, 102 stiffness reduction factor, 139, 211 Young's modulus, 77, 381 zone zone zone zone I, 42 II-1, 42 II-2, 42 III, 42 This book presents the results of a Japanese national research project carried out in 1988-1993, usually referred to as the New RC Project Developing advanced reinforced concrete building structures with high strength and high quality materials under its auspices, the project aimed at promoting construction of highrise reinforced concrete buildings in highly seismic areas such as Japan The project covered all the aspects of reinforced concrete structures, namely materials, structural elements, structural design, construction, and feasibility studies In addition to presenting these results, the book includes two chapters giving an elementary explanation of modern analytical techniques, i.e finite element analysis and earthquake response analysis Hiroyuki Aoyama is Research Professor of Nihon University,Tokyo, and is President of the Aoyama Laboratory, a consultancy for structural engineers He is also Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo After graduating from the University of Tokyo, Department of Architecture in 1955, he received a doctorate in Engineering in I960 from the same university He served as a lecturer in 1960-64, an associate professor in 1964-78, and a professor of structural engineering in 197-93, in the Department of Architecture of the University of Tokyo He was a visiting research scientist in 1961-63, and a visiting professor in 1971-72, at the University of Illinois (Department of Civil Engineering) at Urbana, Illinois, and also a visiting professor in 1980-81 at the University of Canterbury (Department of Civil Engineering), in Christchurch, New Zealand His honors include the Alfred E Lindau Award of the American Concrete Institute in 1995, the Minister of Science and Technology Agency Award in 1992, and awards from the Architectural Institute of Japan and the Japan Concrete Institute in 1977 and 1975 respectively He is currently a vice-president of the International Association of Earthquake Engineering, a foreign associate of the National Academy of Engineering, U.S.A., an honorary member of the American Concrete Institute, a fellow of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, and a member of several engineering societies in the U.S.A and Japan Professor Aoyama's research interests include seismic behavior and design of structures, particularly of reinforced concrete structures He has tested and formulated restoring force characteristics of reinforced concrete members and structures, conducted nonlinear earthquake response analysis, pioneered the use of high strength concrete and reinforcement in seismic regions, and developed seismic design methods for highrise concrete structures in seismic countries such as Japan P204 he ISBN-13 978-1-86094-239-6 ISBN-10 1-86094-239-3 Imperial College Press www.icpress.co.uk "781860"942396" [...]... of Japan under the chairmanship of Dr Hiroyuki Aoyama, Professor of the University of Tokyo The chairman was succeeded by Dr Yasuhisa Sonobe, Professor of Tsukuba University, in 1986 The purpose of this committee was to control the spontaneous and violent competition of construction companies for highrise RC construction 4 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures In many countries where... for highrise RC construction shows steady increase since 1987 It is inferred that the increase since 1987 owes to the increase of construction companies that passed the technology examination of the Building Center of Japan, backed up by the beginning of brisk business condition at that time After the peak of good business of 1990, the ratio of concrete construction 6 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced. .. I" © © ©,5°° Fig 1.3 Example of typical floor plan of RC highrise building 8 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures lengths in two directions, varying span lengths in one direction, eliminating one span each at four corners, eliminating one or two central spans at four sides, and having a courtyard at the center Thus it was apparent that designers of highrise RC buildings gave priority... deliberately adopted for highrise construction with the aim of maintaining good quality in the column concrete 16 Design of Modern Highrise Reinforced Concrete Structures In United States or other countries it is often observed that, in conjunction with the VH separate casting, different concrete strength is specified for columns and floor system, that is, higher strength for column concrete, and lower... History of Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete 5.2.2 Modeling of RC 5.2.2.1 Two-Dimensional Analysis and Three-Dimensional Analysis 5.2.2.2 Modeling of Concrete 5.2.2.3 Modeling of Reinforcement 5.2.2.4 Modeling of Cracks 5.2.2.5 Modeling of Bond between Reinforcement and Concrete 5.3 FEM of RC Members Using High Strength Materials 5.4 Comparative Analysis of RC Members Using High Strength... 5.4.1 Comparative Analysis of Beams, Panels and Shear Walls 5.4.2 Material Constitutive Laws 5.4.2.1 Uniaxial Compressive Stress-Strain Curves of Concrete 5.4.2.2 Compressive Strength Reduction Coefficient of Cracked Concrete 5.4.2.3 Confinement Effect of Concrete 5.4.2.4 Biaxial Effect of Concrete 5.4.2.5 Tension Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete 5.4.2.6 Shear Stiffness of a Crack Plane 5.4.2.7... 424 Index 437 Chapter 1 RC Highrise Buildings in Seismic Areas Hiroyuki Aoyama Department of Architecture, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan E-mail: aoyama- al@kozo.co.jp 1.1 1.1.1 Evolution of R C Highrise Buildings Historic Background The national research project on development of advanced reinforced concrete buildings using high strength concrete and reinforcement,... of the Japanese Ministry of Construction This project was carried out on the background of quick development of highrise RC buildings since about 1975, in order to further promote the development and use of higher strength materials for highrise and other advanced types of RC buildings This chapter is devoted to the introduction of the background of the New RC project, that is, the development of highrise. .. xii Contents 3.3.1.3 Flexural Bond Resistance of Beam Bars 3.3.2 Lateral Confinement 3.3.2.1 Stress-strain Relationship of Confined Concrete 3.3.2.2 Upper Limit of Stress in Lateral Reinforcement 3.3.2.3 Buckling of Axial Re-bars 3.3.3 Concrete under Plane Stress Condition 3.3.3.1 Biaxial Loading Test of Plain Concrete Plate 3.3.3.2 Tests of Reinforced Concrete Plate under In-plane Shear Ill 113... of laboratory structural tests of RC members, laboratory and field tests of high strength concrete, and operation tests of various stages of construction The structural design and construction specifications are required to fully reflect results and implications of these tests One of the most important aspect of the examination is the operation test of the construction of a full-size mock-up, usually ... 437 Chapter RC Highrise Buildings in Seismic Areas Hiroyuki Aoyama Department of Architecture, University of Tokyo, 7-3 -1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 11 3-8 656, Japan E-mail: aoyama- al@kozo.co.jp... as fire-proof and earthquake-proof construction, in contrast to combustible wooden construction or earthquake-crumbling brick construction l Design of Modem, High-rise Reinforced Concrete Structures. .. implications of these tests One of the most important aspect of the examination is the operation test of the construction of a full-size mock-up, usually one- or two-storied and single- to double-span