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Country Study Britain Chapter I: Country and People Which two large islands the British Isles geographically consist of? Two large islands are: Great Britain and Ireland Which two political states the British Isles consist of? Two political states consist of: - The Republic of Ireland - The U.K of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Explain the ambiguous use of the name: "Britain" The ambiguous use of the name “Britain”: - The U.K = Great Britain + Ireland: used in international meeting - The Great Britain = England + Scotland + Wales: used for trademarks, festival - Britain used in spoken language Britain is referred to another name that people called “England” But it isn’t strictly correct; it can make some people angry Because England is only one of the four nations of British Isles (England + Scotland + Wales + Ireland) In 1800 when Irish Parliament was joined with the Parliament of England, Scotland and Wales in Westminster, so that the whole of the British Isles became a single state: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland However, in 1992 most of Ireland became a separate state so England cannot be called Britain Give some examples of English domination in British public life today Today the supply of money in Britain controlled by the Bank of England (There is no such thing as a “Bank of Britain”) The present Queen of the country is universally known as “Elizabeth the second” even though Scotland and Northern Ireland have never had an Elizabeth the first Newspaper and television, news talk about “Anglo-American relation” to refer to relations between the government of Britain and The USA Chapter III: Geography Why does Britain’s climate have such a bad reputation? Because its changeability The British people always seem to be talking about the weather that’s changeable Despite its lack of extremes, Britain’s landscape is not boring Why not? It makes up for in variety, the scenery changes noticeably over quite a short distance How did air pollution in crowded areas first decrease and later increase again? (London) Because laws were passed which forbade the heating of homes with open coal fires in city areas and which stopped much of the pollution from factories However, the great increase in the use of the motor car in the last quarter of the 20th century has caused an increase again Why does London “dominate” Britain? Because London is the Centre of Britain’s most important institutions It’s home for the headquarters of all government departments, Parliament, the major legal institutions and monarch It’s the country’s business and banking centre and the Centre of its transport network… Chapter IV: Identity In what way people in Scotland express their ethnic identity? - In ways of speaking English, the Scottish way of speaking English is very distinctive A modern form of the dialect known as Scots spoken in everyday life by most of the working classes in the lowlands - Organize several important aspects of public life - There are many symbols of Scottish ness such as: kilts, bagpipes, flag… When large family gatherings usually take place? Why is sense of identity based on place of birth not very strong in Britain? Due to it mobility, and very few live in the same place all their lives Explain the phenomenon of “inverted snobbery” Middle class people try to adopt working-class value and habits because they believe the working – classes are in some way “better” than the middle-class Find some evidence that the segregation of the classes in Britain has become less rigid than before A person with accent of working class is no longer prohibited from most highstatus jobs Nobody take elocution lessons to sound more upper class Radio and TV presenters can speak with “an accent” (not RP) None of the last British P.M went to an elitist school for upper-class children What British characteristic is responsible for the fact that British not feel they belong to Britain? Give one example Some of them fell proud to be British but most of them feel uncomfortable when someone refers to where they belong to, means Britain or British government They are individualistic and not like to feel that they are personally representing their country, for example, half of them said that they would emigrate if they could Chapter VI: Political life Give some examples to illustrate that the individual and the state “leave each other alone” as much as possible - People choose who to govern the country and leave them alone - People have no hand in the government - British people’s duties: Pay the taxes and not breaking the law - People don’t have identity cards 2 The original Greek word “democracy” means “governed by the people” Does this apply to British democracy? Explain Answer: No, because there is no referendum (little participation by ordinary citizens) The ordinary citizens choose who governed the country, and then let them get on with it Britain is a ‘constitutional monarchy” as well as a “Parliamentary democracy” Explain Answer: Britain is a “constitutional monarch” because it’s a country governed by a King or Queen who accept the advice of parliament “Parliament democracy” governed by the Parliament, which is elected by the people In what respect does the British constitution” differ from that in most modern countries? Britain has no constitution written document Illustrate the fact that political life in Britain is comparatively informal Answer: Political life in Britain is respect for privacy and love for secrecy It is also comparatively informal For example, in both Parliament and Government there is a tendency for important decisions to be taken, not an official public meeting; or even at pre-arranged private meetings, but at lunch, or over drinks, or in class encounters in the corridors of power Question 9: It used to be said that the House of Common was “the most exclusive club in London” Explain Answer: It means that all members of Parliament feel a special sense of belonging with each other Although there are more than two parties in the country, Britain is normally described as having a “two-party system” Explain Answer (liệt kê them đảng Anh) Since 1945, one of the two big parties has controlled the government, and members of these two parties have occupied more than 90% of all the seats in the House of Commons How does the origin of Britain political parties partly explain the “twoparty system”? Answer: In Britain, Parties were first formed inside Parliament, and were only later extended to the public at large MPs tended to divide themselves into two camps, those who support the government and those who usually not Chapter VII: The Monarchy Give three examples that demonstrate the seemingly `absolute` power of the Queen: Answer: + She can summon a Parliament or dissolve it before a general election + She can choose anybody she likes to run the government for her (PM) and choose the members of cabinet + Nothing that Parliament has decided can become law until she has agreed to it On the theory the Queen can refuse not to sign but in fact she has obliged to sign Give two examples that demonstrate the fact that the Queen has no real power Answer: In reality the Queen has almost no power When she opens Parliament each year the speech she makes has been written for her She makes no secret of this fact She very obviously reads out the script that has been prepared for her If she strongly disagrees with one of the policies of the government, she might ask the government ministers to change the wording in the speech a little beforehand She cannot actually stop the government going ahead with any of its policies In what respect is the monarchy economically important? Answer: + Symbol of continuity + Expression of national pride + Even in the hard time it has no chance for dictatorship + Help the country’s tourism industry How can the monarch prevent the government from becoming dictatorial? The monarch could refuse the royal assent and the bill through Parliament, which was obviously terribly bad and very unpopular How does the Queen’s practical role indirectly help the real government? The queen can perform the ceremonial duties for the government has more time to get on with the actual job of running the country Chapter VIII: The Government What does the Government convention of ‘collective responsibility’ mean? Answer: + Every member of the government shares the responsibility to every policy made by the government + Not allowed to criticize the government’s policy in public In what way is the principle of ‘collective responsibility’ realized within the cabinet? Answer: + The ‘cabinet’ meets once a week + Take decisions about new policies + All members must be seen to agree What’s the ‘cabinet office’? Answer: It is an organization which is to help run the complicated machinery of a modern government What is the function on “cabinet committees”? Answer: It runs a busy communication network, keeping ministers in touch with each other, drawing up the agenda for cabinet’s meetings It also does the same things for the many cabinet committees 5 State briefly the three reasons why the PM is much more powerful than the other ministers Answer: + He has the power to appoint people to all kinds of jobs and confer honours on people + PM’s dominance over other ministers is the power of the PM’s public image + All ministers except the PM are kept busy looking after their government departments What phenomenon clearly shows the strength of the PM’s power of ‘patronage’? Explain Answer: “Cabinet reshuffle” change the cabinet quite frequently Chapter IX: Parliament : What are the main activities of the British Parliament? Answer: A, Members are elected every five years B, It makes new law C, It authorizes the government activities, gives authority for the government, rises and spends money D, It controls and discusses government activities What two houses does the British Parliament consist of? Answer: (giải thích thêm) House of Commons and House of Lords Parliament business Chapter X: Elections Chapter XIV: Education What are the basic features of the European educational system Answer: + Full time education is compulsory up to the middle teenage years - The academic year begin at the end of summer - Compulsory education is free of charge + There are three organized of stages: - First stage: Primary - Second stage; Secondary - Third: Tertiary Stage is ‘further” education at university or college 2: What was the reason why the British government was one of the last to organize education for everybody? Answer: Britain was leading the world in industry and commerce, so, it was felt, and education must somehow be taking care of itself 3: What happened to the existing "public school" when the British government finally began to take an interest in education? Answer: The government left alone the small group of schools, which had been used in the 19th century to educate the sons of the upper and upper-middle classes 9publis schools) 4: Give typical characteristics of these public schools Answer: Used to be for upper and middle class and for boys only The emphasis was on “character building” and the development of “team spirit” rather than on academic achievement The aim was to prepare young men to take up positions in the higher ranks of the army, in business, the legal profession, the civil service and politics 5: How you explain that the pupils from these schools formed a "close group` within society after finishing their education? Answer: When the pupils from these schools finished their education, they form the ruling elite, retaining the distinctive habits and vocabulary which they had learnt at school This group separated from the rest of the society What is the function of the Local Education Authority (LEA) Answer: + It does not itself set or supervise the making of the exams which order teenagers + In general as many details as possible are left up to the individual institution or the LEA 8: How you explain this `grass - roots` independent of the British school system? Answer: Each school has its own community For example, they have their own uniform or union hall 11: What were the disadvantages of the "comprehensive school" system? Answer: The comprehensive school system has also its critics; many people felt that there should be more choice available to parents and disliked uniformity of education given to teenage 12: What two major changes were being introduced by the government since 1980s? Answer: Strategy in the late 1980s, two major changes were introduced by the Government: + The first of these was the setting up of the national curriculum For the first time in British education, there is now a set of learning objectives for each year of compulsory state schools are obliged to work towards these objectives + The other major change is that, schools can now decide to ‘output’ of the control of the LEA and put themselves directly under the control of the appropriate government department 13: In what way did the introduction of the national curriculum change priorities the subject matter of teaching? Answer: At the lower primary level, this means a greater emphasis on what are known as ‘the tree Rs’ 9reading, writing, and arithmetic) At higher levels, it means a greater emphasis on science and technology