M O T C A C H T I E P C A N Y T H U C C O N N G U O I TRONG GIAI DOAN VAN HOC N0A CUOI THE K i X V I I I - OAU THE K i XIX O C udi the ki XVIII ddu the ki XIX, che phong TS NGUYEN VlfZT NGOAN* vd khdng dinh nhung gid trj chdn chinh cua ngudi Cd mdt buc tranh sinh ddng, phong phu cua the gidi ngudi Mpi ngudi nhu rai kien Viet Nam khong chi tiep tyc suy thoai, vdo bi kjch cua sy tim kiem hanh phuc cd nhdn ma da den hdi suy sup Sy sdu mot, thdi ndt Dd Id ngudi phi udng tudi xuan d Chinh cua nhung ke thdng trj, sy cung khd cua ddn phy ngam; ngudi vdt vd chdn khue phdng d chung khien ho vung len tranh ddu, khdi nghia, Cung odn ngam khuc; ngudi vdi cd ndi nhu dd cung tgo suy sup ndy Cung cd luc, dau ddng loai d Thugng kinh ki sy; ngudi giai cap phong kien thdng trj mudn cudng Iqi «dinh menh lich su" bdng sy thdnh lap nhd vdi sy nem trdi thdi loan lac d Hoang Le nhdt Nguyen tap quyen, chuyen che Idn chdn thdng chi, vd ngudi mang ndi dau cua mpi Nho gido, nhung xem chi Id sy tragi dai cua kiep ngudi" Idi rdng bqc menh cung Id Idi chung" qudn tinh xudng ddc Chi can mdt cu «huych" d Dogn trudng tdn Cung chi d giai doan nhe cua xdm luqc phuong Tdy vdo giua the ki ndy, vdn hpc mdi cd duqc mdt chu nghia nhdn XIX cung du Idm sdp dd hodn todn cdi vuang dao thyc sy Dl nhien, day Id chu nghia nhdn trieu vdn dd myc rudng ndy dao mang mdu sdc phuang Dong Nd duac todt Cung giai doan ndy, thyc te xd hdi dd tu phuang thuc phdn dnh het sue mdi me, dot cd nen kinh te hang hoa vdi sy ddi cdc thi, phd cua bdn thdn cdc nhd vdn cung nhu ddi sdng thuang cdng Du rdng, Id hinh thai phuang Ddng vdn hpc Vd khdc vdi trudc dd, cdc nhd vdn giai di chdng nua (cdn gdn vdi trung tdm chinh trj vd doan ndy dd Idm cho vdn hpc hudng den hien ddi sdng kinh te ndng nghiep), thi cung du tqo thyc mdt cdch ty gidc vd Id hien thyc cua chinh mdt mdi trudng khd thudn Iqi cho y thuc thi dan, nhdt Id tu tudng tu do, Idi sdng phd phuong, ke ngudi Ndi nhu M.B.Khrapchenko: «Chdn li chg cd djp ndy nd Tiec rdng, sy bdo thu cua cudc sdng sdng tdc nghe thudt khdng tdn nhd nude phong kien, nen kinh te hdng hod tai ben ngodi cdi nhin nghe thudt cd tinh cd nhdn dd manh nha nhung Iqi phdt trien khd chdm chap ddi vdi the gidi vdn cd d tung nghe si thyc thy, Nguqc vdi ljch su xd hdi het sue den tdi, day khdng ton tai ben ngodi cdc dpc diem ve tu Iqi Id thdi ki phdt trien rye rd nhdt cua nen vdn hinh tuang, but phdp sdng tdc cua nghe sl"(l) hoc nude nhd Nd khdng chi be the ve mat sd Han nua, cdc nhd vdn cua thdi ki ndy dd sdng luqng tdc gid, tdc phd'm, md cdn rdt phong phu tdc bdng chinh cudc ddi, sy the nghiem, chiem tren cdc binh dien: tu tudng thdm ml, quan niem nghiem ddn dau thyc sy, «neu khdng cdm nhdn vdn hoc, he thdng chu de, de tdi, hinh tuqng vdn sdu sdc nhung ndi thdng khd cua chien tranh, hoc, he thdng the loqi vd cd ngdn ngu vdn hoc cua cdnh tdi sdc bj chd dap thi dd khdng the cd Vdn hoc giai doan ndy, Id dinh cao cua cd Chinh phy ngam, Cung odn ngam khuc, Truyen mdt qua trinh phdt trien lien tyc tir nude ta Kieu, khdng cd Hat ndi cua Nguyen Cdng Tru vd gidnh duqc ddc lap cho den bay gid Cdc tdc Cao Bd Qudt " {2} Trong hdu het cdc tdc phd'm vdn hpc, ngudi nhdn cua ljch su xd hdi nhu vua ndi, thyc sy Id nhung «dia chdn" rung ddng, Idm cho he xudt hien Id keo theo sy bdt hgnh Bdt hanh ngudi nhu thuc tinh, de kjp nhdn bdn thdn Idn cua so kiep So kiep cung Id hien thdn cua bdt nhung ddi hdi nhdn sinh chinh ddng, vd tqo hanh Ndi ddn dau nhdt cua ngudi, van Id cho vdn hpc dqt duqc thdnh tyu ca bdn nhdt cd noi dau cua sy an bdi sd phdn Nd chi Id sd tinh ljch su cua nd Id sy kham phd ngudi * Tracing Dai hoc Sai Gon Tap chi Giao due so (ki a • a/2010) khdng to tuang vi khong gi quyen song, quyen lam nguai Con nguai dau co «ngua len cui xudng" (phu ngudng boi hoi) thi «deu thdy todn cdnh dau Idng" (bdt thdng kim tinh chi cdm Nguyen Du, Long Thdnh cam gid ca); Con ngudi nhu trdm udt «khdng nghe ndi Idi budn thdm nua, cui xudng, ngd len, todn Id dieu lo Idng" (The the bdt nhdn vdn Phu ngudng tdm uu tu Phqm Quy Thich - Phd Kinh Bac) Tu dua tieu nhi tdm be, den ke budn thung bdn bung, ngudi dn mdy, gdi giang ho, ngudi linh, den cd cung phi, ke mu cao rdng, rut cue cung chi Id thu ma sdng «cdi duang cdn the nua Id cdi dm" (Van tethqp logi chung sinh - Nguyen Du) Bdi kiep ngudi nhu the, hen chi «Thdo ndo tu luc chdn rau Dd mang tieng khdc ban ddu md ra" (Cung odn ngam khuc - Nguyen Gia Thieu) Con ngudi dd nhdn cdi vd nghia cdi ddi ndy: «Trdm ndm cdn cd gi ddu, chdng qua mdt nam cd khdu xanh ri" (Cung odn ngam khuc - Nguyen Gia Thieu), hodc «Khodng trdi ddt cd kim, kim cd Manh hinh hdi khdng cd, cd khdng" (Cao Bd Qudt) Chua bao gid ngudi phy nu vdi sd phdn bi thdm Igi xudt hien nhieu nhu d vdn hgc giai dogn ndy Thiet che ndng ne cua phuang thuc phong kien dd bdp nghet ddi sdng tdm tu, udc nguyen cung nhu hgnh phuc cd nhdn cua mdi ngudi Ndi dau ndy khdng cua rieng ai, dang ton tgi thdi budi den tdi dd Tuy nhien, chi cd ngudi phy nu Id ngudi phdi chju mdt cdch nghiet ngd nhdt ve cd phuang dien giai cdp, ddng cap Idn phuang dien gidi tinh Ddnh ddu y thuc ve ngudi mdt cdch dung nghia nhdt cd le nen ddt van de ngudi phy nuvd quyen sdng cua hg len hdng ddu Nhdn chdn cdi bi kjch nai ngudi, phdi tu tha nhdn mdi den bdn thdn de md thau hieu «Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd Ldi rdng bgc menh cung Id Idi chung" (Dogn trudng tdn - Nguyen Du ) So phdn ngudi phy nu tha Hd Xuan Huang that bdp benh, hdm hiu Nd chi nhu Id kiep vdt, nhu chiec bdnh trdi «bdy ndi ba chim vdi nude non", nhu dc nhdi «dem ngdy Idn Idc dam cd hdi", nhu qua m/?«da nd su si", nhu mieng trdu hdi, nhu qua cau, So phdn ngudi phy nu phy thudc hodn todn vdo ke khdc Neu cd gdng gugng len, ddu chi mdt Idn, de chung minh sy ton tqi cua minh, Igi roi vdo dau khd mdi: «Mdnh tinh mdt khdi thiep xin mang - Tu tinh" Ngudi cung nu (Cung odn ngam khuc) cung khdng phdi Id chuyen cd biet ve sd phdn Nd cung Id kiep chung «cdi quay bung sdn tren trdi Md md nhdn dnh nhu ngudi di dem" Xet den cung, nguon gdc cua bao nhieu ndi khd, bao nhieu bi kich nai ngudi khdng cd gi khdc, ngodi van de che dp phong kien phi nhdn d giai dogn suy tdn ndy Che dp dd triet tieu y thuc ngudi, tdi muc khien hp chdp nhdn nhung bdt hanh cua minh nhu Id chuyen duang nhien Bdt hanh nhu cdng sinh vdi kiep ngudi, nhu Id cdn tinh cua cdi ddi Nhung cung chi co vdn hpc cua giai doan ndy, mdi vgch trdn dugc nhung dieu thdng khd dy cua sd phdn Bdi le, y thuc ve cd nhdn dd phdt trien d cap dd cao, thi mdi thdy dugc thiet thdi, mat mdt, bdt hgnh, cung nhu ddi hdi ve quyen sdng, quyen hanh phuc Con ngudi thdi dqi dd khdc hdn vd trdi qua budc ngodt ve y thuc Nd khdng nhu Phdt chi diet dye, diet khd, khdng nhu Nho «bdf vuu nhdn, bdt odn thien" (khdng trach ngudi, odn trdi) nhdm an phdn, vd sy Rd rdng, y thuc cua ngudi cd nhdn ve sy thay ddi so phdn, dd'i ddi chua phdi dd hodn todn dgt mdt cdch true dien, nhung cung dd khd gay gat vd cap bach vdn hgc giai dogn ndy Trudc day, chi Id ngudi phdn vi vdi viec de cao chi, tdm, dqo, cdn bay gid ngudi Id ngudi thdn phdn «Chu"thdn" dd dugc neu ddi sdng vdn hgc nhu mdt phgm tru cd tinh triet hgc O mdt giai dogn suy tdn nhu vdy, than phdn ngudi trd nen bdt dinh vd md mjt, thi ngudi cdng phdi khdng djnh gid trj cua minh, khdng dmh gid trj cdi «thdn" Khdng cdn chdp nhdn «huu thdn, huu khd phdn nan cung ai" (ca dao), nen ngudi phdi biet vugt qua cd cdi an phdn budn bd cua minh Vi vdy, cd mdt ddng tu tudng thuong ngudi, xdt thdn ndi len Cung cd the xem y thuc cd nhdn ndy dd cd phdn ty gidc, nd nhu Id mdt sy phdt hien Iqi, the nghiem Iqi tren ca sd cua sy sup cdc khdi niem gido li Do ty y thuc ve cdi thdn ndy vdi duac sdng cudc ddi vdt chdt, nen hp khdng chdp nhdn kiep hi sinh cho chien tranh phi nghia: «Trong cdnh cua dd ddnh phdn thiep Ngodi mdy hd kiep chdng vay" (Chinh phy ngam), vd dd den luc ddt gid: «Theo kiep ndy han thdy kiep sau" (Chinh phy ngam) Y thuc bung tinh ve gid trj ngudi nhu Idm cho nd di ngupc Igi nhung dieu md Idu dgo due thdnh hien dd xdc tin Tap chi Giao due so ciu a - a/agioi Noi nhu P.X.Likhochov: «coi nhin mat thiet ddi vdi the gidi khdng phdi tCr ben ngodi md Id tu ben ngudi, du Id ngudi tudng tuang di chdng nua"(3) Cd luc, ngudi so sanh minh vdi cd lodi vdt, cdn trung, cung nhdm khdng djnh ddi hdi hanh phuc cua thdn minh «Kia dieu thu Id lodi van vdt, Ddu vd tu cung biet deo bdng" (Cung oan ngam khuc) Tu cdi ddng thuang cua ngudi (mong dugc nhu lodi vdt), chinh Id dd y thuc dugc cdi gi cua rieng minh, phdi biet gidnh lay de md hudng d luc ndy, kiep ndy, cudc ddi ndy Vqt chat hoa gia tri ngudi md Idu ke thdng trj dd cd tinh tdm hod, thi cd the xem Id budc ngogt y thuc cua ngudi «Mdt chi cd the trd thdnh mdt ngudi ddi tugng cua mdt trd thdnh ddi tugng xd hdi cua ngudi, mdt ddi tugng tu ngudi Id trd ve vdi ngudi" (K Marx) Nd nhu Id khdi mdng y thuc, de khdng the cd mdt gidc quan ndo cua ngudi Igi khdng Id gidc quan mang tinh y thuc Vd cung khdng rieng gi truyen Kieu, hdu het cdc tdc phd'm vdn hgc thdi ki ndy, dd trao len khdn td mdt ddng tu tudng tinh cdm thuong than, xdt than Nd qua Id nhu mdt sy phdt hien Iqi Bdi vi, ddi vdi quan diem Nho gido, thi thdn the, tdi sdn, danh phdn, bong Idc deu cua cha me hodc vua ban! Con ngudi trudc dd, du mudn du khdng vdn Id dan nhdt cua tinh than, thi Id phuc the cua ty nhien, cua thdn xdc, cua nhyc dye Tu chd khdng cd gi rieng, chuyen sang khdng djnh thdn phdn xd hdi, rdi Igi di den thdn xdc ty nhien, mdt qua trinh gdn nhu «cdi ldo hodn ddng" y thuc cd nhdn ve ddi hdi hudng thy Tinh dye nhu mdt khdi nguyen ty cua ngudi, nd khdng chdp nhdn mdt thu trdt ty ndo cd Thdn xdc nhu trd ve ben ma cua cdu trudng tdm li nhyc dye:" cdi dem hdm dy dem gi, bdng duang long bdng mi trap trung " (Cung odn ngam khuc), hodc ngudi cua «hodi niem phdn thyc" Hd Xudn Huang Thod man cudc sdng bdn ndng cung Id mdt khat vgng chinh ddng cua ngudi md thdi Do vdy, y thuc ve nhu cdu bdn ndng cung chinh Id bieu hien cua y thuc ca nhan Cd dieu, chi vi nhung cudng che xd hdi vdi sy da cue hod cua vdn hod md nhung vd thuc bdn ndng nhu bj chdn vui Khi ndi ngudi cd nhdn, tuc Id ndi ve ngudi sdng that, sdng cd ve thdn xdc lan tri tue, tdm linh, cho nen khdng the coi thudng sy hudng thy the xdc Chinh dieu ndy dd khien ngudi Tap chi Giao due so (hi a a/aoio) dam hd to: «Sau gidn vi duyen de mom mdm Thdn ndy ddu dd chju gid torn" (Ty tinh I - Ho Xudn Huang) Con ngudi ty nhien ndy Igi cdng buong thd cdng khai y thuc ty thj ddn thdi tiep luong phong tinh «Cudc hdnh Igc choi bao Id Idi bay Neu khdng chai thiet d'yai bu" (Nguyen Cdng Tru) Dd'u hieu hien dgi dd the hien khd rd cudc tinh cua chdng Phgm Thdi (Van te Truong Quynh Nhu) Cdi Idng man dau khd ndy gdn vdi thi ca Idng mgn 1932-1945 Hd Nhu Chi Viet Nam thi van gidng luqn dd nhdn xet rdt tinh te «Nd Id net ddc sdc cd nhdn Idm nghieng lech hdn di sy qudn binh cua nen thi vdn cd'"(4) Chdng trdng sT chua Tieu San dd chdn that bgc bgch rgo rye tinh di cua minh vdi cung thdi, vd cdn cho cd hdu the Chinh nhung udn khuc vd ve dep bdt ngd ndy cua tdm tinh cd nhdn nhu md mdt hudng mdi bdu trdi linh yeu cua ngudi thdi dd 5y phdn hod khdi cdi chung, sy hien dien nhung nhu cdu vugt qua khudn khd xd hdi, md trudc do, ngudi chi Id bd phdn cua ddng cap, gia tdc, bj ddng nhdt vdo cdng ddng - chinh Id sy xudt hien ngudi cd nhdn Mdt khi, ngudi cdn thdy thudc tinh cdng ddng cung gidng nhu thudc tinh ty nhien cua minh, thi ngudi vdn chua y thuc sdu sdc ve minh dugc Chinh md thyc the cd nhdn cd dieu kien tach khdi cdng ddng cung Id luc nd phdi ddi dien voi chinh nd Con ngudi cd nhdn d Nguyen Du Id dien hinh chdng tdn phai, vd gid trj bdn thdn khdng dugc tdn trgng (Pham sinh phy ki khi, thien dia phi sd dung - Pham ngudi sinh cd Ig, trdi ddt khdng cd chd dung thdn - Dieu khuyen) Ve hinh thuc, van cd ve «tdm bdt nhj" (theo kieu nhd Phdt) de de xudng tiep «chu tdm mdi bdng ba chu tdi" Nhung thyc chdt cua sy nhdn chdn «Thit da cung Id ngudi, Idng ndo hdng rung thdm rdi chdng dau", «tdm Idng dn di ai cung Idng", «chdng chung chua de chieu cho ai" , thi dd Id cdi dang dau xdt hien huu ton tgi that d mdi ngudi, Id khdc khodi ve quyen sdng cua mdi ngudi, «hi, nd, ai, Igc" chi Id vgng niem het sue ma hd Vi vdy, ngudi phdi nguyen rua sd phdn «chem cha cdi kiep lay chdng chung" (Hd Xudn Huong), thod mg cay ddng cho so phdn minh «chet ve Tien But cho xong kiep, Du od trdn gian sdng mdi chi" (Phgm Thdi); «chem cha cdi kiep md ddo Cdi rdi Igi budc vdo nhu chai" (Nguyen Du) Sy bat binh ndy chung td rdng ngudi khdng cdn cam chiu sd phdn nhu trudc day nua, md dd cd y thuc ve cd nhdn, ve sd phdn cua minh thdng qua viec khdng djnh cd tinh, tdi ndng Do mqi chudn myc gid trj dd bi ddo Idn nhu vdy nen cd nhdn phdi tim end dua cho minh, chd dya nhdt Id cai tai cua bdn thdn A.Gurevich nhdn xet: «Trd ve thdi trung dqi, trudc het can thdy rdng chinh thdi dqi ndy, khdi niem cd nhdn duqc hinh thdnh khd tron ven"(5) DT nhien, day chua phdi Id cd nhdn tu sdn, nhung chdc chdn khdng phdi Id cd nhdn cdng ddng trdt ty phong kien nua Chinh sy nd rd ve y thuc cd nhdn ndy, ngudi thyc sy ddng vai trd Id mdt cd nhdn O Nguyen Huu Chinh, cudc ddi that vd y thuc cd nhdn cua ngudi ndy Id trudng hqp ddc biet Xudt thdn tu mdt gia dinh budn bdn khd gid, mudi sdu tudi dd dd Huong cong, sau dd bd dudng vdn chuyen sang hoc vd Ld ngudi phd giup anh em Tdy San, nhung Iqi chinh bj Nguyen Hue sai Vu Vdn Nhdm giet chet Ong Id dien hinh nan nhdn cua quy ludt tieu diet cdng than «dieu tdn, cung tdng" Con ngudi hogt dau ndy (day cung chinh Id chd de gidi nhd nho sau ndy dinh kien che bai) Iqi cd y thuc ty vuqt thoat ngodi rdng budc cua nhung tieu chi binh thudng Khat vong cua Cdng Chinh (thdng qua hinh tuqng Truang Luang) cung Id khat vong cua cdc danh nho khdc nhdm ty kiem ty do, ty tqi, ty lya chon hdnh ddng vi khdng cdn bdn khodn ve nghia vy, bdn phdn hay danh Iqi « Rd rd thu son khodn sdc, Idi ndi dng du trd nui, the sdng Thenh thenh non dd, am thdng, thuyen tien tu dd quen mdy men rang Dqo dy, sd bdn chdn vdi nguy, ddng cao minh chi vudng sy huu vd Long ndy, biet Hdn hay Hdn, phdi bien bach keo then cung phu ngudng" (Truong Luong hdu phu) Tran Ngqc Vuang cung cho rdng: «Chung cue khdng may mdn cua dng khdng cd nghTa Id sy lya chpn dy sai Idm, md chi cd nghia Id tdm cd tdi ndng cua dng chua du cho mdt sy lya chon nhu vdy"(6) Y thuc ve tdi ndng cua minh khien cho ngudi Idm luc trd thdnh ngqo nghe: «Trdi ddt cho ta mdt cdi tdi Giat lung ddnh de thdng ngdy chai" (Nguyen Cdng Tru), «Thdi cdng ddu chdc lay sy ddi Tieu khien mpt vdi chung leu ldo" (Cao Bd Qudt) Cdi chet vd bi kjch cua y thuc cd nhdn nai Cao Bd Qudt nhu Id mdt logic tdt yeu cua thdn phdn ngudi hdo kiet Idng che dp , md quy md sy chuyen che cua nd dd md den muc tdi da Vd ddc biet nhdt Id ngudi phy nu d Hd Xudn Huang, dang sdng mdt xd hdi phong kien day ray djnh kien, the md dd vupt qua duqc gidi han cua «nhdt nam viet huu, thap nu viet vo" (mdt dua trai coi nhu cd, mudi dua gdi coi nhu khdng), de md ddng dac: «Kheo kheo di ddu lu ngdn nga Lai day cho chj dqy Idm tha", vd nhieu luc mudn dupe dd'i ddi: «Vi day dd'i phdn Idm trai dupe Thi sy anh hd bay nhieu" (De den Sam Nghi Ddng) Den ngudi Le Huu Trdc, sudt ddi vi qudn chung md Idm viec tdn tdm, hi sinh mpi thu vui cua minh, mdt ngudi cd bdng ddng rdng rdi vd xung ddng Id ngudi tri thuc can phong ba du dpi, mdu myc vi mang minh ndi dau ddng loqi md cdn cd luc phdi chui ddng len «Minh that Idm tdi td cho cdi xdc thjt Rd tiec, mat cd hung" (Thugng kinh ki su ) Tuy nhien, cung can thdy rdng, dieu kien ljch su xd hdi dd chua cho phep ngudi bien udc mong trd thdnh hien thyc Cho nen, sau tdm li sdng khoai tuyen bd dd, hdu het deu rai vdo thyc trang vd mdng vd that vong cung nhu cay ddng thua nhdn: «Cd tdi md cdy chi tdi Chu tdi lien vdi chu tai mdt van" (Truyen Kieu) Dieu ndy tqo mdt khuynh hudng bdt man y thuc cua ngudi cd nhdn giai doan nua cudi the ki XVIII - ddu the ki XIX Thdm chi, sy vuqt qua chi gidi cua tdm trqng bdt mdn ndy, dd cd trudng hqp phdi ddnh dd'i cd mang sdng cua minh, nhu Nguyen Huu Cdu vd sau ndy Id Cao Bd Qudt Xd hdi phong kien chdng nhung bdp nghet tinh cdm «nam nu thy thy bdt than", md cdn khdng cdng nhdn quyen yeu duang, quyen hanh phuc cua ngudi Nhung md ngudi ta dd chuyen qua budc ngodt, tuc Id y thuc rd ret ve gid trj chdn chinh cua minh, dd ddu tranh de gidi phdng tinh cdm cho ngudi thi vdn de hdng ddu Id ddu tranh de duac ty yeu duang Trong hdng loat tdc phd'm, ndi len vdn Id khdng djnh van de tinh yeu ty Nhung mdi tinh that dep: Thuy Kieu - Kim Trgng, Phgm Kim - Truong Quynh Thu, Luong Sinh - Dao Tien cung khdng khdc gi Romeo - Juliet ben trdi Tdy, hodc Luong Son Ba - Chuc Anh Dai ben trdi Ddng Bdi nhung ngudi cdc cudc tinh ndy dd nhu cao Idn han, dep han, khdng he vi ki tdm thudng Tiec thay, mpi cudc tinh thudng Id eo le, vd vd rai vdo bi kjch Tap chi Giao due so (ki a - 2/2010) Xet cho cung khdt vong tinh yeu van khong tuang vi ho chua gidi quyet duqc xung dot thai dqi Vi rang tu tudng ty yeu duang ludn ddi hdi mdtxd hdi ddn chu, cdn phung sy nghTa vu hdn nhdn Igi Id sdn phd'm cua I I gido phong kien Ddu rdng, khdng dudi mdt Idn, ngudi ty yeu duong nhu Idn dt ngudi nghTa vy, tudng chung nhu cudc tinh dd di den chd tdc hgp xung ddi, de «chim lien cdnh, cdy lien cdnh" (tqi thien nguyen tac ty dye dieu, tqi dia nguyen vi lien li chi - Bgch Cu Dj) Ty yeu duang Id mdt nhung nhu cdu can gidi phdng Nhung khdt vgng gidi phdng khdng chi Id tinh yeu Cao han het, nd Id quyen song, quyen hanh phuc Con ngudi phdi dugc ty vdi quyen ngudi cua minh Cd le, ngudi cd nhdn Chim Idng (tuang truyen ciia Nguyen Huu Cdu) phdt tin hieu gidi phdng sdm nhdt Con ngudi nhu ngdt nggt Idng sdt xd hdi nhd hep dang cam tu nd Trong dd, vgn dam gid mdy Igi nhu ddp vdo mdt nd, thuc giyc nai nd mdt khdt vgng ty du ddi: «Chim oanh ng vdy vung ddu Bde Ddn loan tuc tdc cdnh Nam Mac Ddng ngu Tdy dam Chd phong tien dut giam vdn lung Bay thdng cdnh mudn trung Tieu Hdn Phd vdng vdy bgn vdi Kim d Gian san khdch diec tri hd" Khdt vgng ty gidi phdng ndy cdn Id ket qua cua mdt triet li hdnh ddng nhdm tgo cho rieng minh mdt sy nghiep, thod man tdi ndng, thod mdn y chi cd nhdn Han nua, nd khdng chi Id sy vugt ngodi khudn khd cua mdt dgo than tu thdng thudng, md cdn quyet liet tim rieng cho minh mdt sy nghiep vuang bd Dd cdn Id ngudi Cao Bd Qudt, mong mudn thyc hien hdnh ddng quyet liet de dugc dd'i ddi «Deo vdng thu kiem, quyet xoay bgch dc Igi Idu ddi Gdnh vdc giang son, quyet nem kham sang cdm tu" (Tdi td da cung phu) Con ngudi ndy, dd dugc dgy dd theo tinh than Nho gido chinh thdng , nhung nhung tu chdt dgc biet d dng (vdn nhu Sieu Quat vo Tien Han - tuang truyen Idi Ty Due khen tdng), cdng vdi y thiic cd nhdn theo djnh hudng li tdm khdc ddi vdi thdi cudc nen hg Cao dd nudi cho minh nhung gidc ma tdo bgo Cd dieu, mdt dd vugt ngodi khudn khd y thiic cd nhdn, Igi dua mdt li tudng chinh trj xd hdi hodn todn cu qua cdu chdm ngdn Idm de cd «Binh Duong Bo Ban vo Nghieu Thudn Myc Da Minh Dien huu Vu Thang", thi bi kjch vd that bai cua Tap chi Giao due so tw a - a/aoioi hg Cao Id mdt logic td't yeu Dd cdn Id chdng Tu Hdi cua Nguyln Du Hg Tu qua Id mot ngudi anh xud't chii ng nhung chdn chinh, hodn todn khdng the Id ke phdn nghich nhu Nho gido chinh thdng hing ket dn Quan niem ciia Nho gia cho rdng «kien nghTa bdt vi vd dung da" (thdy viec nghTa md khdng dam hdnh ddng Id ke hen nhdt), dd nhudng budc cho tu tudng Mac gia cdc hdnh ddng nghTa hiep ciia ngudi ndy: «Phong trdn mdi mdt ludi guam Nhung phuang gid tui cam sd gi Nghenh ngang mdt cdi bien thuy Kem gi cd qua, kem gi bd vuang" Cd mdt khdt vgng ty hodnh trdng: «Giang hd quen thdi vdy viing, guam ddn nua gdnh non sdng mdt cheo Chgc trdi quay nude mdc ddu Dgc ngang ndo biet tren ddu cd ai" Tii Hdi dd thyc hien mdt cdch gian tiep gidc mo cd le tha thie't nhdt ciia ngudi, dd Id gidc mo ty gidi phdng Nhd vdy, y thiic cd nhdn giai dogn ndy cd them khdt vgng mdi - ddnh ddu sy tien bd bgc nhdt ljch sii nhdn thiic ve ngudi Tieng ndi ciia ngudi cd nhdn nhu them cung bgc mdi bdi sinh ty gidi phdng thdi vdo, ddu nd cd the chju nhieu sy trd gid khdc liet Dd cdn Id sy dot phd ciia y thiic cd nhdn, cung nhu tinh chdt tdi ru hdo kiet ciia ngudi anh thu kiem Nguyen Cdng Trii Tdt cd deu ndm khuynh hudng trdi day chung ciia y thiic cd nhdn cua cd giai dogn ndy Tuy nhien, neu nhin hi gdc dd logi hinh hgc, rd rdng tinh chdt anh hdo kiet vd cd nhdn hdnh ddng ciia Nguyln Cdng Tru nhu cd cd tinh tuang can, so vdi Nguyln Huu Cdu, Tu Hdi, ke cd ngudi cd nhdn Nguyen Hue (Hoang Le nhdt thdng chi) • (1) M.B.Khrapchenko Ca tinh sang tao va sy phat trien ciia van hoc (Le Son, NguySn Minh dich) NXB Tdcphdm mdi H 1978, tr.66 (2) Tran Dinh Hupu Nho giao va van hoc Viet Nam trung can dai NXB Gido due H 1998, tr 427 (3) Tran Dinh Sir Nhung the gidi nghe thuat tho NXB Gido due H 1997, tr.366 (4) Ha Nhu Chi Viet Nam thi van giang luan NXB Van hda - thdng tin (tai han) H 1996, tr.317 (5) A.J.A.Gurevich Cac pham tru van hda trung cd (Hoang Ngpc Hien dich) NXB Gido due H 1996.tr 321 (6) Tran Ngpc Vuong Nha nho tai tu va van hpc Viet Nam NXB Gido due H 1995 tr 119  ... song, quyen lam nguai Con nguai dau co «ngua len cui xudng" (phu ngudng boi hoi) thi «deu thdy todn cdnh dau Idng" (bdt thdng kim tinh chi cdm Nguyen Du, Long Thdnh cam gid ca); Con ngudi nhu trdm... song, quyen hanh phuc Con ngudi phdi dugc ty vdi quyen ngudi cua minh Cd le, ngudi cd nhdn Chim Idng (tuang truyen ciia Nguyen Huu Cdu) phdt tin hieu gidi phdng sdm nhdt Con ngudi nhu ngdt nggt... khdng" (Cao Bd Qudt) Chua bao gid ngudi phy nu vdi sd phdn bi thdm Igi xudt hien nhieu nhu d vdn hgc giai dogn ndy Thiet che ndng ne cua phuang thuc phong kien dd bdp nghet ddi sdng tdm tu, udc nguyen