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Appendix 3.1: Distribution and endemism of butterfly species recorded during the study a Family: Subfamily Common name Species Endemism Primary forest Logged forest Acraeidae Tawny Coaster Telchinia violae Not endemic 0 x x Hesperiidae Black Angle Tapena thwaitesi thwaitesi Home Pinus plantations Not endemic 0 x x x x 0 Hesperiidae Black Flat Celaenorrhinus spilothyrus Not endemic x Hesperiidae Blank Swift Catloris kumara lanka Not endemic x Hesperiidae Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis Not endemic x 0 0 x x x x Hesperiidae Bush Hopper Ampittia dioscorides singa Not endemic Hesperiidae Ceylon Palm bob Suastus minuta minuta Not endemic Hesperiidae Ceylon Ace Halpe homolea ceylonica Not endemic 0 x x x x Hesperiidae Ceylon Awl Hasora badra lanka Not endemic x Hesperiidae Ceylon Snow Flat Tagiades japetus obscurus Not endemic x x x Hesperiidae Chestnut bob Lambrix salsala luteipalpus Not endemic 0 x x Hesperiidae Common banded demon Notocrypta paralysos alysia Not endemic x x x x Hesperiidae Common dart Potanthus pseudomaesa Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Common grass dart Taractrocera maevius Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Dark Cerulean Oriens goloides Not endemic x x x x x x x Hesperiidae Decorated Ace Endemic Thoressa decorata Hesperiidae Hedge Hopper Baracus vittatus vittatus Not endemic x Hesperiidae Indian dart Potanthus pallida Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Indian Palmbob Suastus gremius subgrisea Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Indian Skipper Spialia galba Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Pale Small-branded Swift Pelopidas thrax Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Philippine Swift Catloris philippina seriata Not endemic 0 x x 0 Hesperiidae Restricted demon Notocrypta curvifascia Not endemic x Hesperiidae Smallest Swift Panara bada bada Not endemic 0 x Hesperiidae Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus adrastus Not endemic x 0 Hesperiidae Tropic Dart Potanthus confucius satra Not endemic 0 x x x x Hesperiidae Water Snow Flat Tagiades litigiosa ceylonica Not endemic x Hesperiidae White banded Awl Hasora taminatus taminatus Not endemic x 0 0 x x x x x x Libytheidae Club Beak Libythea myrrha rama Not endemic Lycaenidae Aberrant Bush blue Arhopala abseus mackwoodi Not endemic Lycaenidae Angled pierrot Caleta decidia Not endemic Lycaenidae Banded blue pierrot Discolampa ethion ethion Not endemic x 0 x x x Lycaenidae Ceylon Cerulean Jamides coruscans Endemic x Lycaenidae Common Cerulean Jamides celeno tissama Not endemic x x x x Lycaenidae Common Lineblue Prosotas nora ardates Not endemic x x x x Lycaenidae Common pierrot Castalius rosimon Not endemic x x x Lycaenidae Common Imperial Cheritra freja pseudojaffra Not endemic 0 x x Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Lycaenidae Dark Ceylon 6-lineblue Indian Cupid Indian Sunbeam Catopsilia crocale Everes lacturnus parrhasius Curetis thetis Not endemic Not endemic Not endemic x x x x 0 x x 0 Lycaenidae Large 4-lineblue Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica Not endemic x 0 178 Lycaenidae Lime Blue Chilades lajus lajus Not endemic x Lycaenidae Long banded silver-line Spindasis lohita lazularia Not endemic x 0 0 x x x x Lycaenidae Malayan Not endemic Megisba malaya x Lycaenidae Metallic Cerulean Jamides alecto meilichius Not endemic x Lycaenidae Milky Cerulean Jamides lacteata Not endemic x x Lycaenidae Monkey-puzzle Rathinda amor Endemic 0 x Lycaenidae Nigger Orsotriaena medus mandata Not endemic 0 x x Lycaenidae Nilgiri Tit Hypolycaena nilgirica Not endemic 0 x Lycaenidae One sport Grass Yellow Eurema ormistoni Endemic x x x Lycaenidae Opaque 6-lineblue Nacaduba beroe minima Not endemic x x Lycaenidae Painted Saw-tooth Prioneris sita Not endemic x 0 Lycaenidae Pale Ceylon 6-lineblue Nacaduba sinhala Endemic x x x Lycaenidae Peacock Royal Tajuria cippus longinu Not endemic x x Lycaenidae Plain Hedgeblue Celestrina lavendularis Not endemic x 0 Lycaenidae Pointed Ciliated blue Anthene lycaenina lycaenina Not endemic x x Lycaenidae Read pierrot Talicada nyseus nyseus Not endemic 0 x Lycaenidae Red Helen Papilio helenus mooreanus Not endemic x x x x Lycaenidae Rustic Cupha erymanthis placida Not endemic x x x Lycaenidae Slate Flash Rapala manea schistacea Not endemic x 0 Lycaenidae Tailed jay Graphium agamemnon menides Not endemic x x x x Lycaenidae Three sport Grass Yellow Eurema blanda silhetana Not endemic x x x x Lycaenidae Tiny Grass blue Zizula hylax hylax Not endemic 0 x Lycaenidae Yamfly Loxura atymnus arcuata Not endemic 0 x x Nymphalidae Baron Euthalia aconthea vasanta Not endemic 0 x x Nymphalidae Black Prince Rohana parisatis camiba Not endemic x 0 Nymphalidae Blue Admiral Blue Admiral Not endemic x 0 Nymphalidae Blue Oak leaf Kallima philarchus philarchus Endemic x 0 Nymphalidae Chestnut Streaked Sailor Neptis jumbah nalanda Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae Chocolate Soldier Junonia iphita pluviatalis Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae Clipper Parthenos sylvia cyaneus Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia sinuata Not endemic 0 x x Nymphalidae Common Nawab Polyura athamas Not endemic x 0 Nymphalidae Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae ceylonica Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae Common Sailor Neptis hylas varmona Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae Commander Moduza procris calidasa Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae Cruiser Vindula erota asela Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae Gaudy Baron Euthalia lubentina psittacus Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae Great Egg fly Hypolimnas bolina Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Not endemic x x Nymphalidae Leopard Phalanta phalanta Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae Pea Blue Lampides boeticus Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae Red Spot Duke Dophla evelina evelina Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais lanka Not endemic x x x 179 Nymphalidae Tawny Rajah Charaxes psaphon Not endemic x x Nymphalidae Ceylon Lace wing Cethosia nietneri Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Blue Glassy Tiger Ideopsis similis exprompta Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Blue tiger Tirumala limniace leopardus Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Ceylon Tree nymph Idea iasonia Endemic x x x x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Common Crow Euploea core asela Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae: Danaidae Great Crow Euploea phaenareta corus Not endemic x x Nymphalidae: Morphinae Southern duffer Discophora lepida ceylonica Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Ceylon Forester Lethe dynsate Endemic x 0 Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Ceylon Palmfly Elymnias singala Endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Cingalese Bushbrown Mycalesis rama Endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Common Evening Brown Melanitis lede ismene Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra fraterna Not endemic 0 x x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Comon Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus typhlus Not endemic 0 x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Dark Evening Brown Melanitis phedima tambra Not endemic x x x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Gladeye Bushbrown Nissanga patnia patnia Not endemic x x x x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Mottled Immigrant Catopsilia pyranthe minna Not endemic x x Nymphalidae: Satyrinae White Four-ring Ypthima ceylonica Not endemic x x x Papilionidae Banded Peacock Papilio crino Not endemic 0 x Papilionidae Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor parinda Not endemic x x x x Papilionidae Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon teredon Not endemic x x x x Papilionidae Ceylon Birdwing Troides darsius Endemic x x x Papilionidae Ceylon Rose Pachliopta jophon Endemic x x x Papilionidae Common jay Graphium doson Not endemic x x x x Papilionidae Common mime Chilasa clytia lankeswara Not endemic 0 x Papilionidae Common Mormon Papilio polytes romulus Not endemic x x x Papilionidae Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus demoleus Not endemic 0 x Pieridae Common Albatross Appias albina darada Not endemic 0 x x Pieridae Common Grass Yellow Leptosia nina nina Not endemic x x x Pieridae Jezebel Delias eucharis Not endemic x x x Pieridae Lemon emigrant Catopsilia pomona Not endemic x x x Pieridae Lesser Albatross Appias galene Not endemic x x x x Pieridae Psyche Leptosia nina nina Not endemic 0 x Riodinidae Plum judy Abisara echerius prunosa Not endemic x x x a x = presence; 0= absence of an individual species in a given habitat 180 Appendix 3.2: Species accumulation curves for butterflies (a) (b) (c) Appendix 3.2: Species accumulation curves (a); population abundance curves (b); and rarefaction curves (c); for butterflies in sampled habitat types 181 Appendix 3.3 – Summary statistic of the multi-response permutation procedure Habitat Butterflies Average within-group distance PF SLF HG PP Multiple pair-wise comparisons PF vs SLF PF vs HG PF vs PP SLF vs HG SLF vs PP HG vs PP Amphibians Average within-group distance PF SLF HG PP Multiple pair-wise comparisons PF vs SLF PF vs HG PF vs PP SLF vs HG SLF vs PP HG vs PP T A P -7.807 -31.186 -25.279 -20.643 -14.322 -16.208 0.075 0.357 0.268 0.212 0.138 0.166