CHl/ONG TRiNH Q U c GIA v £ AN T O A N LAO D d N G , V f SINH LAO D d N G An toan lao dong thi cong mong, ho, hao sau TS. Bui Manh Hung Chu nhiem bo mon Kinh te Xay dung - Dai hoc Kien tnic Ha Noi 1. An t o i n lao dong thi cong dao xuc 1.7. Chii y vdj cong tdc Mo xuc Triidc dao, du bang tay hay bang may xuc, can luu y cac cong trinh ngam dudi dat. Luon nhd rSng co the co dudng day dISn n g i m , cong thoat nUdc va doi co di/dng dng hoi dot ngSm sau dudi dat. Can tinh den khS nang xau nhSt: dung phiil cap dien cd the gay dien giat chet ngudi, bi thuong nang hoac chap dien gay bdng nang; vd dudng dng hoi dot gay chay no; vd dng nUdc hoac cdng ngSm gay ung ngap hoac sap Id hd dao . a) Up dien ngam: Trudc tien hanh dao xuc hay yeu cau cac co quan thupc nganh dien, cd quan thudc dja phuong hoac ngUdI chii cdng trtnh xay dung cho xem so dudng day dien ngam. Ngay Cei da cd so van phSI luu y cd mot sd dudng day khdng duoc danh dau so hoac khong nSm chlnh xac d noi nd duoc danh dau vi dudng cap dien it thang. Hay quan sat cac cot den tin hieu giao thdng, den dudng, bot dien xung quanh chung thudng duoc cap dien qua cap ngam, hay sfldung may dd cap ngam neu cd. Can luu y rSng cap n i m gan se khdng phat tin hieu rl#ng re tren may. Mot sd kieu cap cdn khdng dd duoc bSng may djnh vj. Tuyet ddi khdng diing vat nhon va sSc de danh dau. Khi da x^c djnh vj trf tuong ddi ciia dudng cap, hay diing dung cu cam tay nhux^ng, mai de dao Id ra. Khdng nen diing cudc, xa beng, can theo ddi ky dau hieu cap qua trtnh dao bdi. b) Cac cdng trtnh ngam khac Tuong t u nhu sir ly cap dien ngam, hay yeu cau ngudi cd trach nhiem cung cap sodd dudng cap nudc ngam, dudng dng dot, dudng cap dien thoai ngam ., sau sir dung cac bien phap gidng nhu ddi vdi dudng cap dien ngam. Khdng sfl dung m^y xiic each dng dan hoi ddt dudi nira met. Neu ngiri thay mill gas, can d i m beio khdng cd vat phat lira nhu thudc la, ddng CO dang hoat ddng d g a n dd. Tranh xa khu vuc rd ri, yeu cSu mpi ngUdi so tan va thdng bao vdi ngudi cd trach nhiem. Khdng de may mdc thiet bj nang len tren hoac d gan dudng dng dan vi dng dan cd the vd.Tat c i dudng dng hoac day cap p h i i dflpc gia cd trudc b3t dau tien hanh dao xiic. )4 BiiniEipan 01.2014 1.2. Litufan toan thi cong SHo xuc a) NhUng mdi nguy hiem thi cdng dSo xiic: Hau het cac cdng viec xay dung deu cd Uen quan den cdng viec dao xuc nhu dao mdng, ranh thoat nUdc, cdng trtnh ngam. Xuc dat hoac dao ranh la nhOng cdng viec rat nguy hiem ma ca nhOng cdng nhan cd kinh nghiem cung cd the bj tai nan mpt bd ranh nap dd khdng dupc gia cd sut. Id bat ngd. NhUng cPn mUa to thudng Ici nguyen nhan gaiy Id Six. Khei nang lut ldi cung la hiem hoa can tinh den. Ngoai cdn xuat hien sU nilt vd ap suat dUpc gl3i phdng di chuyin dat da hoac nhiet dp qua ndng vao miia he. b) NhOng luu y ve an toan de phdng chdng sap hd, nga xudng hd Mep hd, ranh nen bat bang hoac vat mdt gdc an toan, thudng la 450 hoac gia cd bSng van, cdt chdng hay cac phUdng tien thich hdp de dam bao khdng sat Id. Can dJm biio cd dii vat lieu de gia cd ranh se dao. Gia cd ranh la viec can lam ngay, dao den dau gia cd den dd. Khdng nen lam viec ranh chua dupc gia cd. Chi nhUng cdng nhan lanh nghe thuc hien dudi su giam sat ciia doc cdng mdi duoc l i p dat, thao dd hay thay cdt chdng. Nen ISp dat cot chdng tai tat ca cac chd nao cd the, trUdc dao tdi day hd, tdt nhat nen thuc hien chieu sau hd hoac ranh chUa dat tdi 1,2m. Sau dd tiep tuc dat cdt chdng den dao tdi day. Can y thUc rang thUc hien day dii quy trinh se gdp phan quan trpng viec cilu nhOrng cdng nhan bj dat Idviil lap. Lap cac rao cein d dp cao vila p h i l (khoeing m) se ngan ngUa loai tai nan roi xudng hd dao. c) Kiem tra bien phap an toan vji ket q u i thuc hien: Viec kiem tra bien phap ky thuat an loan thi cdng dao xiic ngUdI cd kien thflc thuc hien, it nhat la trUdc mdt tai ndi se tien hanh dao xiic. Sau da ap dung bien phap ky thuat an toan mdi tuan nen theo ddi noi dd it nhat mdt lan va ngudi kiem tra cd t r i c h nhiem lap va luu giuf bien b i n k i l m tra. d) NhOfng cdng trinh lan can: Bat cil chd nao cd the, cdng viec dao xiic can tranh khdng nen qua sau va qua gan lam i n h hudng den n l n mdng ciia cac cdng trtnh k l ben. Sir dung cac bien phap phdng chdng nhu cpc cir, cdt chdng v.v , de de phdng sap Id thi cdng dao xiic. Khi thuc hien chdng d d cho cac cdng trinh lan can can nghien cufu each chdng cung nhu vj tri chdng d l khdi i n h hudng den ket cau ciia cac cdng trinh dd. e) Thanh hd: Khdng nen luu giU, dl chuyin vat lieu hay t h i l t b| gan mieng hd vl cd the gay nguy h i l m cho cdng nhan lam viec d dudi vat lieu roi xudng, hoac t i i nang gan mi^ng hd gay sap c i c cdt chdng gia cd hd. Nhufng ddng dat d i va phe l l | u nen d l cich xa noi dao xuc. f) Xe cd gidi: Can cd dii chd dau va vat cin, vat chen b i n h xe hpp ly, de phdng xe lap xudng hd dd vat lieu hoac g i y nguy h i l m quay dau. Khu vuc 6e xe p h i i giuf mdt k h o i n g cich an t o i n so vdi hd de de phdng t i i trpng Idn cd the g i y sap hd hoac cac vat gia cd. g) Ldi v i o va ra: Can d i m b i o cd day dii cic Idi cho phuong tien vao va t h o i t khdi hd dao mdt c i c h an tpan nhu thang, dudng ddc D i l u dac biet quan trpng bdi lam viec dudi hd sau cd t h i bat chot gap lu hay nhufng yeu td nguy h i l m khic. Ldi t h o i t h i l m l i het sufc can t h i l t . h) Chilu sing: Bd tri dil anh sing d noi thi cdng dao xde, dac biet la noi v i o v i ra, nhufng cho hdng cua rao c h i n b i o ve. Chieu s i n g khdng day du lam cho ngudi lao ddng de met mdi, p h i n xa than kinh cham, lau g l i m thj luc la nguyen nhan gian tiep gay chan thuong, ddng thdi lam g i i m nang suat lap ddng v i chat lupng sin pham. Chieu s i n g q u i thira g i y hien tupng m i t bj chdi, b i t budc m i t p h i i thich nghi mdt thdi gian nap dd p h i i nhin tir cho sing sang chd tdi v i ngUdc lai. Tat c i mpi khu vUc tr#n cdng trudng d i u p h i l dupc c h i l u s i n g lam viec bSng i n h sing t u nhien hoac n h i n tao. Nen bd tri chieu sing nhan tap d l phdng t r i n h nhOng ndi bdng tdi^day dac v i d l thay rd dupc nhufng mdi nguy h i l m . Nen treo bdng den cang cao cang tdt d l t r i n h chdi m i t va bd tri cho cdng nhan khdng bj sSp bdng ciia chinh minh lam viec. 2. Nguyen n h i n x i y tai nan d i o m6ng, ho v i h i o sau Thi cdng d i o mdng cdng trinh, d i o d i p kenh muong, d i o ho v i hao siu l i loai cdng viec cd khdi lupng Idn, tdn n h i l u cdng sufc va cung thudng x i y tai nan. Cic nguyen nhan va hidn tupng tai nan thudng gap la: a) Sup dat luc dao mdng, h i o sau chilu sau vupt q u i gidl han cho phep ciia cac loai dat da ma khdng gia cd hoac gia cd t h i n h vieh khdng dUng ky thuat an t o i n . NhiJfng nguyen nhan chinh lam vieh dat bi trupt, sat. Id cd t h i do: - Oao hd vdi vach dufng vUpt q u i gidi han chieu sau cho phep theo quy pham an t o i n ma khdng t i l n h i n h chdng vach; -Dao hd vdi vach ddc Idn hpn gdc quy djnh theo quy pham ddi vdi loai dat va chieu s i u dao; - Tic ddng ciia ngoai luc c h i n ddng cua miy, t h i l t bi, phuong tien giao thdng hoat ddng d gan hd dao g i y nen; -Tic ddng t i l trpng tuong ho glUa c i c cdng trinh da cd va hd dap; - Kit cau chdng vieh khdng du d i m b i p dieu kien chju lUc va dn djnh, cung nhu vi pham quy trinh v i phuong p h i p t h i o dd k i t cau chdng vieh. b) Dat d i l i n , roi rii tren xudng hd mdng cd ngUdI l i m viec d phia dudi. c) NgUdI lao ddng lep tr^p tren m i l hd mdng khdng t u i n theo ndi quy an toan, khdng deo day an t o i n . d) Ngudi rdi xudng hd mdng, hd dao vi khdng cd b i l n b i o , day chang b i o ve, thieu den b i o ve v i o ban dem, liic sUdng mil. e) Bj nhiem hpi ddc (C02, NHS, CH4, .) xucit hien bat ngd d cic hd s i u . 3. Cic bi#n phap an toan lao dong dao m d n g , h6 sau 3.1. Bio ddm sif 6n Sinh cia ho mong, vieh iio a) Nguyen nhan sat. Id hd mdng v i vieh dao Su sup dd m i l dat x i y gdc cua ta luy m i l ddc (a) vUOt q u i dp ddc tU nhien ciia dat da (cp). Do thi cdng trpng miia mUa, cd nUdc ngam, trj sd luc dinh, lUc ma s i t cua dat da g l i m vi dp am tang l i nguyen n h i n chii yeu gay sat Id. b) Mdt sd quy djnh d i o bdi dufng Ddi vdi dat cd dp am tU nhien, k i t cau khdng bj p h i hoai v i khdng cd nUdc ngam, chi cho p h i p dao hd va d i o t h i n h dflng khdng can gia cd vdi chieu sau gidl han nhU: Dat cat v i sdi (khdng q u i Im); Dat i c i t (khdng q u i 1,25m); Dat a s^t va set (khdng q u i 1,5m); Dat cufng (khdng q u i 2,0m). Khi dao hd, h i o sau hon gidi han cho phep thi p h i i gia cd t h i n h hd bang v i n tUdng cd cpc chdng, v i n g chdng ngang hoac xien phii hpp i p life d i t va c i c t i l trpng phu them. c) D i p hd mdng, hap cd m i i ddc Thi cdng hd d i o cd m i i ddc d l l u kien dat cd dp am t u nhien, khdng cd nUdc ngam. chilu siu khdng q u i 5m, gdc ciia m i i ddc (ta luy) lay thep quy djnh v l m i i ddc, ta luy. 3.2. D i m b i o su dn djnh d i o hd mdng rdng va sau Khi t i l n h i n h thi cdng nhimg hd mdng cd kich thudc rpng va sau p h i l dao dat cap v i p h i i cd dudng thi cdng. Dudng de van chuyin v i thi cdng p h i l cd nen dn djnh v i dii rdng: van chuyin thii cdng (dudng rpng 3-3,5m); van chuyin bang xe sue vat keo thi dUdng rdng 5,0m; van chuyin cP gidl thi dudng rdng 7m. M i y mdc va phuong tien van chuyin qua lai g i n hd dao cd t h i gay chan ddng lam sut Id hd mdng.Trudng hpp dudng van chuyin p h i l bd tri n g o i i pham vl sut Id ciia khdi dat. Khi thi cdng dao dat bang cpgldi, chieu cap ciia c i c bac dat cap lay nhu sau: - Khdng cao hon chilu cao xiic tdi da ciia g i u neu dao bang m i y xuc va trudng hpp khdng nd min; - Chieu cao tdi da l i 20m trudng hpp thi cdng nd Id sau; - Chieu cao tdi da cd the lay tdi 30m ddi vdi trudng hpp dao cic khoing vat chac; Thi cdng miia mUa va noi cd mach nudc ngam p h i i cd bien p h i p t h p i t nudc d tren bd hoac l i m cac ranh dufng cd dat dng hoac mang thoat nUdc d ddc. 3.3. Cac bien p h i p phdng ngUa tai nan d i o mdng, hd siu a) Bien p h i p phdng ngira dat da l i n , rdi theo m i l ddc Dat, d i d i p len p h i i dd xa mep hd, hao it nhat l i 0,5m. Neu tren m i l ddc ngau nhien cd cic u dat hoac da Idi thi p h i l dinh chi cdng viec d phia dudi v i p h i bdt di khdi dat d i tU phia tren. Phii d l bd b i o ve d l ngan giO dat, d i l i n tfltren xudng. De d i m b i o tdt hdn, d cic mep bd ddng cac tam bao ve cao Scm. b) Bien p h i p phdng ngUa ngudi nga Cdng n h i n len, xudng hd mdng, hd d i o , h i o sau p h i l cd thang chac chan, cam lep trep len xudng theo cac vang chdng. Khi thi cdng tren m i l ddc cd c h i l u cao hdn 3m v i dp ddc hdn 450 hoac b l mat ddc tron, udt, cdng n h i n p h i i deo d i y an t o i n . Hd, h i o tren dudng di lai p h i l cd rao n g i n chac chan, ban dem p h i i cd den bao hieu, den b i o ve. c) Bien phap phdng ngira nhiem ddc -TrUdc cdng n h i n xudng lam viec tai cic hd siu, g i l n g khoan, dudng ham p h i i k i l m tra khdng b i n g den thd md (neu ndi lam viec cd C02 thi den se l i p loe v i tat, neu cd CH4 thi den se chay sang .). - Khi p h i t hien cd hoi, khiddc d dudi hd, hao p h i l dmh chi cdng viec, fim nguyen nhan va i p dung c i c phUdng phap triet ngudn p h i t sinh, g i i i t o i chiing bang may nen khi, quat . Neu p h i i lam viec tai cac hd sau, gieng khoan, dudng ham cd hoi, ddc thi bat budc cdng nhan p h i i dupc trang bj va sir dung mat na phdng ddc, binh thd v i p h i i cd ngUdI thudng xuyen theo ddi, hd trp. 01.2014 BWinililBX 8£ . v£ AN TOAN LAO DdNG, Vf SINH LAO DdNG An toan lao dong khi thi cong mong, ho, hao sau TS. Bui Manh Hung Chu nhiem bo mon Kinh te Xay dung - Dai hoc Kien tnic Ha Noi 1. An toin lao. mdc thiet bj nang len tren hoac d gan dudng dng dan vi dng dan cd the vd.Tat ci dudng dng hoac day cap phii dflpc gia cd trudc khi b3t dau tien hanh dao xiic. 1.2. Litufan toan khi thi. dii rdng: van chuyin thii cdng (dudng rpng 3-3,5m); van chuyin bang xe sue vat keo thi dUdng rdng 5,0m; van chuyin cP gidl thi dudng rdng 7m. Miy mdc va phuong tien van chuyin khi qua