KINH IE DIA PHirONG Co cdu kinh te Tay Nguyen va mot so vdn de dqt ra^ BUI QUANG TUAN NGUYEN DINH HOA r rong thdi gian qua, kinh te Tdy Nguy&n dat dUOc mot sdket qud ddng ghi nhdn, tdc d$ tdng triidng cao han mik trung binh cua cd niidc. Tuy nhien, tdng triidng kinh te chita ben viing, chu yeu dUa vda khai thdc tdi nguyen thien nhien can kiet, vdn di, lao ddng gian dm, cdc nguon liic ndy duac s^ dung kem hieu qud. Ca cdu kinh t& cua viing chuyen dich chUa theo hiidng phdt huy Icfi the ddc thu. vd lai thd so sdnh cua viing, gid tri gia tdng thdp. Cdch tk&e tdng trudng vd cO cdu kinh tenhu vay dang ddt nhieu thdch thiic uSphdt trien ben vUng. Bdi vi^ ndy neu len thiic trang vd vdn de cua chuyen dich ca cdu kinh tenhdm gdp phdn cho thdo luan ud dinh hiidng cho viec tdi ca cdu kinh teTdy Nguyen theo hiidng phdt trien ben vUng. 1. Thfle trang tang trfldfng va chuyen dich cfl cau kinh te cua Tay Nguyen 1.1. Tdng triidng kinh te Kinh td' vflng Tay Nguyen da cd td'c tang trfldng eao thdi ky 2001-2012, dat binh quan 12,99%/nam. De'n nam 2012, tong gia tri san xua't cua vung Tay Nguyen dat 74.727,85 ty ddng (gia so sanh nam 1994), tang 54.772,828 ty ddng so vdi nam 2001; dd: ndng, lam, thuy s a n tang 17.139,492 ty ddng; cdng ngbiep-xay dflng tang 21.862,836 ty ddng; dich vu tang 15.869,125 ty ddng. Ddy diiOc coi la tuu ve tang trfldng kinh te' cua vflng Tdy Nguydn. Ddng gdp vao tflu tang trfldr^ eiia eac k h u vfle nhfl sau: k h u vUc cdi^ nghiep - xay dflng: 39,9%, k h u vflc ndng, lam, thuy san: 31,9% vd dich vu: 28,2%. Nhfl v4y, eac nganh san xuat vat chat ddng vai trd la ddng Ifle d^y phat trien kinh te'eiia viiiig. HINH 1: T o e d o t a n g trfldfng k i n h te' c u a v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2001 - 2012 • Canudc • Tay Nguyen - Nong, lam, thuy san - Gang nghiep-xay dung - Dich vu 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ngudn: NiSn giam thdng ke cua cac tinh TSy NguySn. Bili Quang TuSn, PGS.TS Vien Nghien ciiu phat tri^n ben viing Viing; Nguyen Dinh Hda, ThS., Vien Kinh t^ Viet Nam. I Bai viei la moi phdn san phiim cua De tai TN3/X01 (Chuong trinh Tay Nguyen 3). Co c^u kinh t^Tay Nguyen , • Ndng nghiep, lam nghiep vd thuy sdn Gia tri san xud't ndng, lam, thuy san cua Tdy Nguyen t a n g binh quan 8,11%/nam thdi k^ 0 - 2011. Nam 2011, gia tri san xuait dat 28.550,644 ty ddng (gia cd' dinh ndm 1994), t a n g 1,64 l^n so vdi n a m 2005 va 2,28 Idn so vdi n a m 2001. Tuy nhidn, tang trfldng ciia khu vflc ndng, lam, thuy san gifla cac ndm thidii sfl dn dinh. Ddng gdp cbinh vdo tang trfldng ndng nghiep eua vflng la tieu nganh ndng nghiep, vdi mfle 96,75%; lam nghiep va thuy san, tfldng flng la 2,48% va 0,77%. c a c nam 2002, 2005 va 2008 ed mfle tang trfldng tha'p nha't, nguyen n h a n ehinh la gia ndng san (cd phd) trdn thi trfldng the' gidi giam manh nhflng nam nay. • Cdng nghiip vd xdy dUng Gia tri san xud't cua ngdnh cdng nghidp xdy dflng giai doan 2001-2011 tang binh quan hdng ndm 19,70%. Gia tri san xua't cua nhdm nganh tang tfl mfle 3360,329 ty ddng n a m 2001 len mfle 22.311,258 ty ddng nam 2011 (tang 6,63 lan). Tdc dd tang trudng cdng nghiep binh quan nam thdi k^ 2001-2005 dat 18,37%, thdi ky 2006-2011 khoang 20,36%. Mae du giai doan 2001-2011, gia tri san xua't edng nghiep vflng Tay Nguyen dat td'c tdng trudng cao, nhflng xua't phat diem tha'p, nen chie'm ty Id nhd ngdnh cdng nghidp ca nfldc (khoang 0,9%). Trong edng nghiep, nganh cdng nghidp didn - nfldc vd nganh khai thac md la cac nganh cd td'c tang trfldng cao nha't, Idn Ifldt la 44,84%/nam va 25,34%/nam. Hai ngdnh cd dflde td'c tang trfldng cao la sfl t r i l n khai xdy dflng, vdn hdnh cua nhieu nha may thuy dien va du an khai thac khoang san tren dia ban. Day Id nhan to' chlnh thuc ddy vide chuyen dich cd cau kinh te, nhflng cung gdy nen nhflng bd't Idi ddi vdi phat t r i l n ben vflng cua Tay Nguyen. • Dich vu Dich vu dUdc danh gid la mdt nhflng ngdnh cd tiem ndng d Tdy Nguyen, nhien, hien ngdnh phat trien chfla tfldng xflng vdi tiem nang. Td'c dd tang Nghiin ciiu Kinh Idsi 435 - Thing 8/2014 trfldng trung binh giai doan 2001 - 2012 cua nganh dich vu dat 16,78%, dd giai doan 2001- 2006 dat 15,33% va giai doan 2007 2012 dat 18,23%. Ke tfl n a m 2005, tdc t a n g h a n g n a m ve gid tri s a n xud't cua n g a n h dich vu eao hdn td'c tang chung cua nen kinh te'. Gid tri tdng san pham cua n g a n h da t a n g tfl 3.184,684 ty ddng n a m 2001 len 5.798,460 ty ddng nam 2005 va dat 19.053,81 ty ddng nam 2012. 1.2. Chat luang tdng trudng • Ndng sudt lao dong Tang nang sudt lao ddng la yd'u td' de dam bao chd't Ifldng tang trfldng. Trong giai doan 2001- 2012, tdc tang nang su^t lao ddng eua vflng Tay Nguyen dat trung binh 5,3%/nam; bang khoang 50% so vdi td'c tang trfldng kinh td' va nang suat lao ddng tuyet ddi van d mfle tha'p, chi dat khoang 16,32 trieu ddng/Iao ddng. Cdng nghiep - xdy dflng Id linh vuc cd nang suat lao ddng cao nhdt ba khu vfle, trung binh 64,23 trieu ddngAao ddng/nam. Trong dd, hnh vUe ndng, lam, thuy san cd mfle nang sua't tha'p nh^t so vdi cac nganh khac (ehi dat 10,98 trieu ddng). Hdn nfla, khoang each chenh lech ve mfle nang sua't gifla ngdnh edng nghiep - xay dflng so vdi ndng, lam, thuy san ngdy cang doang rdng ra. Neu nhfl nam 2001, khoang each la 3,6 lan, thi de'n nam 2012, khoang each la 8,36 lan. Xu hfldng nay, mdt mat, phan anh qua trinh chuyen dich cd eau lao ddng tfl ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep (tfl nganh ed nang suat lao ddng thap sang nganh cd nang sua't lao ddng cao hdn) thdi gian qua didn cham; mat khac, nd ciing the hien nganh ndng, lam, thuy san cd tdc dd tang nang sud't lao ddng cdn ra't cham, tflc la hieu qua va cha't lUdng eua tang trudng nganh cdn tha'p. Nganh cdng nghiep tang trfldng chu ye'u la nganh md rdng quy md san xuat vd ha'p thu lao ddng trinh thdp\ chfl chfla phai ddng thdi tdng quy md va san pham cd ham Ifldng cdng nghe ' Bili Due Hung, Hoang Hdng Hiep (2011). Luimg hda tdc dong ctia cdc nhdn id sdn xudi de'n tdng trudng cong nghiep vdng Tdy Nguyen. Tap chf Nghien cihi kinh le'. sd 4-20'll.tr.58-65. 45 C0 cau kinh te Tay Nguyen . eao - la yeii to quyet dinh toe tang nhanh nang suat lao d d i ^ va nang Ifle canh tranh. NhiJng b a n chd' ve chat Ifldng ngudn n h a n Iflc la mdt nhflng nguyen n h a n dan den nang suat lao ddng cua vung Tay Nguyen cdn tha'p. Theo didu t r a lao ddng va vide lam hang ndm (Tong cue Thd'ng ke), giai doan 2005 - 2012, ty Id lao ddng da qua dao tao d Tay Nguyen ludn thdp hdn mfle chung toan qudc va chi dflng t r e n vflng ddng b a n g sdng Ciiu Long. Ty Id lao ddng khdng c6 t r i n h chuyen mdn ky t h u a t chie'm 89,1% (nam 2011); lao dong qua dao tao ehi chi^n 10,8% (sd cdp nghe: 1%; t r u n g c^p nghi: 0,8%; t r u n g cap chuydn nghiep: 3,3%; cao ddng nghe: 0,1%; cao dang; 1,7%; dai hoc trd len: 3,6%). Cha't lUdng lad ddng thap anh hfldng tieu cflc den k h a nang nang eao ndng sua't s a n xud't va p h a t trien cac nganh san xud't mdi ddi hdi n h a n Iflc cha't Ifldng eao. HINH 2: N a n g s u a t l a o d o n g c u a vflng T a y N g u y d n (trieu ddng I lao ddng) 120 100 80 - ^ Tdng stf , —•— Ntfng, lam, thuy san -*-C6ng nghiep-xay dung —•—Dichvu 75,94 58,15 , ^ 4230^^*^^ 60 40 32,76 20 12,63 " , 10345 107,62 j^ ' 32,57 9,06 8,20 2001 2002 9,30 2003 °''™/^ 23 90 25,38 " : ^ v ^ ^ J S ^ 15,18 84,20 ^ 28f8j0,21 ,11, nn IT-fl '•'i"'' • ' l . * ^ „' Y— 10,04 10,00 10,39 11,69 11,49 12,07 12,89 13,71 12,87 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2009 2010 m 2011 m 2012 Ngudn: Tinh toSn tii Nien giam thdng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen. • Hieu qud ddu tU Tang trfldng kinh te' cao eua Tay Nguyen gan lien vdi tang manh vd'n dau tfl, the hien qua ty Id dau tfl so vdi GDP tdng giai doan vfla qua, tfl 43,56% nam 2001 len 51,77% nam 2011; trung binh giai doan 2001 - 2011, ty le dat 46,2%. Hieu qua dau tfl tha'p dflde the hien rd qua he sd ICOR cao vd cd xu hfldng gia tdng theo eac nam gan ddy (hinh 3). Sfl tang ngudn vd'n ddu tfl eua viing Tay Nguydn thdi gian qua chu ye'u la tfl kinh td' ngodi nha nfldc, vdi ty le 69%, dd, khu vflc kinh te' nha nfldc la 29,7% vd khu vflc kinh te' cd vd'n ddu tU nfldc ngoai la 1,3%. Xet theo phan kinh te, he so' ICOR cua khu vfle ed vd'n dau tfl nfldc ngodi cao hdn kha nhieu so vdi cac khu vflc khac. Trong giai doan 2006 - 2011, de tao dflde 46 ddng GDP, kinh te' ed vd'n ddu tfl nfldc ngodi cdn 12,30 ddng vd'n ddu tfl, dd, kinh td' ngoai nhd nfldc va k h u vflc kinh t^ nh^ nfldc can tfldng flng la 6,12 dong vd 5,17 ddng. He sd ICOR eua k h u vflc cd vdn ddu ti( nfldc ngoai dat r a va'n de can giam sat chat che ve bao cao t i n h hinh san xua't kinh doanh va chd'ng chuyen gia cua eac doanh nghidp. He sd' ICOR cao eua k h u vflc kinh t^ ngoM nha nfldc Id k h u vflc hidn vdn san xua't phdn tan, nhd le. Theo ket qua diiu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghiep vd thuy san (ndm 2011), quy md vd'n binh quan bd cua vAng Tay Nguyen ehi dat 13.856,2 nghin dong, tha'p hdn t r u n g binh cua ca nfldc (16.843,7 nghin ddng). Mfle vd'n nhd khd cd the dl san xua't kinh doanh hidu qua, ma cac lo^ cdy cdng nghiep ddi hdi ngudn v6h I6n. Nghiin aiu Kmh i4s6435 - Thing 8/20i* Co eh kinh l£ ray Nguyen . HlNH 3: Ty le v o n d a u tit v a h e s o ICOE c u a v u n g Tay N g u y e n giai d o a n 2000-2011 60 J*7,56 48,3 ^!^i< 44,« 43,6 50,1 Jl'« 48,8 46,4 _,• 43,3 •* 50 4!65 40| 30'^ ? \ 3,66" 429 S3 ^ « ^ ~ ~ ^ --»_-—• 328 3,68 • 4.08 425 t 2oa!- 2. p -•—ICOR —•— Ty 1§ v6n ddu tu 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 10 Ngudn • Tinh todn tir Nien giam th6ng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyen. • Dong gdp cua cdc nhdn trUdng kinh te td' vdo tdng Tren khia canh ddng gdp vao tang trfldng kinh td^ ciia vflng Tay Nguyen, tdng trfldng kinh t^ cua vflng Tdy Nguydn chfla ben vflng. Tdng trfldng kinh td' cua vung chu ye'u dUa tren cae ydu td ddu vdo (vd'n, lao ddng va khai thac cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien). Nhi^u nghien cflu tie'n h d n h ddc lap deu cd ciing mdt nhdn dinh nhfl vay. P h a m Quang Tu va Le Thanh Vdn (2012) da tinh toan ddng gdp cua nang sud't tong eac nhdn to' (TFP) vdo tdng trfldng kinh te' eiia vung Tay Nguyen giai doan 2000-2010. Ke't qua eho thdy tang trudng kinh td' Tdy Nguyen ndm 2003, ddng gdp cua vd'n chie'm tdi 46,76%, lao ddng la 16,27% va T F P la 36,97%. Trong giai doan 2006-2010, vd'n ddng gdp 83,49%, lao ddng la 9,05%, cdn T F P chi cd 7,46%. Nhfl vay, giai doan tfl 2003 de'n 2010, tang trfldng cua vflng Tay Nguydn chu ydu dfla vdo vd'n va lao ddng. Trong tang trfldng cang phu thuoc vao vd'n dflde the hi^n nhfl hinh vdi ty Id vd'n ddu tfl cdng tang, song hidu qua ddu t u lai giam xudng. Ddng gdp ciia T F P cang giam cflng cd nghia Id vai trd cua khoa hoc cdng nghe, tinh chuyen nghiep va chd't Ifldng quan \S, vd vai trd cua thd' ch^ hien Id tha'p NghiSn aiu Kinh l4s6435 • Thing 8/2014 ne'u khdng ndi la rat it. Trong dd, cdc yeu td' mdi la cac ye'u td' quan trong, quyet dinh nang lUc canh t r a n h cua vflng. Dieu eho tha'y khie'm khuye't ed tinh nen tang pang cao nang lUc canh t r a n h va phat trien ben viing eua vung. Cae tdc gia Bui Dflc Hflng va Hodng Hdng Hidp (2011) eiuig da tinh todn ddng gdp eua cac nhan td' vdo tdng trfldng ngdnh cdng nghiep ciia vung Tdy Nguyen giai doan 1996 - 2009 (vdi bd sd lieu hdn hdp vdi mdu 60 quan sat). Ke't qua flde Ifldng cho tha'y: ne'u gia tang 1% ve lao ddng se ddn den gia tang 0,75% gia tri san xua't cua nganh cdng nghiep; do, neu gia tang 1% Ifldng tai san cd' dinh se chi lam tang 0,25%. He sd eo dan cua lao ddng cao the hien edng nghiep cua vung Tay Nguyen chu ye'u gdm nhflng nganh thu cdng, sfl dung nhieu lao ddng vd tang trfldng cdng nghiep chu ye'u sfl gia tang sd Ifldng lao ddng. Ve ddng gdp cua vd'n, lao ddng va TFP vao tang trfldng eua eac tinh tfldng flng nhfl sau: Kon Tum (63,45%; 58,31%; -21,76%), Gia Lai (42,06%; 40,03%; 17,91%). Dak Lak (47,30%; 44,09%; 8.61%), Lam Ddng (33,77%; 28,41%; 37,82%). Nhfl vay, tang trfldng cdng nghiep cua cac tinh vflng Tay Nguyen ehu yeu la tdng trfldng theo chieu rdng, chu ye'u dfla vao gia tang 47 CO c^u kinh t^Tay Nguyen . vflng, eho mdt n g a n h kinh te h a y cho mSt t i n h ciia Tay Nguyen, d i u cho thd'y tang trfldng kinh te' cua Tdy Nguyen chu ye'u la Nguydn Van H u a n (2011) da tinh toan v^ dfla t r e n cac yd'u to' dau vao, yeii to TFP (ve ddng gdp eua cac n h d n to vdo tdng trfldng mat cdng nghe, t h e chd) ddng gdp cdn rd't han eua tinh Kon Tum. Theo ke't qua cua nghien che. cflu nay, ca giai doan 2000-2005 va 2.2. Chuyen dich ca cdu kinh the 2002-2008, ddng gdp cua TFP eho deu am. So" lieu tfl h i n h eho thd'y, kinh te Tay Ve ly thuydt, ddng gdp eua T F P khdng the Nguydn chu yd'u id ndng, 1dm, thuy san vdi am. Cd the ket qua la sai so' cua sd' lieu thd'ng ke hoac each tinh TFP la theo 46,3% (nam 2012), cdng nghiep - xay dflng va each tinh phdn dfl Solow. Tuy nhidn, it nha't dich vu, tfldng flng la 29,8% va 23,8%. Trong ke't qua cho tha'y vai trd eua khoa hoc dd, cd ca'u kinh te' cua ca nfldc (ndm 2012) cdng nghe, trinh quan ly va the che' cua nhfl sau: ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san: tinh Kon Tum cdn tha'p va chfla dflde phdt 19,67%, cdng nghiep - xdy dUng: 38,63% va huy. Nen kinh te' tinh Kon Tum tdng trfldng dich vu: 41,7%. N h u vay, ty kinh te chu ye'u dua vao vd'n va lao ddng. ndng, Idm, t h u y san Tdy Nguyen cao hdn so vdi cua ca nfldc. Nhfl vay, vdi each tinh toan chung cho ca HINH 4: Cfl ca'u k i n h t e t h e o n g a n h c u a v u n g T a y N g u y e n g i a i d o a n 2002 - 2012 (%) vdii vd lao ddng chfla qua ddo tao, chfla cd sfl ddng gdp dang ke eua TFP. DNdngjam, thuy sdn I Cdng nghidp - xdy dimg D Dich vu 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ngudn: Nien giam th6ng ke cua cac tinh TSy Nguyen cac nSm. Cflng nhfl ca nfldc, cd cd'u kinh te' cua vflng Tdy Nguyen dang cd chuyen dich theo hfldng edng nghiep hda. Ty ndng, lam, thuy san giam tfl 48,9% nam 2002 xudng cdn 48,8% ndm 2005 va 46,3% nam 2012; ty cdng nghiep - xay dflng tdng tfl 25,2% ndm 2002 len 29,8% nam 2012. Nhfl vay, ke ca theo nghia edng nghiep hda truyen thd'ng, cd ca'u kinh te ehuyen dich vdn cdn cham. 48 vdng 10 ndm, ndng, 1dm, thuy san chi giam dflde 2,6%. Tuy nhien, mdt vd'n de trim hdn ciia chuyen dich cd cd'u kinh t^ Tdy Nguyen Id d chd, viec chuyen dich cd c^u kinh te dang didn r a khdng dfla tren nin t a n g ve cha't cua qua trinh, md chii y^u 1ft dfla vdo v l Ifldng. Ty ciia ngdnh c6ng nghiep tang ehu ye'u ed sfl p h a t t r i l n cuft mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep nhfl khai khoang, Nghiin aiu Kinh l4sd435 • Thing 80>1* Co cau kinh t^ Tdy Nguyen , san xudt vdt lidu xdy dflng va dac biet la khai thac t h u y dien, .la cac n g a n h khdng cd vai trd quyet dinh v l nang Iflc canh t r a n h lau ddi cua vung. Hay ndi each khdc, chuyen dich cd cdu kinh t ^ cua viing thdi gian qua chu ydu la gia tdng v l Ifldng (phat trien cac nganh khai thac tai nguyen), it ed sti thay ddi ve cha't (tang nang sud't vd tao gid tri gia t a n g cao hdn, chuyin dich sang mdt xich/cdng doan cd gia tri gia t a n g cao hdn chudi gid tri gia tang). Nhflng ndi dung dflde p h a n tich va de cap nhiing phdn sau cua bai vie't. • Ndng nghiep, Idm nghiep vd thuy sdn Sd hdu tfl h i n h cho tha'y, ndng, lam, thuy san la nganh kinh te chinh cua vung Tdy Nguydn. Trong nhdm ngdnh ndy chu ye'u Id tfl ndng nghidp (95,0 %), lam nghidp vd thuy san, vdi cdc eon so tfldng flng Id 3,9% vd 1,1%. Ddi vdi ndng nghiip, t i i u nganh trdng trot chiem tdi 84,8%; chdn nudi chi chid'm 12,7%. Cac loai cay cdng nghidp Idu ndm ddng vai trd chinh trdng trot cua vung Tay Nguyen, hang n a m chiem tren 60%. Cae loai cdy cdng nghiep lau ndm hien tren dia bdn la ca phe, cao su, hd tieu, dieu, che, . Tong didn tich cac loai cay edng nghiep Idu ndm dat 880.815 h a (nam 2011), tang 248.648 h a so vdi nam 2001; giai doan 2001-2011, trung binh mdi n a m tang khoang 3,6%. Ddi vdi cac cay cdng nghidp lau ndm, ca phe la cdy cd dien tich Idn nhd't, nam 2011 da dat 527.609 ha, tiep den Id cao su: 218.417 ha, dieu: 88.129 h a va che: 24.585 ha. Dien tich cae loai cay cdng nghiep lau nam tang len p h a n a n h ehuyen dich cd cdu sfl dung dd't ndng nghiep theo hfldng tdng cac loai cay cd gia tri kinh tM cao hdn va d i i u gdp p h a n vao qua trinh chuyen dich cd c^u kinh te ndng nghiep cua vflng. Tuy nhidn, viec phdt trien cac loai cdy cdng nghidp thdi gian qua dang hoc Id n h i l u vdn dl: phat trien khdng theo quy hoach, khdng kiem soat dUde ve dien tich. NgUdi ddn cd t a m ly chay theo phong trao, chay theo gia ca ndng san (vi du: ca phe dUdc gia thi ngfldi dan dua md rdng dien tich, chat bd eac cay trdng khdc), cdi vdng ludn quan "trdng - chat" cfl lien tuc xay ra. Mat khac, gia tri san xud't cac loai cay cdng nghiep thie'u tinh on dinh, phu thude vao dieu kidn tfl nhien, nhflng ndm dflde mua thi gia tri cao, mat mfla thi gia tri thd'p, khdng thu dUdc nhieu tfl khdu che' bien de tao gia tri gia tang cao hdn. Ca phe, bd tieu va cao su la hang hda trao ddi Idn va chie'n lUdc eua Tdy Nguyen nhUng hien tai ehu yeu vdn Id xud't khdu dfldi dang nguyen lieu thd (vi du: ty gia tri gia tang tren tdng gid tri san xud't eua cd phe hat chi dat 10,6%, cao su mu khd Id 13,4%). BANG 1: Gid t r i g i a t a n g t r o n g gia t r i s a n xua't c u a m o t so n o n g s a n Vidt N a m (%) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Ci phe hat 9,6 10,3 10,7 11,6 12,2 11,9 10,6 10,6 Ciphech«bi«n 14,8 14,4 13,8 13,4 12,9 12,4 12,1 12,1 Cao su mu khO 15,8 15,4 14,6 14,2 13,6 13.4 13.4 13.4 Ngilnh Ngudn: Tdng cue Thfing ke. Mdt nhflng loai cay trdng chu Iflc va ddng gdp dang k l vdo gia tri san xua't ndng nghiap cua vflng Tdy Nguyen Id cay cd phe. M$e dfl v$y, san xufift cd phe hien ehu yeu vdn dang ndm d cdng doan gia tri gia tftng tha'p chudi gia tri. Phdn Idn Ifldng Nghiin aiu Kinh t6sd43S • Thing 8/2014 cd phe dflde san xuat (87%) chu yeu la ca phe nhan xua't khau. Cd phe dflde che bien ed phe hda tan Id cdng doan ed gia tri gia tdng cao nha't vdi 122,8 trieu ddng/td'n (quy nhdn) nhflng chi chiem khoang 4% td'ng san Ifldng. 49 Co cd'u kinh t^ Tay Nguyen . BANG 2: G i a t r i g i a t a n g s a n p h a m c a p h e Dong san pbam Cff cau san pham (%) Gia tri gia tang (trieu dong/tan quy nlian) 33,29 Ca phe nhan \6i xulft khdu 87 Ca phe nhan che xu^t kh^u 60,8 Ca phe hoa tan nguyen chfCt 64,58 Ca phe rang xay 81,2 Ca phe hoa tan ph6i tr6n (2 in 1, in v.v .) 122,8 Tdng 100 Ngudn: B6 N6ng nghiep va phat trie'n nong thOn, Di an tai cau tnic nong nghiep (2013). Dd Lat la vflng san xud't hoa noi tieng va ed tiem nang Idn nha't ve san xuat hoa cua ea nfldc. Dien tich da't trdng hoa cua Lam Ddng dat 4.500 ha, chie'm 5% dien tich dd't ndng nghiep. San Ifldng hoa Da Lat flde khoang 1,5 ty canh/nam va gia tri hang hda khoang 2.500 ty ddng. Hoa san xua't chu ye'u la tieu thu ndi dia, 60% san lUdng hoa dflde cung ea'p cho t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh va cac tinh phia Bde. Cae san pham hoa cua Dd Lat ndi rieng vd ca nfldc ndi chung hien mdi ehi qua cac edng doan cat, tia vd bao quan, de phuc vu cho nhu cdu tieu dung ndi dia dfldi dang hoa tfldi, vi the' gia tri gia tang khdng cao. Vide che' bien hoa t h a n h cac san phdm nhfl boa khd (tranh bang la, tinh ddu, .) mac dfl cd thi trUdng, ed nhu cau vd cd gia tri gia t a n g cao, nhUng vide thUc hien theo eac chudi san pham hien vdn dang cdn bd ngd. Bdi vdi ngdnh Idm nghiep, cd cd'u kinh te, nganh chiem ty le khdng dang ke (chi 3,9% giai doan 2001 - 2012) va cd xu hfldng giam ddn, ea dien tich va cha't Ifldng rflng deu suy giam. Ddng gdp chu yd'u vao nganh lam nghiep la khai thac lam san (75,1%); eac boat ddng nhfl trdng va nudi rflng, dich vu chi chie'm 16,5% va 8,4%. Viec phat trien lam nghiep dfla vao khai thac lam san, cung vdi md rdng dien tich de trdng cac loai cay edng nghiep lau nam va phat trien thuy dien, . dd anh hfldng dang ke tdi dien tich rflng. Td'ng hdp diln bie'n dien tich rflng 50 qua cae giai doan phat trien kinh td' - xa hdi cua Tay Nguyen cho thay, tfl n a m 1976 den 2010, dien tich rflng tfl nhien cua Tay Nguyen giam hdn trieu ha, giam gdn 30% so vdi n a m 1976. Do che phu rCfng cua Tdy Nguyen chi cdn khoang 42% (cd eon so thdng ke eho tha'y ehi cdn 34%). Nhfl vay, nhflng vd'n de trdn cua phat t r i l n ndng nghiep Tay Nguyen hidn cho tha'y cae ye'u to' ddng gdp eho t a n g trfldng chu ye'u la ve Ifldng chfl khdng v l cha't, khdng co gia tri gia tang cao, chfla tap trung phdt huy vd dau tfl dii de phdt trien eac san phdm c6 Idi the' so sanh va Idi the' canh tranh ciia vung. Dieu cung h a m y rdng, cdng nghiep che' bie'n cdn dflde flu tien dau tfl, vai trd cua doanh nghiep can p h a t trien manh hdn nfla de hd trd ndng nghiep va gia tdng gia tri san p h a m cd Idi the'. • Cdng nghiep vd xdy dUng Trong nganh cdng nghiep eua vung Tay Nguyen, giai doan 2001-2011, cong nghiep ehe' bie'n chie'm ty cao nhd't (79,3%), tiep den la san xua't didn (16,4%) vd cdng nghiep khai thac md (4,3%). Tuy nhidn, xu hudng cua nganh edng nghiep che biln dang giam ddn; ngfldc lai, nganh cdng nghiap khai thac va san xua't, cung flng didn cd xu hfldng gia tdng manh, nhd't la nhflng nam gan day. Ddng gdp cua ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien ngdy cang giam t h i hien mdt xu hfldng ba't hdp ly qua trinh cong nghiep hda. Nghiin aiu Kinh t4s6435 - Thing 8/2014 Co ein kinh te Tay Nguyen Ddi vdi nhdm n g a n h cong nghidp che bie'n, bflde ddu da khai thac tdt the m a n h cua dia phfldng, tijtng bflde da hinh thdnh mdt so cd sd cdng nghidp ehe b i l n ndng, lam san, ddng gop vdo t a n g kim ngach xud't k h a u cua vung. Tuy nhien, viec phat trien chfla dflde ddng diu, chd!t Ifldng va hieu qua d mot so linh vflc, san p h a m chfla cao, k h a ndng canh tranh cua san phdm cdn thd'p. Cdng nghiep che bien nong, lam san chfla sau, phdn Idn la sd che, ty le san phdm t i n h che chfla cao, h a n c h i sflc canh t r a n h va xuat khdu. Chuyen dich cd ca'u n g a n h san xua't dien d Tdy Nguydn Id vide xay dflng cdc nhd may thuy didn quy md Idn, vfla vd nhd nhflng ndm qua. D i n ndm 2012, trdn cac he thdng sdng chinh eiia Tay Nguyen nhfl sdng Ba, Se San, Srepok, Ddng Nai cd den 287 dfl a n thuy dien, vdi tong cdng suat 6.991,8 MW, gdm 43 dfl dn (5.528,7 MW) thuoc quy hoach bac t h a n g thuy dien tren ddng chinh va 244 du an (1.463 MW) thude quy hoach thuy dien nhd tren sdng, sud'i nhanh. Xay dUng thuy didn d Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua da chiem dung 65.239 ba ddt dai cac loai, dd khoang 16.600 rflng (mdi chi soat khoang 163 edng trinh) va khoang gdn 25.300 hp dan hi anh hfldng. Vide chan ddng de xay dflng cac cdng trinh thuy didn khien Iflu Ifldng nfldc tren be mat cac sdng, ho, sudi can kiet; cac mach nUde ngam vflng ba Iflu suy giam; nhflng tac ddng lam eho mfla khd Tdy Nguyen cang trd nen khd ban hdn. HINH 5: Cof cd'u k i n h t e c o n g n g h i d p v u n g T a y N g u y e n giai d o a n 2001 - 2011 (%) D Cdng nghidp khai thac md 100% D Cdng nghidp chd bidn ^2 90% D San xudt va phan phdi dien, ddt va ni/dc Iff 17.1 26.8 80% 70% 60% 50% en 40% 30% - 20% 10% UnJ 0% 2001 2002 2003 tii 2004 2005 2006 2007 n.4i LraJ mm r4i 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ngudn: Nien giam thdng ke cua cac tinh Tay Nguyfin. Cdng nghidp khai thac chi chie'm 3,3% (ndm 2001) tong gid tri san xud't cdng nghiep ciia vflng Tdy Nguydn, nhflng da tang len 4,0% ndm 2010. Cac loai khodng san dflde khai thac nhieu nha't thdi gian gan day Id khai thac vdng sa khoang d hdu khdp tinh Tay Nguyen; khai thac vonfram d Kon Turn; khai thac cac loai da xay dflng d Gia Lai; khai thac bauxite d Lam Ddng . Phdn Idn ho^t ddng khai khoang d Tdy Nguyen Nghiin ciiu Kinh t4s643S • Thing 8/2014 mang tinh chd't tu phat (nhU khai thac vat lieu xdy dflng), manh mun, nhd le, ngdn han. Bieu hien eua tinh trang la gia'y phep khai thac dflde ea'p phep tran Ian, chia cac md thdnh cac md nhd de cap phep. Trong chfla chfl nhieu dd'n tieu chi ndng Iflc, cdng nghd, giam thieu d nhidm mdi trfldng, . Cach phat trien theo chilu rdng nhfl vay lam giam hieu qua eua viec khai thac va sfl dung tai nguyen khoang san. 51 CO c^u kinh te Tdy Nguyen . 23,1%, t a n g 5,4% so vdi n a m 2007. Ty ciia dich vu giao due va dao tao tang tit 15,0% len 23,2% cilng thdi k^. Cac dich vu cd tac dung hd trd s a n xudt p h a t trien nhtf dich vu t a i chinh, ngan h a n g chid'm ty hidn vdn cdn tha'p (6,3%). • Dich vu Trong ngdnh dich vu ciia Tay Nguyen, ngudn Iflc dang cd xu hfldng chuyen dich sang thUdng mai, v a n tai, khd bai, hflu chinh v i l n thdng; giao due vd dao tao; . Dich vu thUdng mai chiem flu t h i va hidn chie'm BANG 3: Gia tri s a n xuat v a cd c a u n g a n h d i c h v u c u a v u n g Tay N g u y d n Gia tri (trieu dong) Linti vijc 2011 2009 2007 Ty Gia tri (trieu dong) (%) Ty (%) Gia tri (trieu dong) Ty (*) B5n bu6n vl ban le t6, xe may 1.813.112 17,7 5.211.253 24,3 8.762.382 23,1 Giao thOng, lini kho va tnty^n thbng 1.442.145 14,1 2.909.105 13,6 4.852.535 12,8 Khach san, nha hang 828.313 8,1 1.583.931 7,4 2.460.743 6,5 Tmng gian tai chinh 858.171 8,4 1.373.972 6,4 2.398.783 6,3 B^t d6ng san va hoat dOng kinh doanh 800.956 7,8 1.326.969 6,2 1.971.657 5,2 Khoa hoc vk cOng nghS 676.439 6.6 753.061 3,5 887.701 2,3 473.238 4,6 1.013.193 4,7 1.401.964 3,7 Giao due v l dao tao 1.533.758 15,0 3.174.729 14,8 8.805.368 23,2 Yt« 1.429.429 Chinh tri vl an ninh qu6c phong Vui choi gidi tri Hoat dang djch vu khac Tcfng s6 14,0 2.372.599 11,1 3.741.076 9,9 35.528 0,3 1.097.864 5,1 1.681.416 4,4 355.254 3,5 629.267 2,9 966.637 100 21.445.943 100 10.246M3 37.930.262 2,5 100 Ngudn: Nien giam thdng ke cua cdc tinh Tay Nguy6n. Vdi flu the' dac thu cua Tay Nguyen la nhflng san phdm van hda ndi tie'ng nhfl "van hda Cdng Chieng", diem du lich rieng ed Da Lat va nhieu Id hdi khac nhau, du lich eua Tay Nguyen cd tiem nang rat Idn de phat trien. Tuy nhien, vui ehdi giai tri vd du lich eua vflng chfla phat trien tfldng xflng vdi tiem nang va dac thfl cua vung, chfla trd ddng Iflc de phat trien kinh te'. Nam 2007, du lich chi ddng gdp 0,3% nganh dich vu va nam 2011 cd tang len nhflng chi chidm 4,4%. Nguyen n h a n cua tinh trang la nhflng han che' viec xuc tien du lich d vung Tay Nguyen. Cac cd sd phuc vu du lich nhfl khach san, nhd hang da xud't hien nhieu d Da Lat, Budn Ma Thudt, Pleiku , 52 nhflng nhin chung vdn chfla dap flng dflde ve ca sd' Ifldng va cha't Ifldng. Cd sd h a tdng, dac biet la mang Ifldi dfldng bd, chfla dflde cai thien de khai thac hieu qua t i l m ndng du hch cua vung. Cae hoat ddng xuc tien ciing chfla dflde chu dau tfl de t h u hflt khach du lich nhieu hdn. Thie'u n h i l u san phdm du lich de cho du khach trflc tiep t h a m gia boat ddng, de gifl chan du khdch va thie'u cac san pham ha'p ddn de keo du khach quay lai sau da de'n t h a m Tay Nguyen. Hien du lich cua vung Tay Nguyen chi phat trien d(Jn tuyen (khach chu yeu de'n Da Lat), thilu si^ hen ket t h a n h cac t u y i n chang b a n nhfl DS Lat - Mdng Den, tuye'n cac t i n h Tdy NguySn vdi cae tinh ven bien. Hdn nfla, vide phfit Nghiin cdu Kmh tdsS435 • Thing 8/201* Co clu kinh \€ Tay Nguyen , trien du lich thieu sfl lien ket va bo trd Idn nhau. Khdch du lich den Tdy Nguyen cung chi mdi dflde tdn hfldng cae san phdm t h u d n tfly ve thdm q u a n phong canh du lich, cdn cac dich vu di kem nhfl thfldng thfle cac san phdm ddc san, cac san p h a m dflde ehe bid'n tfl Ban vdt cua Tay Nguydn, du lich nghi dudng, cac san phdm tfl hoa (hoa khd, t i n h ddu tfl hoa), . chfla dflde ehu phat t r i l n . Viec gdn k i t eac san phdm ndng nghidp vdi ehe biln va du lich theo each tiep can chudi vd each tiep cdn da ngdnh chfla dflde chu y nghidn cflu ddu tfl de flng dung thvt nghiem vd trien khai. Cac linh vflc dich vu khac v l tai cbinh ngan hang, khoa hoc cdng nghd phat trien kdm . va chua trd t h a n h nhflng diem dot phd Iinh vfle dich vu. Linh vflc du lich cd tilm ndng Idn de trd thdnh Id mdt ngdnh kinh t l mfli nhon lai chfla dflde khai thdc va phat t r i l n t i t . Phdt trien ngdnh du lich cdn phai dUdc phat t r i l n m a n h me de phat huy tilm ndng va Idi thd' cua dae thfl Tay Nguydn. P h a t tri^n dich vu dd dae bidt la du lich se tao cd hdi de bien cac ye'u td' xa hdi, vdn hda, mdi trUdng la ddng Ifle cho phat trien. 2. Nhflng v a n d l d a t r a d o i vdfi p h a t t r i l n b i n vijfng T a y N g u y e n 2,1. Kinh tephdt trien khong ben vUng • Tdng trudng kinh ti'cao, nhiing chUa ben vUng Trong hdn 10 n a m qua, vflng Tay Nguyen dat mfle tang trfldng kinh te' khd eao, vdi td'c d^t mfle 12,99%/nam - eao hdn trung binh cua ca nfldc, quy md GDP da tang gd'p 3,4 Idn 80 vdi nam 2001. Tuy nhien, tang trfldng kuih t l cua Tay Nguyen giai doan vfla qua Id md hinh tdng trudng theo chilu rdng, Tdng trudng kinh tediia vdo lao ddng thu cdng: tang trfldng cua Tay Nguyen vdn chu ylu dfla vao lao ddng t h u cdng gia tri thd'p. Hi0n tai, ty le ddng gdp vao tdng trfldng kinh t i c u a nhdn Iflc, tri tue va ndng sud't lao ddng d Tdy Nguyen cdn b a n ehe. Tuy nhien, lao dpng hi^n chu yd'u Id lao ddng khdng qua Nghiin aiu Kinh tSs6435 - Thing 8/2014 dao tao n g h i , vay khd tao nang sudt lao dong va chat Ifldng hang hda cao. Trong tfldng lai gan, nhiing Idi the lao ddng gia re se khdng giam ddn va b i l n md't, vdy, de ndng cao ehdt Ifldng vd hieu qua tang trfldng, va'n d l nang cao cha't Ifldng ngudn nhdn Ifle, thdng qua giao due va ddo tao nghe, dd'i vdi vung Tdy Nguyen la va'n de cd tinh then ehdt. Phdt trien dUa vdo vdn ddu tU di, song sH dung kem hieu qud: tang trfldng kinh td' eua vung Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua dUa trdn v l n la chinh, vdi ty le vdn ddu tfl gdn 50% GDP. Tuy nhien, hieu qua sfl dung vd'n ddu tfl thap vd thfldng Uu tien dau tU eho cac nganh khai thac tai nguyen (thuy dien, khai khodng). Nguyen nhan chlnh dan den tinh trang bieu qua dau tfl ddng vdn d Tdy Nguyen thd'p cdng tac quan ly kinh the' thd'p, tinh chd't thu cdng, sfl dung cdng nghd tha'p, nen phai bd rd't nhieu vd'n mdi tao dflde san pham. Phdt trien dUa vdo khai thdc tdi nguyen: cae nganh tang trfldng thudn tfly nhd khai thac tai nguyen bao gdm ndng, lam, thuy san va khai thac mo, thuy dien chie'm ty trpng Idn, flde trung binh 51,64% GDP giai doan 2001-2012. Sfl dung tdi nguyen dd't de phdt trien eac loai cay cdng nghiep, didn tich gieo trdng hang ndm tang len. Vide phat tridn danh ddi vdi viec suy giam dien tich rflng, nha't la rflng tu nhidn; dd, cac san pham ndng san ehu ye'u dflpc tieu thu d dang thd hoac chi qua sd che nen hieu qua kinh t l , gia tri gia tang tha'p. Ddng gdp vao tang trfldng va chuyen dich cd cd'u cdng nghiep cua vflng thdi gian qua chu ye'u dua vao thuy dien, dd khai thac thuy dien gay nhieu tac ddng ba't Idi dd'i vdi mdi trfldng va cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi dan. • Ca cdu kinh te chuyen dich chdm, chUa di theo chieu sdu, chUa dUa vao lot the Cd cau kinh te cua Tay Nguyen da cd sfl ehuyen dich theo hfldng giam ty nganh ndng nghidp va gia tang ty cua cdng nghiep va dich vu. Tuy nhidn, kinh te chu yd'u dfla vao ndng, lam, thiiy san truyen 53 CO can kinli te Tdy Nguyen . thong (chiem khoang 48%), ndng nghiep, chdn nudi chfla dflde p h a t tridn m a n h , gia tri gia t a n g chfla n h i l u ; cdng nghiep chu yeu phdt trien d cae n g a n h k h a i t h a c t a i nguyen nhU khai thac ngudn nfldc d^ phat t r i l n t h u y didn va thdc thac tai nguyen khoang san. Dae biet, ty cdng nghiep che' bien ed xu hfldng giam xud'ng vd d i i u ndy eho thay ehuyen dich cd ca'u la thidn theo chieu rdng ma khdng di vao c h i l u sdu, khdng dfla vdo nang cao nang Iflc canh t r a n h . Ve mat chd't, chuyen dich cd cd'u kinh td theo n g a n h eua vung thdi gian qua chfla b i n vflng. Linh vflc ndng, lam, t h u y san cdn phu thude vao cac yd'u to' thdi t i l t , gia ea va qua t r i n h phat trien d a n h ddi vdi suy thoai da't dai, suy giam dien tich rflng. N a n g sud't cua cae nganh va nang sua't td'ng cac n h a n td' chfla dflde chfl y. 2.2. Nhiing thdch trien ben vUng thUe ddi vdi phdt Dd'i vdi vflng Tay Nguyen, qua t r i n h phat trien n h a n h , m a n h me va ludn tri td'c dp t a n g trfldng d mfle cao, dac biet la p h a t trien cay edng nghiep, phat trien dd thi, cae dfl an phat trien kinh te' xa hdi da gay sflc ep Idn va gay nhieu nguy ed d nhiem va suy thoai tai nguyen va mdi trfldng. • Tdi nguyin ddt vd tdi nguyen riing Tdi nguyen thien nhien cd ddng gdp q u a n dd'i vdi t a n g trUdng kinh te' eua Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua. Tuy nhien, viec k h a i thdc Idi the' va t i l m n a n g cac ngudn t a i nguyen da va dang day Tay Nguyen dflng trfldc n h i l u thach thfle va nguy cd mat can bang sinh thai va can kiet tdi nguyen. N h i l u dien tich rflng da bi chat pha, chuyen muc dich sfl dung dd't sang trdng cay edng nghiep va phdt trien edng nghiep, xay dflng cd ban. Mfle dp chuyen mue dich sfl dung dd't rflng sang cae loai dd't khdc d vung Tdy Nguyen giai doan 2000 - 2010 didn r a ra't m a n h chfla kiem soat ducic vd cflng vdi Ddng Nam Bd la vung vdn bi suy giam dien tich rflng. Trong vdng nam tfl 2000 - 2005 cd 469,4 nghin h a rflng tfl nhien bi chuyen 54 t h d n h cae loai dd't trdng va dd^t khac (binh q u a n rdfng tfl nhien bi md't 93,4 nghin ha/nam)^. Do che p h u cua riXng n a m 2005 d a t 54%. Trfl Ifldng riing n a m 2005 cdn khoang 288,6 t r i e u m^ (chiem 35,6% trd Ifldng gd ca nfldc), giam 28,4 trieu m^ go so vdi n a m 2000. Tfl 2005 - 2010, tong dien tich rijfng hi m d t Id 366.731 ha, c h u y i n sang s a n x u a t ndng nghiep gdn 217 nghin (chid'm 59,1%), trd t h a n h da't ddi trpe va muc dich khac khoang gdn 127 nghin ba (34,6%), chuyen s a n g da't phi ndng nghiep khoang gdn 23 nghin h a (6,3%)l • Tdi nguyen nUdc Tai nguyen nfldc d Tdy Nguyen dang hi khai thac qua mfle vao mfla khd (chu ylu gia t a n g nUdc tfldi cho cay edng nghidp, cho thuy didn) nen cang cd nguy cd mdt can dd'i nghiem trpng khdng nhflng cho ndi vdng m a ddi vdi ea k h u vfle rdng Idn d Iflu. Lfldng nfldc sfl dung (chu ye'u cho ndng nghiep) khdng dflde hoan lai va bi ton that k h a Idn, flde tinh t r e n 20%. V l mfla khd, cac sdng, sudi d cae k h u vflc khdng cdn riing tii nhien h a u nhfl can kiet nfldc (nhfl Iflu vflc ho chfla thuy dien Yaly, Pleikrdng tren sdng sdng Se San), mfle nfldc ngam t u t sau gay thie'u nude nghidm trpng. Viec xay dflng nhi^u cdng trinh thuy dien thdi gian qua d Tdy Nguyen da phai danh dd'i Idn v l tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen riflig va dae biet la da gay nhieu tac dpng bat Idi de'n mdi trfldng sinh thai, kinh te', vdn hda vd xa hdi cua vung. • Hoat dong kinh tevd siic ep, tdc dong tdi mdi trUdng Dd'i vdi ndng nghiep, cung vdi md rdng dien tich san xua't keo theo nhu cdu sd dung phdn bdn va hda chd't bao ve thuc vdt ngdy cai^ tang. Sfl dung phdn bdn da de lai mot Ifldng khdng nhd dfl Ifldng dd khdng dflde cay trdng ha'p t h u cd tae dpng tidu cflc d i n ehinh hd sinh ^ Vien Dieu tra quy hoach rCtng (2000, 2005), D i ^ tn dien bie'n ritoig c i c viing sinh th^i va t o ^ qudc 1995 • 2000, 2001 - 2005. ^ Ki^m ke dfft dai nam 2010 viing Tay NguySn. Nghiin aiu Kmh tSs643S - Thing 8/^1* Co clu kinh t l Tdy Nguyen, thai ndng nghiep ciing nhfl gay nhidm ngudn nfldc, n h i i m dat va ed the gay dot biet gen ddi vdi mdt so' loai cay trdng. Hoat ddng san xudt cdng nghiep phat trien ddn den khdi Ifldng cdc ehdt thai ngdy cdng gia tang ea v l 80 Ifldng vd chung loai. 2.3. Mot sd nguyen nhdn cdc hqn che hien chinh cua Cac b a n che ddi vdi tang trfldng va chuyen dich cd cdu kinh t l cua vflng Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua la hai nhdm nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan. Nguydn n h a n khach quan bao gdm: (i) diiu kidn tfl nhien cua vung Tay Nguyen; (ii) tdc ddng cua b i l n doi hdu. Nguyen n h a n chu quan bao gdm: (1) nhan thfle v l phat trien ben vflng vd tdng trfldng xanh cdn b a n ehe; tfl phat trien kinh t l vdn ehu y l u hfldng vdo khai thac tai nguyen va ngudn luc cd s i n , nang ve chieu rpng ma chfla theo chilu sau; (2) chfla cd nhdn thfle ddy du v l chudi gia tri va gan phat trien chuoi gia tri vdi Idi t h i cua vung; (3) cha't Ifldng chinh sach va to chflc thfle hien cung nhfl nang Iflc cua bd may cdn ye'u; (4) thilu ngudn nhdn Ifle cdn thid't cho phdt trien, cha't Ifldng ngudn nhan Ifle cdn ban ehi; (5) vai trd cua khoa hoc va cdng nghe chfla dflde phat huy, lien kd't san xua't vdi khoa hpc, cdng nghe, thi trfldng cdn b a n che'; (6) cd hdi va tac ddng cua hdi nhdp chfla dflde nhan thfle day du; (7) thie'u eac the che' hen ke't vd hdp tac ndi viing vdi ngoai vflng, dd cd ca qud'c te'; (8) chinh sach di dan gifla cac vflng chfla hdp ly. Tdm lai, vdi vi tri dac thfl, Tay Nguyen dUdc xem nhfl mai n h a Ddng Dfldng, cac boat ddng kinh td' lam ton hai de'n cac ngudn tai nguydn (tdi nguyen rflng vd tdi nguyen nfldc) khdng chi a n h hfldng de'n vflng Tdy Nguyen, md cdn anh hfldng tdi ddi sd'ng, boat dpng kinh t l cua hang tridu ngudi dan m i i n Trung vd Nam Bd. P h a t t r i l n kinh te Tdy Nguyen thdi gian qua chu yd'u hfldng trpng tdm vdo khai thac tdi nguyen vi Idi ich kinh te' trudc mat, chfla chfl trpng nhieu vdd phat trien ben viJng. Chd't lUdng tdng trfldng khdng dflde dam bao, chuyin dich cd cd'u theo hfldng N!fi\Hn cdu Kinh iff sd 435 • Thing 8/2014 nang cao gia tri tang chdm. Diiu dat yeu cau cd'p thiet phai tfl lai ve vide tdi Cd cau k m h t l Tay Nguyen. Theo dd cdn ehu y n h i l u hdn d i n chilu sdu va mat chat Ifldng. Cdn phai d i i u chinh md hinh tang trUdng theo hudng chuyin tfl chu yeu gia tang san Ifldng sang nang cao gia tri gia tang dfla tren Idi the so sanh cae yeu td' cua viing ddc thfl, phat trien cac san phdm ed Idi t h i canh t r a n h va Idi t h i so sdnh, dfla vao ndng nghiep edng nghe cao, tang nang sud't vd hidu qua cua cdc yd'u td' ddu vdo san xud't. Cdn phai b a n ehe vide khai thac cdc tai nguyen thien nhidn (dac biet tai nguyen rflng), thay vdo dd, tang cfldng cdng tac quan ly va bao vd cac ngudn Iflc vd chu trpng nang eao vai trd eua cae ngudn Iflc cua edng nghe, sang tao va eon ngfldi dflde dao tao cd ky nang va nang Iflc dap flng yeu cdu mdi. 3. M o t so' d l x u a t giai p h a p b a n d a u De dam bao chuyen dich cd ca'u kinh t l theo hfldng phat trien ben vflng cho Tay Nguyen, ed the de xuat mdt sd dinh hfldng va giai phap chinh sach nhfl sau: Can phai cd mdt quan niem mdi v l ehuyen dich cd cau kinh te' theo hfldng phat trien b i n vflng d vflng Tay Nguyen, dd la dfla vao phat huy tinh dac thfl va Idi the so sanh cua Tay Nguyen, tham gia nhieu hdn vad chudi gia tri gia tang eua cac san phdm chu lUc; ddng thdi tinh tdi cac ye'u td' xd hdi, mdi trfldng, vdn hda va dn dinh chinh tri chuyen dich cd cau kinh te'. - Can phai cd nhan thfle day du ve md hinh tang trfldng phfl hdp vdi dac thu cua Tdy Nguyen, chuyen tfl md hinh tang trudng theo chieu rdng sang md hinh tang trfldng theo chilu sau phat trien kinh te, khai thac va phat buy eac Idi the vd diem manh cd tinh rieng cd cua cac ye'u td' kinh te', xa hdi, mdi trUdng va van hda cua Vflng Tdy Nguyen. - Can phai dinh hfldng lai mdt each cu the cdc ehinh sach tang trfldng kinh te'-xd hdi hien dang dUa vdo vd'n va lao ddng gid re, khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien kiet que, ma khdng tinh tdi cac ye'u td' phdt trien ben 55 CO clu kinh tiTay Nguyen . viing, chuyen sang cac chinh sdch p h a t h u y Idi t h e tuyet ddi va Idi t h i so sanh, dfla vao cac dae diem dac thfl cua Tay Nguyen, day m a n h t h a m gia vdo chudi gia tri todn cdu vd k h u vflc, t h a m gia n h i l u hdn vao mang s a n xua't k h u vfle, tdng cfldng va phat huy n h i l u hdn cac lien ke't thi trfldng, dfla vad cac quan h e thi trudng, s^ dung cac Iflc Ifldng cua thi trfldng, phat trien cae cum nganh (clusters) cac nganh eua nen kinh te, t a n g cfldng cdc mdi lien kd't theo chudi gia tri, nang cao vai trd cua doanh nghidp tfl nhan. - Gdn ehuyen dich cd eau kinh te theo nghia tren vdi giam ngheo, t h u hep bdt binh dang, giai quyd't xung dot xa hdi tfl gdc tiep cdn phfldng tien san xud't dac biet Id dd't dai, giai quye't bat binh ddng tiep can ed hdi ddu tfl va kinh doanh, ndng cao nang Iflc nam bat cd hdi dd eiia eon ngfldi va doanh nghiep, cd tinh tdi cac khia canh v l bao ve mdi trfldng, khai thac tai nguyen hdp ly, quan ly tai nguyen hieu qua, va dam bao d'n dinh chinh tri vflng. - Cdn phai tiep tuc ddu tfl hdn nfla tfl trung fldng, huy ddng cac ngudn vd'n khac cua cac t h a n h p h a n kinh te' d dia phUdng de phat huy nang Ifle ndi tai eua Tdy Nguyen, dd dae biet chu y phat trien tang giao thdng ke't nd'i, phat trien ngudn nhan Ifle, dac biet ngudn n h a n Iflc dflde ddo tao chd't Ifldng, ddu tfl cho khoa hpc va cdng nghe, ndng cao nang Iflc canh t r a n h eua cac san pham chu Ifle cua vflng va ndng eao nang Iflc canh t r a n h eua cac doanh nghiep eua vflng Tdy Nguyen. - Cdn phai long ghep t i t hdn cae ehinh sach vao cac chie'n Iflde, quy hoach, ke hoach eua cac tinh vflng de dam bao sfl phat trien hai hda gifla cae ye'u to' tang trfldng kinh te dfla tren ddc thfl va ndng cao gia tri gia tang vdi cac y l u td' dam bao phat trien xa hdi hai hda, bao ve mdi trudng va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien hieu qua, bao tdn van hda cua dan tdc ban dia, bao tdn mdi trfldng sd'ng va mdi trfldng van hda eua cac ddn tdc, dn dinh an ninh vd chinh tri eua vung Tay Nguyen. 56 - To chflc lai va t h i l t lap cac t h i c h i Hen k i t vflng hidu qua, n a n g cao chat Ifldng, hidu qua cua lien k i t vd hdp tac ndi vung vd hen k i t , hdp t a c vdi ngoai v u n g va q u i c t l . Cdn phai t a n dung hdp tae vung quoc t l bm canh cdng ddng kinh t l ASEAN sdp ddi vk cac t h i che ASEAN+ dang vd se cd hieu Iflc. P h a t h u y n h i l u hdn vai trd cua cac doanh nghiep, cdng ddng, cac td chflc chinh tri xa hdi, cae hiep hdi cho sfl phat trien lidi hda vd ben viing vung Tay Nguyen, phat huy nhieu hdn m l i lien ke't doanh nghidp vdi cac t h e che' khoa hpc va edng nghd, phat huy n h i l u hdn t i n h hdn kd't cua chuoi gia tri san p h a m dac thfl vdi eac boat ddng cua cac n g a n h khac n h a u nhfl trdng va e h i biln ndng san theo hfldng edng nghe va gia tri gia tang cao, gan cac s a n p h a m ndng nghiep vdi cac boat ddng du lich. - Can phai to' chflc mot cd quan chuydn biet v l vflng ed chflc nang quan ly, giam sat vl phat trien b i n viing cua viing Tdy Nguyen de dam bac cd sfl phat trien dung hfldng cua viing ndy/ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bach Hdng Viet (2012), Mdt sdvan de ccfbdn ciia kinh te'Tdy Nguyen qud trtnh phdt triin ben vihig. Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i, Uk NOi. 2. Bao dien tit Dai bi^u nhSn dan, Khdng de ddn vUng tdi dinh cu bi thieu ddt sdn xudt. Ngu(iii: http://www.daibieunhandan.vn/defau!t.aspx?tabid=75&N ewsld=272841. 3. Bili Minh Dao (2011), Thuc trang phdt trien Toy Nguyen vd mot sdvan de phdt trien bin vSng. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hOi, Ha NOi. 4. Nguyen Van Huan (2011), Mot sdvan de ve ch^t luang tdng trudng kinh te d tinh Kon Tum giai doqn 2001-2010. Tap chi Khoa hoc xa h6i Tay Nguyfin, s6 32011,tr.l7-26. 5. PhamQuangTii, Le Thanh v a n (2012), P/ian'fcA chat lumg tdng trudng kinh te Tdy Nguyen giai do^n 2000 ~ 2010. Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hfii Tay Nguyfin, sd420I2,tr.40-50. 6. Vien Dieu tra quy hoach rimg (2000, 2005,2010), Dieu tra diin biin rUng cdc vUng sinh thdi vd todn quA 1995 - 2000. 2001 - 2005 vd 2006 - 2010. 7. Vien Di^u tra quy hoach rtmg (1995), Cdng triak khoa hoc ky thudt dieu tra quy hoach ritng, Nxb NOng nghiep, 1996. Nghiin ciiu Kinh t4sd435 - TTi*w 8/201* [...]... Ddng Dfldng, cac boat ddng kinh td' lam ton hai de'n cac ngudn tai nguydn (tdi nguyen rflng vd tdi nguyen nfldc) khdng chi a n h hfldng de'n vflng Tdy Nguyen, md cdn anh hfldng tdi ddi sd'ng, boat dpng kinh t l cua hang tridu ngudi dan m i i n Trung vd Nam Bd P h a t t r i l n kinh te Tdy Nguyen thdi gian qua chu yd'u hfldng trpng tdm vdo khai thac tdi nguyen vi Idi ich kinh te' trudc mat, chfla chfl... (2011), Mot sdvan de ve ch^t luang tdng trudng kinh te d tinh Kon Tum giai doqn 2001-2010 Tap chi Khoa hoc xa h6i Tay Nguyfin, s6 32011,tr.l7-26 5 PhamQuangTii, Le Thanh v a n (2012), P/ian'fcA chat lumg tdng trudng kinh te Tdy Nguyen giai do^n 2000 ~ 2010 Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hfii Tay Nguyfin, sd420I2,tr.40-50 6 Vien Dieu tra quy hoach rimg (2000, 2005,2010), Dieu tra diin biin rUng cdc vUng sinh thdi vd... trdng ha'p t h u cd tae dpng tidu cflc d i n ehinh hd sinh ^ Vien Dieu tra quy hoach rCtng (2000, 2005), D i ^ tn dien bie'n ritoig c i c viing sinh th^i va t o ^ qudc 1995 • 2000, 2001 - 2005 ^ Ki^m ke dfft dai nam 2010 viing Tay NguySn Nghiin aiu Kmh tSs643S - Thing 8/^1* Co clu kinh t l Tdy Nguyen, thai ndng nghiep ciing nhfl gay ra 6 nhidm ngudn nfldc, 6 n h i i m dat va ed the gay dot biet gen ddi... mfle cao, dac biet la p h a t trien cay edng nghiep, phat trien dd thi, cae dfl an phat trien kinh te' xa hdi da gay ra sflc ep Idn va gay nhieu nguy ed d nhiem va suy thoai tai nguyen va mdi trfldng • Tdi nguyin ddt vd tdi nguyen riing Tdi nguyen thien nhien cd ddng gdp q u a n trong dd'i vdi t a n g trUdng kinh te' eua Tay Nguyen thdi gian qua Tuy nhien, viec k h a i thdc Idi the' va t i l m n a n... vdn hda va dn dinh chinh tri trong chuyen dich cd cau kinh te' - Can phai cd nhan thfle day du ve md hinh tang trfldng phfl hdp vdi dac thu cua Tdy Nguyen, chuyen tfl md hinh tang trudng theo chieu rdng sang md hinh tang trfldng theo chilu sau trong phat trien kinh te, khai thac va phat buy eac Idi the vd diem manh cd tinh rieng cd cua cac ye'u td' kinh te', xa hdi, mdi trUdng va van hda cua Vflng Tdy... (clusters) trong cac nganh eua nen kinh te, t a n g cfldng cdc mdi lien kd't theo chudi gia tri, nang cao vai trd cua doanh nghidp tfl nhan - Gdn ehuyen dich cd eau kinh te theo nghia tren vdi giam ngheo, t h u hep bdt binh dang, giai quyd't xung dot xa hdi tfl gdc do tiep cdn phfldng tien san xud't dac biet Id dd't dai, giai quye't bat binh ddng trong tiep can ed hdi ddu tfl va kinh doanh, ndng cao nang Iflc... xay dflng nhi^u cdng trinh thuy dien trong thdi gian qua d Tdy Nguyen da phai danh dd'i Idn v l tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen riflig va dae biet la da gay ra nhieu tac dpng bat Idi de'n mdi trfldng sinh thai, kinh te', vdn hda vd xa hdi cua vung • Hoat dong kinh tevd siic ep, tdc dong tdi mdi trUdng Dd'i vdi ndng nghiep, cung vdi md rdng dien tich san xua't keo theo nhu cdu sd dung phdn bdn va hda chd't... tra quy hoach rimg (2000, 2005,2010), Dieu tra diin biin rUng cdc vUng sinh thdi vd todn quA 1995 - 2000 2001 - 2005 vd 2006 - 2010 7 Vien Di^u tra quy hoach rtmg (1995), Cdng triak khoa hoc ky thudt dieu tra quy hoach ritng, Nxb NOng nghiep, 1996 Nghiin ciiu Kinh t4sd435 - TTi*w 8/201* ... xa hdi, mdi trUdng va van hda cua Vflng Tdy Nguyen - Can phai dinh hfldng lai mdt each cu the cdc ehinh sach tang trfldng kinh te'-xd hdi hien dang dUa vdo vd'n va lao ddng gid re, khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien kiet que, ma khdng tinh tdi cac ye'u td' phdt trien ben 55 C clu kinh tiTay Nguyen O viing, chuyen sang cac chinh sdch p h a t h u y Idi t h e tuyet ddi va Idi t h i so sanh, dfla vao cac... Idi ich kinh te' trudc mat, chfla chfl trpng nhieu vdd phat trien ben viJng Chd't lUdng tdng trfldng khdng dflde dam bao, chuyin dich cd cd'u theo hfldng N!fi\Hn cdu Kinh iff sd 435 • Thing 8/2014 nang cao gia tri tang chdm Diiu nay dat ra yeu cau cd'p thiet phai tfl duy lai ve vide tdi Cd cau k m h t l Tay Nguyen Theo dd cdn ehu y n h i l u hdn d i n chilu sdu va mat chat Ifldng Cdn phai d i i u chinh . tdi ca cdu kinh teTdy Nguyen theo hiidng phdt trien ben vUng. 1. Thfle trang tang trfldfng va chuyen dich cfl cau kinh te cua Tay Nguyen 1.1. Tdng triidng kinh te Kinh td'. KINH IE DIA PHirONG Co cdu kinh te Tay Nguyen va mot so vdn de dqt ra^ BUI QUANG TUAN NGUYEN DINH HOA r rong thdi gian qua, kinh te Tdy Nguy&n . vdo tdng trUdng kinh te Tren khia canh ddng gdp vao tang trfldng kinh td^ ciia vflng Tay Nguyen, tdng trfldng kinh t^ cua vflng Tdy Nguydn chfla ben vflng. Tdng trfldng kinh td' cua