AFFORDANCES OF HERITAGE ENVIRONMENT: A CONSERVATION APPROACH TO HANOI ANCIENT QUARTER IN VIETNAM NGO MINH HUNG (BArch, UCE; Msc, AIT-Thailand) Volume of A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the author expresses his profound gratitude and heartfelt appreciation to his study supervisors, Associate Professor Wong Yunn Chii (PhD), Head of Department of Architecture (DOA), Professor Heng Chye Kiang (PhD)- Dean of the School of Design and Environment (SDE), National University of Singapore (NUS), for their devoted guidance, constant encouragement, invaluable suggestions and constructive criticism, which put their students in the right tract since beginning to the end, without which this work could hardly have taken the present shape. Likewise, the author expresses his deep gratitude to the other members of the examination committee, Associate Professor Wong Chong Thai Bobby, Vice Dean of SDE and Associate Professor Johannes Widodo (PhD), Director of CASA, Associate Professor Joseph Lim, Deputy Head of DOA, NUS and Dr. Lai Chee Kien, DOA, NUS for their kind help, useful and valuable comments. The author expresses his sincere gratitude to the Department of Architecture, the Asia Research Institute and the International Relations Office of NUS for providing the scholarship, award and opportunities to study abroad for him. The author would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Dinh Toan, Director, Mr. Ngo Trung Hai and Ms. La Kim Ngan, Vice Directors of VIAP- MOC; Dr. Nguyen Hong Tien, Vice Director of ATI- MOC; Mr. Vuong Anh Dung- Vice Director of DAP- MOC; A/P Luu Duc Hai - former Director of NIURP (old) for their valuable encouragements to him during the period of study. Thanks and appreciations are due to the Association of Vietnam Architects, the Hanoi University of Architecture, JICA (Japan), Penang Heritage Trust (Malaysia), Goethe Institute (Hanoi); Mr. Choo Meng Foo, Prof. Tran Hung, Prof. Nguyen Huu Dung, Ms. Nguyen Minh Trang, Dr. Tran Lan Anh and Dr. Tran Que Ha for many kindly provided him valuable data with information. The author is especially thankful to the staff of DOA, Mr. Luu Doan Huynh and Ms. Nguyen Minh Huyen for logistic cooperation. Special appreciation is also due to the local dwellers and authorities of the areas under study, who took great interest in and gave to give their opinions during field surveys. The author extends his heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to his Parents and Parents-In-Law for their unfailing love and generous interest, moral inspiration, encouragement and valuable contributions. The author is also grateful to his NUS, CASA friends for their support and assistance to his efforts. Last and not least, his unbounded gratitude and appreciation go to his wife Mrs. Dao Thi Thu Ha and his son Ngo Minh Quang for their sacrifices, understanding and encouragement to him prior to and during his study at NUS. i TABLE OF CONTENT Page VOLUME ONE Chapter 1.1 Content INTRODUCTION General review and problems- Theoretical and Local approaches a. International level b. Professional level c. Case- studies in developed and developing countries 11 Vietnam and local conservation movements 16 a. Ha Tay and Bac Ninh provinces (northern Vietnam) 18 b. Hue city (central Vietnam) 19 c. Hoi An ancient town (southern part of central Vietnam) 20 Affordance theory 22 1.3.1. The original concept 22 1.3.2. Application of “Affordances” in various environments 23 1.3.3. Methods of studying the “Affordances” in the urban environment 28 Further development 28 The development of “Affordances” of Heritage Environment (ASHE) 28 a. The potential affordances in conservation (PAC) 30 b. Ground- up Profile (GUP) for conservation of the built heritages 35 c. Distribution of potential affordances 35 Approaches and case studies 37 a. Statement of problems- Hanoi Ancient Quarter 37 b. Research questions 41 1.6 Objectives of the research 41 1.7 Research methodology 44 a. The choice of case studies 45 b. The data collection method 51 c. Data analysis 53 HANOI ANCIENT QUARTER IN THE PAST AND AT PRESENT 54 Previous studies on Hanoi Ancient Quarter 54 a. Practical projects 54 b. Other academic researches 56 The heritage environment changes and current physical settings 62 2.2.1. Past and present behavior action on street fronts, a commercial space 63 2.2.2. Residential blocks and their development 66 2.2.3. Present practices to the built heritages 68 Nature of behavioral phenomenon and its effects 77 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2. 2.3 ii 2.4 3.1 2.3.1. Hanoian’s behaviors towards significant properties of the built heritage 77 2.3.2. The effects of Rural Stimulus to indigenous culture in the built heritage 78 2.3.3. Critical discussion on behavioral changes in Hanoi heritage environment 81 Hypothesizing the ideas 84 2.4.1. Main factors influencing the significant properties of the Ancient Quarter 84 2.4.2. Conceptualizing the built environment’s transition 85 2.4.3. Future movement driving the Ancient Quarter’s environment 86 DISTRIBUTION OF AFFORDANCES IN THE BLOCKS 88 Users’ behavior towards significant properties of the places through social phenomena 88 3.1.1. Streetscape: Outdoor context 90 3.1.2. Influences of the street meanings 94 3.1.3. Roofscape and urban skyline 98 3.1.4. Street- façade and contributory buildings 100 3.1.5. Landscape surrounding the blocks 105 3.1.6. Architectural objects: Dwelling, religious and historic buildings 108 3.1.7. The architectural surfaces 110 3.1.8. The corridor (covered & open): Shared context 112 3.1.9. Inner courtyards 114 Summary 117 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL AFFORDANCE LEVELS ON PLACE CONTRIBUTION- USER POSSIBILITY INTERACTIONS 122 User group - environmental place relationships 122 4.1.1. The traditional social setting 122 4.1.2. The physical place setting in outdoor and shared contexts 124 4.2 Affordance types 126 4.3 Examining place contribution- user group relationships 127 4.3.1. The Trader- Street Front relationship 128 4.3.2. The Non resident- Public place relationship 145 4.3.3. The Owner- the Building/ its front relationship 153 4.3.4. The Religionist - spiritual Precinct relationship 166 Summary 172 APPLICATION OF “GROUND-UP PROFILE” TO THE PLACES 173 5.1 Development of GUP process 173 5.2 Formulation of GUP components 174 5.3 Testing the GUP stages through selected examples 176 5.3.1. Corridor, courtyard, cooking places of the compound- no. 66 Hang Bac 176 3.2 4.1 4.4 iii 5.3.2. An oldest tube-house (47 Hang Bac) and its surroundings 185 5.3.3. The street-section along Hang Bac street (Building No.13-15)- (Outdoor context) 199 Summary 210 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 211 6.1 Theoretical Approaches 211 6.2 Concluding Remarks 213 Bibliography 217 Additional References 224 5.4 VOLUME TWO Appendix A: Publications Appendix B: Field Surveys Appendix C: Photo of The Places (in the Past & at Present) Appendix D: Other studies and Relevant Documents iv LIST OF TABLES Page Chapter Table 1.1 The analysis of ASHE, PAC of the Ancient Quarter 33 Table 1.2 Statistical data and characteristics of the Ancient Quarter 37 Table 1.3 Environments of the Ancient Quarter in the study on “functional affordance” 50 Chapter Table 2.1 Commercial activities along street patterns 65 Table 2.2 Statistical data of architectural constructions in the Ancient Quarter 71 Table 2.3 Misused relics by non-religious activities 75 Table 2.4 Statistical data on the use of sidewalk surfaces 76 Table 2.5 Present conditions of the built heritages 80 Table 2.6 Indigenous community’s expectations towards housing matters in the local wards 81 Chapter Table 3.1 Streetscape- related functional affordances 97 Table 3.2 Roofscape- related functional affordances 100 Table 3.3.a Existing situation of the Street-facades 102 Table 3.3.b Street facade- related functional affordances 105 Table 3.4.a Statistical data on street-trees and its existing condition 106 Table 3.4.b The landscape- related functional affordances 108 Table 3.5 Architectural object- related functional affordances 110 Table 3.6 Architectural surface- related functional affordances 112 Table 3.7 The corridor- related functional affordances 114 Table 3.8 The courtyard- related functional affordances 117 Table 3.9 Summary of outdoor and shared place- related affordances 119 Chapter Table 4.1 User profile at the sites 123 Table 4.2 Interaction between the Front contribution and The Merchant possibility 135 Table 4.3 Data of community’s experience based on the Front/buildingdevelopment 141 Table 4.4 The Front (Shop) contribution - the trader possibility Interaction 142 Table 4.5 Present conditions of residential places 147 Table 4.6 Interaction between the public place contribution and the non resident possibility 149 Table 4.7 Statistical data on interviewees in the blocks 154 Table 4.8 The building/ its front contribution- primary Owner possibility 158 v interaction Table 4.9 Relationship between the building/ its front contribution and The secondary owner possibility interaction 163 Table 4.10 Physical functional conditions of spiritual system 167 Table 4.11 Interaction between Religious place contribution and religionist possibility 168 Chapter Table 5.1 Influences from architectural context 178 Table 5.2 Place contribution - Non resident possibility Interaction 179 Table 5.3 Vertical affordance indexes from contributions of the places 180 Table 5.4 Horizontal affordance indexes from user’s possibilities in place-usage 180 Table 5.5 Summary of the affordances on shared places 181 Table 5.6 Suggestions on priorities in behavioral flow to shared places 184 Table 5.7 Present population in the “Chồng diêm” style tube- house 187 Table 5.8 Influences from architectural context 188 Table 5.9 The optional set of utilized affordances 189 Table 5.10 Vertical affordance indexes from contributions of the places 190 Table 5.11 Horizontal affordance indexes from user’s possibilities in place-usage 191 Table 5.12 Summary of the affordances on architectural components 192 Table 5.13 Suggestions on priorities in behavioral flow to the building/ its front 197 Table 5.14 Statistical data of Hang Bac street 199 Table 5.15 Profile of a front street section (no.13-15 Hang Bac) 200 Table 5.16 Influences from architectural context 201 Table 5.17 Interaction between Street front contribution and speculative trader possibility 202 Table 5.18 Vertical affordance indexes from contributions of the places 203 Table 5.19 Horizontal affordance indexes from user’s possibilities in place-usage 203 Table 5.20 Summary of the affordances on street-front sections 204 Table 5.21 Suggestions on priorities in behavioral flow to street-front sections 207 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Chapter Figure 1.1 The frame on applying affordances to the Heritage Environment Conservation 34 Figure 1.2 Flow chart of research methodology 44 Figure 2.1 Conceptualized developments of residential blocks and tube-houses 67 Figure 2.2 The environmental changes at a typical parcel 73 Figure 3.1.a The respondents’ recognition of the Quarter’s streets 91 Figure 3.1.b “Affordance” of Streetscape 92 Figure 3.2 “Affordance” of Street meanings 95 Figure 3.3 “Affordance” of Roofscape 98 Figure 3.4 “Affordance” of Street-facade 103 Figure 3.5 “Affordance” of Landscape 107 Figure 3.6 “Affordance” of Architecture Objects 109 Figure 3.7 “Affordance” of Architectural Surfaces 111 Figure 3.8 “Affordance” of Covered- Open corridors 113 Figure 3.9 “Affordance” of Inner Courtyards 116 Figure 4.1 The model of “place contribution- user possibility” relationship (CPI) 125 Figure 4.2 Expanded “place contribution - user possibility” model 127 Figure 4.3 The merchant’s behavioral flow to the Front 129 Figure 4.4 Diagrammatic representation of traditional merchant and the Front Figure 4.5 The speculative trader’s behavioral flow to the Front 138 Figure 4.6 Diagrammatic representation of affordance levels between the speculative trader and the Front (shop) contribution 144 Figure 4.7 The non- residential behavioral flow to the Public place 145 Figure 4.8 Diagrammatic representation at affordance levels between nonresident and public places 152 Figure 4.9 Typical primary owner’s behavioral flow to the building and its Front 155 Figure 4.10 Diagrammatic representation at affordance levels between primary owner and building/ its fronts 160 Figure 4.11 The secondary owner’s behavioral flow to the building and its fronts 161 Figure 4.12 Diagrammatic 165 Chapter Chapter Chapter representation at affordance affordance levels levels between between 137 vii Secondary Owner and building/ its fronts Figure 4.13 Diagrammatic representation at affordance levels between religionist and spiritual precincts 171 Figure 5.1 174 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 “Ground- up” profile towards conservation plans The physical components, elements of the residential blocks and the Ancient Quarter Analyzing plan- layout of the corridors, courtyards and cooking places Figure 5.4 Diagrammatic representation of goals and at affordance levels in case of non- residential. 182 Figure 5.5 Present conditions of shared places 186 Figure 5.6 Diagrammatic representation of goals and affordance levels in case of secondary owner and non- residential 195 Figure 5.7 Diagrammatic representation of goals and affordance levels in case of speculative traders. 205 Chapter 176 177 LIST OF MAPS Map 1.1 Location of the projects 40 Map 1.2 The Ancient Quarter in Master Plan of Hanoi Capital to 2020 46 Map 1.3 Location of the selected blocks and conservation grade I & II 47 Map 1.4 Site One: The smallest scale block 47 Map 1.5 Site Two: The medium scale block 48 Map 1.6 Site Three: The largest scale block 49 viii ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY Vietnamese terms Bạch Mã, Chồng Diêm Unique name of the locations, styles and things in the Ancient Quarter Đèn nhà nhà rạng My house is my castle (or each one for himself) Hữu xạ tự nhiên hương Good wine needs no bush Kẻ Chợ Market and Town people Phố Nghề Handicraft trades street (dwelling building- communal houseworkshop) Phố Buôn Bán Trading street (group of shop- houses) Specific terms ASHE AffordanceS of Heritage Environment PAC Potential Affordances (PA) in Conservation CPI Place Contribution- User Possibility Interaction GUP Ground-Up Profile HAQ Hanoi Ancient Quarter (or 36 Old Streets Quarter/ Kẻ Chợ of Hanoi city) HPC Hanoi People’s Committee Horizontal affordance: It is “affordances” that are determined within a horizontal space. In other word, these affordances are analyzed and summed- up horizontally. MOC Ministry of Construction Non- resident A group includes state employees (retired) and other pensioners whom migrated from outside Primary owner The person/ family members have inherited (or received) properties/ assets from ancestors - whom built up and owned over the periods. They have certain understandings on developmental history of the places/ buildings in the sites Potential Affordances: The term expresses environmental potentialities contributing opportunities to user and user’s possibilities in responding to such potentialities in the environment. It possibly involves certain kinds of affordances, which ensure a more successful community involvement in retaining architectural and urban heritage value Perceived Affordances: It is the functional property of a feature, which offers user the possibility for an activity. Perceived affordances determine environmental quality through specific physical characteristics of ix positive affordance-based plan to preserve the environmental significance in general and the place’s identity in particular. Distribution of functional affordances in the urban heritage environment: In this concluding section, I would like to draw on the preceding review of descriptive studies on urban principal elements in Outdoor context- streetscape, roofscape, street facade, landscape; Shared context- architectural objects, surfaces, covered open corridors and courtyards that are structured by spatial places in order to propose potentially fundamental affordances relevant to the urban forms, parcels and architectural elements. In other words, a description of functional places in the heritage environment based on Gibson’s affordances (1986/ 1979) is a much richer account of perceptual and behavioral resources, which takes into account the views of the local inhabitants. Categorizing affordance levels, therefore, could be applied to everyday built heritage environments. The obvious nature of the categories probably derives from the fact that they make explicit the fundamental ways in which we immediately experience the place-usage in our everyday transactions. The “ground-up profile” approach: The GUP is formulated along with the affordance-distribution to preserve specific elements belonging to a place in fivesteps: (1) input profile; (2) perceived place; (3) integration process; (4) forms of the place; (5) conservation plan. These steps are revealed through the mappings. Firstly, the input profile allows the user to map out the dominant background of individuals and the built heritages. Secondly, with the profile, the directive-mapping helps the user to work out goals and expectations of the place-usage and its potential possibility to respond to graspable contributions in functional, economic and social assessment. M eanwhile, reciprocal-mapping has envisaged paired “place’s contribution-user’s possibility” interactions (CPI) by pinpointing PAC in both cognitive and practical 212 processes. Thereafter, affordance-mapping recommends to the users which PAC is positive or negative for tangible predictability of the place’s variation, changing authenticity and aesthetics. Finally, cure-mapping suggests a physically interactive plan (planning, preparation, execution and maintenance etc) by utilizing the potential affordances to take care of those properties and to enhance accordingly the place’s significance. 6.2. Concluding Remarks This study explores the functionally significant properties of the Ancient Quarter’s environment in the past and at present. It provides clear evidence on the transition of the blocks. This transition, on the one hand, has taken place in the developmental history of both tangible and intangible values, in parallel with the physical change of typical blocks and parcels. The forms, shapes and parcels of the residential blocks, on the other hand, are evolving during the different stages of expansion. Physically, four behavioral models have been found: (i) Nuclear-based behavior; (ii) Vacancy-based extension; (iii) Linear development behavior; (iv) M ulti-functional encroachment in the changing parcels of the Quarter. The models appear to confirm the behaviors of members in the community, which could provide the rules on physical changes of public and shared places for the purpose of preservation and rehabilitation of the built heritages. The study has identified, for the first time, the models in such phases of the formation of the block’s typology. It has also identified the fundamental rules to manage and control the growth of each parcel - a basic element of the blocks designed to avoid the “vacant block’s core” phenomenon. In order to have a general picture of the Ancient Quarter, further study should be undertaken on the places and models with intangible factors, as well as typical circumstances (property right and ownership) of the blocks, which have not been surveyed as yet. 213 The study has also examined the factual affordances arising from the functional places that provide the user potentialities in retaining the built heritage. As a result, one could identify meaningful street-patterns, which probably provide the concrete places and their properties with functional affordances, particularly in the urban and architectural heritages. These affordances were differently distributed, depending on the streetpatterns, “Phố Nghề” (Handicraft Trades Street) and “Phố Buôn Bán” (Trading Streets). In Phố Nghề, the remaining original structures (communal house, workshoptraditional tube/ shop-house) in Hang Bac Street afforded indigenous merchants and building owners the possibility to preserve the traditional trades and products, the peddlers and the cultural contacts. In addition, trade-mark shops with adjusted facades, sloping roofs and religious precincts provide support to the traders in: (i) doing business on a long-term basis; (ii) expressing the “Selves” inherited from ancestors; (iii) protecting the trees as a cultural and spiritual symbol of the Hanoian lifestyle. Furthermore, shared places within the building, tube house afforded the user to maintain their basic functions by self-designing areas for individual rest. Unlike Phố Nghề, the architectural components (shop houses, street surfaces, replaced/ modernized roofs etc) of Phố Buôn Bán (Hang Dao and the remaining streets) afforded non residents and migrants to: (iv) carry out the family’s extra-activities; (v) re-utilize the pavements for more contacts (trader customer) and; (vi) privatize uncontrolled objects (tree, blank points or marginal areas etc) for mobile shops. These findings have provided valuable insights about the distribution of functional affordances. This has supplied the fundamental significant characteristics of the street-patterns as reflected in the inhabitants’ behavioral activities to achieve their goals in the place-usage. However, the future affordance-distributions should indicate positive and negative 214 potentials for the user and the correlative interactions. This is something, which so far has not been done as yet. In addition, the study has identified PAC components with affordance levels (perceived, utilized and shaped) by assessing the relationships between user possibility and place contribution. At the beginning, the perceived affordances were concretized when behavioral flows of the user are analyzed in the cognitive process (perceived environments, cognitive planning). During the physical phase, the utilized affordances are also figured out by adapting Steward’s DSM matrix (1981) to the CPI method. From paired interactions at the places, comparative tables highlighted the numerous affordance indexes that have been summed up both cognitively and physically. These indexes, then, would show which affordances are most essential for the users to pickup and use, and the implication on factual possibilities to manipulate the place’s properties more positively. The diagrammatic representations have determined potential affordances that connect the goals and affordance-levels to spatial formpredicted places with the recommendations. However, shaped affordances, which form the place’s characteristics in one of those levels depend on the user’s economic and financial capacity. This has not been adequately explored in this section. This CPI method provides a feasible solution to raise the heritage user’s knowledge about potential affordances to the place’s identity in community-based conservation. Nevertheless, further technical recommendations must be given to the user groups with terminologies prepared by themselves in corresponding stages in PAC application. Lastly, the study constructs the GUP to map out five- elements such as input profile, perceived place, integration process, place forms and conservation plan. The GUP application shows that each “mapping” could figure out comprehensive potentialities concerning their goals in the place usage with an affordance-based conservation plan. 215 These mappings may cause the groups to adopt proper behaviors towards the place’s specific elements. This GUP study is a major step towards the action framework with the “mappings”, which have been applied to construct the group’s behavior in conserving the significance of the blocks in the Ancient Quarter. Nevertheless, timeframes to implement conservation work for the places being utilized by many user groups and an introducible way (for local authority and community) should be tested with the available resources (labor, finances and the quality of architectural heritages) 216 BIBLIO GRAPHY Andre, M., 2003. Hanoi in period 1873- 1888 (Hà nội- giai đoạn 1873- 1888). Hai Phong publisher. Vietnam Ahmad, A. G., 1993. Urban Conservation. Internet: www.hbp.usm.my/conservation. Ahmad, Y., 2006. 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Vietnam. 227 [...]... multidisciplinary approaches and in particular through stakeholders - Heritage conservation: The central idea of heritage conservation has been applied, by several researchers, in managing changes rather than denying them, particularly in ancient quarters and historic towns Lichfield (19 88) showed that conservation means the management of the built environment and the architectural heritage It aims to restrain... bamboo ruler- No building, Internet: http://www.vme.org.vn /vietnam/ education_detail.asp?ID=459 (accessed at 4 :16 pm on Oct 26, 2006) 11 16 and authorities to maintain and upgrade national heritages and ancient towns in Hanoi City, in Ha Tay and Bac Ninh provinces (Northern Vietnam) , in Hue City (Central Vietnam) and in Hoi An town (Southern part of Central Vietnam) Since most of the adopted conservation. .. affordances into “urban heritage environment , I have devised the term affordances of heritage environment (A SHE), to examine the interplays of heritage environment and its user The result is a “ groundup” profile (GUP) approach in conservation 1. 1 General review and problems- Theoretical and Local approaches a International level - Heritage meanings: There are many definitions of heritage Traditionally,... Vertical affordance: It is affordances that are determined within a vertical space In other word, these affordances are analyzed and summed- up vertically Attachment phenomenon This phenomenon means vendor’s possibility to attach material things on building facade as uncontrolled area for operating private business This figures out the user’s attach-ability, as one of typical affordances in Hanoi Ancient. .. city Due to Government limitations in financial, political power and in policies, urban conservation in various areas has been carried out on a discriminatory basis: in favor of certain elite groups As a matter of fact, Chinese and Indian structures are always dominant while only a small number of M alay structures could survive Ngo (2006- a) suggested that because of State’s neglect, the M alay structures... the area faces distortions in local identity due to mass functional conversion in using these shop houses (Sim, 19 97) Similarly, George Town and Penang in M alaysia and Hanoi in Vietnam are ancient towns facing serious deterioration of physical environments, old buildings and infrastructural overloads due to the State’s limited resources (N go, 2006- a & b) In contrast, the “bottom- up” approach in. .. conservation of historic sites, the Venice Charter (19 64) emphasized restoration of significant structures and relevant settings of the site without living organisms inside However, there are many historic sites where urban communities are living in (M alacca, Penang, Taiping in M alaysia; Bhaktapur in Nepal; LiJiang- China and etc) With regard to the third category, conservation of culture involves intangible... the rate of change in the urban system and works towards achieving a better balance between conservation and development than would otherwise prevail Then, the concept of urban conservation has been gaining in popularity in developing countries As a term, urban conservation is now increasingly used by urban managers, experts and local authorities in large precincts, while the local community and inhabitants,... entire area and particular groups of objects therein Tran (2004) stated that the main approach heavily relies on urban planning and urban design, which was critical to urban conservation as laid down in the Cultural Heritage Law While most ancient towns require good planning and designs for their development, the current plans (Gia Hội- Chợ Dinh ancient town project in Hue City, plan- scale 1: 500, 1: 200,... sustainability and continuity b Hue city (central Vietnam) Hue, the old Royal Capital, contains many historical vestiges and cultural heritages Local Chinese and Vietnamese groups have stressed the importance of protecting this ancient town, and specifically the historic and religious relics along Chi Lang road in Gia Hoi and Cho Dinh areas Over the past few years, the State had initiated programs designed . studies and Relevant Documents v LIST OF TABLES Chapter 1 Page Table 1. 1 The analysis of ASHE, PAC of the Ancient Quarter 33 Table 1. 2 Statistical data and characteristics of the Ancient. reason, as a conceptual integration of affordances into “urban heritage environment , I have devised the term affordances of heritage environment (ASHE), to examine the interplays of heritage. LIST OF MAPS Map 1. 1 Location of the projects 40 Map 1. 2 The Ancient Quarter in Master Plan of Hanoi Capital to 2020 46 Map 1. 3 Location of the selected blocks and conservation grade I &