CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN OPEN-WATER FISHERIES: IMPACTS ON TRADITIONAL ‘WATER-SLAVE’ FISHING COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHEASTERN BANGLADESH RANAJIT DASTIDAR (B.A. (Honours in Economics), CHITTAGONG UNIVERSITY) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries Acknowledgements I have been blessed with two outstanding scholars as my PhD supervisors, who combine many rare human qualities as well. The completion of this dissertation, as well as my overall Masters-cum-PhD programme, is owed foremost to my teacher and supervisor, Prof Shapan Adnan. He first introduced me to field level research at the grassroots on various socioeconomic issues and aroused my interest in understanding the transformation of traditional peasant and fisher societies. Undertaking of this doctoral programme was the result of his continuous encouragement and instilling of confidence in me. His innovative teaching and dynamic guidance has led me to grasp the pertinent issues of this research. His innumerable queries, comments and intense critiques of the drafts of the thesis chapters have kept me on track in developing a coherent analytical framework within which to insert the thematic arguments and supporting evidence. His extremely painstaking efforts in going between the lines of the various chapter drafts, and numerous suggestions for correction, have enabled me to revise the written dissertation in its present form. During my fieldwork in 2005, he spent his personal leave visiting my study villages as well as a major fish market in Chittagong city, providing me with vital practical guidance in accomplishing this task. Beside this crucial academic and research support, Prof Adnan has voluntarily taken up the entire financial responsibility of maintaining my family of four (including my wife and two school-going children, paying foreign student fees) in Singapore since September 2008, by lending generously when I had exhausted all my savings and sources of loan. From the very outset of my graduate studies in the National University of Singapore (NUS), he has always advised me not to worry about financial exigencies and to let him know if I require any such support. Since discontinuation of my Research Scholarship after November 2007, having to borrow to survive and pay tuition fees to the university has brought me close to bankruptcy and despair. Consequently, I tried to give up the PhD programme several times, but Prof Adnan’s relentless persuasion and firm guidance did not allow that to happen. In short, the Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS i Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh submission of my PhD dissertation would have been totally inconceivable without Prof Adnan’s all-out support, and hence my debt to him knows no bounds. I am also profoundly indebted to my co-supervisor and teacher, Professor Peter D. Reeves, who was the former Head of South Asian Studies Programme (SASP). He taught and introduced me to the rich fisheries literature, and his guidance and comments on my dissertation have been invaluable. In particular, his feedback on all the nine thesis chapters has served to enhance my confidence, and his critique has helped me to improve the quality of the PhD dissertation. During Prof Reeves’ tenure as Head of SASP, I benefited from all the required administrative support like the other SASP students. Significantly, his high administrative capability and towering personality helped me to obtain financial support for fieldwork as well as the extension of the NUS Research Scholarship during his tenure. In this regard, I must also acknowledge with thanks the support of Prof Alan Chan, former Vice Dean of the Division of Research and Graduate Studies (DRGS), Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS), NUS. I am grateful for the financial and administrative support received from SASP and DRGS under the respective leadership of these two distinguished academics. Their subsequent absence was deeply felt, when my applications for extension of scholarship were rejected1. Besides much required academic and administrative support, Prof Reeves has always been concerned about my difficult financial situation. He offered me “practical help” through several emails after discontinuation of the scholarship. Prof Reeves has been a constant source of encouragement to me from Australia through his numerous emails, which have contributed largely to the fruition of this dissertation. Unlike other PhD colleagues, I was given the NUS Research Scholarship (RS) for only years and months (inclusive of part of my M.A. candidature as well). My applications for extension of RS and tuition fee waiver were rejected twice since November 2007, despite very strong recommendations from both of my supervisors and keeping good academic and research track records [e.g., achieved Cumulative Average Point (CAP) 4.88 out of the point scale, presented papers in the international conferences, received good feedback from the undergraduate students whom I tutored, etc.]. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS ii Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries My friend, Shaju Sultana Adnan, has always provided great support, both psychological and material, from the outset of my studies at NUS. Her affection and care for me as well as my family have made our stay in Singapore worthwhile. Her invaluable contributions are acknowledged with much gratitude. I am grateful to Prof Mahbub Ullah of Dhaka University and Mr. Ulrich Kleih of Greenwich University for providing referees’ reports at the time of my admission in graduate studies at NUS. Besides, Mr. Kleih also provided me with several relevant reports from England and encouraged me in undertaking and continuing the PhD programme. I am thankful to the Asia Research Institute (ARI) of NUS for its partial financial support to my fieldwork during 2005. I am also grateful to Dr. Khursid Alam for his support and encouragement for my PhD project. He provided me with different reports and information from Bangladesh and helped me in organising a team for validation of data in one of my study villages. Besides, he provided me with access to his own data, collected from a marine village on the Chittagong coast for his PhD. Beside these, as the Executive Director of CODEC, he approved a loan as well as leave for the undertaking of my graduate study at NUS. In this respect, I am also thankful to CODEC, which provided me with the opportunity to be introduced to the traditional fishing communities and work with them since late 1994. I thankfully acknowledge the valuable contributions of my research assistants, Ms. Sharmina Chowdhury, Ms. Farzana Ferdous and Mr. Mohammad Aminul Hoque, who helped me in collection of data in the study villages during September-November, 2005. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS iii Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Mr. Mobarrak Hossain carefully applied his cartographic skills in refining the maps of the study villages as well as Chittagong district and Bangladesh. I gratefully acknowledge his contributions. Mr. Shuvashish Biswas (Suman), Mr. Md. Nasir Uddin, Mr. Surajit Dutta (Bachchu), Ms. Rehana Akhter, Mr. Waliul Islam, Mr. Tapan Bhowmik, Mr. Mosharraf Hossain (Jhantu), Ms. Husna Amena Akhter (Sweet), Mr. Debashish Biswas (Rupan), Mr. Utpal Dutta, Mr. Mamun-ur-Rashid, Mr. Imrul Hasan and Mr. Sultan Md. Giasuddin have given me very important support by providing data at different times. Some of them also made available various reports and documents to me. In particular, Suman transcribed some of the recorded interviews and sent several maps, and Nasir visited one of the study villages to collect and validate data. Nasir, Rehana and Tapan also introduced me to the marine study villages. My sincere gratitude goes to all these very helpful friends for their unfailing support. Mr. Kamal Sengupta provided help in taking photographs of some boats, trawlers and industrial ships during fieldwork in 2005 (Photograph Nos. 5.2, 5.14, 5.15 and 5.18), while Mr. Moinul Alam gave his consent to use one of his photographs (No. 5.12) published in the pictorial of CODEC (2001). I acknowledge their support with thanks. I am grateful to my PhD colleague and friend, Ms. Fahmida Farzana, to stand as a guarantor for my Tuition Fee Loan availed over three semesters since January, 2008. I appreciate her generosity, in spite of apprehension about providing guarantee to an insolvent person like me! Ms. Nur Jannah Mohamed and Miss Catherine Lee of the SASP office have always been very helpful in extending their cooperation whenever required. I am thankful to them. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS iv Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries Bishuda (Mr. Biswajit Dutta) and Bablidi (Ms. Sunanda Sengupta) had come forward to support me financially, whatever they could. Besides, Bishuda has been very keen in tracking the development of my PhD work since its initiation. My gratitude goes to them as well. I have had always been supported and encouraged by my didi, Ms. Dipa Sen, and my brother and friend, Surajit Dutta (Bachchu), whose financial support was of crucial importance after the discontinuation of my scholarship. My younger sister, Shima (Mahua Dastidar), has taken up my responsibility of looking after our ailing mother since January 2006 through her very active physical presence, as well as financial support (since August 2008), even at the cost of her own family responsibility. She has had to bear a lot of suffering and put in extra efforts for undertaking this additional responsibility, relegated to her due to my long absence from home. However, she has always been generously supported by her husband, Advocate Mrinal Kanti Dasgupta, and their two children Saymonti and Aritra. My debt is profound to all of them, including didi and Bachchu. I would not have succeeded in completing this dissertation without their unforgettable contributions. My father (Saradindu Dastidar) passed away on 12 May 2004, when I was preparing to upgrade to the PhD programme from my M.A. studies at SASP. He felt my absence a lot during those days! I have the feeling that my father could have lived a few more years, if I had been beside him at home. This is an irrevocable cost of my graduate study at NUS. This feeling haunts me quite often. My apology to him knows no bounds. My mother (Pranati Dastidar) has accepted my absence ungrudgingly, and has been encouraging me regularly to complete the PhD project. Her ailing elder sister, my mejomashi (Arati Dutta), and younger brother, mejomamu (Nihar Kanti Das), are also very concerned about my studies and are looking forward to the fruition of my PhD. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS v Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh My wife, Ankhi (Suparna Sen Gupta), and sons, Diganto (Navojit Dastidar) and Pranto (Pritthijit Dastidar), have accepted all the hardships and disruptions in education (sons’) entailed by my doctoral work without any significant complaint and indeed have been a great source of encouragement to me. Their resilience in the face of poverty and destitution, particularly since discontinuation of my scholarship, is admirable. They are also looking forward to the successful completion of the PhD. I am moved by their patience and am ever grateful to them. I have also been encouraged by many other friends, relatives and colleagues during my study at NUS. I am thankful to all of them (the list is quite long to be presented here). Last, but not least, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the respondents of the study, especially to the Jaladas fishing communities, for their invaluable contribution to this research. Ranajit Dastidar South Asian Studies Programme Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences National University of Singapore (NUS) 13 November 2009 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS vi Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries Table of Contents (Summary) Acknowledgements i Table of Contents (Summary) vii Table of Contents (Detailed) viii Thesis Summary xv List of Tables, Maps, Charts and Figures xvii List of Photographs xix Glossary and Acronyms xxi CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE 35 3. TRADITIONAL FISHING COMMUNITIES OF BANGLADESH: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES 63 4. FEATURES OF THE STUDY AREAS: VILLAGES, FISHING GROUNDS, MARKETPLACES 75 5. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE 110 6. FACTOR AND PRODUCT MARKETS IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR 151 7. PRODUCTION RELATIONS AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION IN THE STUDY VILLAGES . 199 8. NATURE AND EXTENT OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN FISHERIES . 239 9. CONCLUSION: MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY . 271 Bibliography . 290 Appendix-1 . 299 Appendix-2 . 301 Appendix-3 . 302 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS vii Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Table of Contents (Detailed) Acknowledgements . i Table of Contents (Summary) .vii Table of Contents (Detailed) viii Thesis Summary . xv List of Tables, Maps, Charts and Figures .xvii List of Photographs . xix Glossary and Acronyms xxi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES ADDRESSED 1.2. THE FISHERIES SECTOR OF BANGLADESH . 1.2.1. Marine Fisheries . 1.2.2. Inland Fisheries . 1.2.3. Social Groups and Classes involved in Fishing 10 1.3. ANALYTICAL ISSUES 14 1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND KEY QUESTIONS . 16 1.4.1. Research Objectives 16 1.4.2. Key Questions . 17 1.5. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH 18 1.5.1. Methods and Techniques used 19 1.5.1.1. Primary and Secondary Data Sources . 19 1.5.1.2. Fieldwork in Multiple Sites . 21 1.5.1.3. Selection Criteria for the Study Villages/Communities 22 1.5.1.4. Fieldwork Methods in the Study Villages . 26 1.5.1.5. Methods of Data Collection for Fish and Credit Market Surveys . 28 1.5.1.6. Itinerary of Fieldwork in Bangladesh 29 1.5.2. Problems Encountered in Collection of Data 31 1.6. SCOPE AND LIMITS OF THE STUDY . 32 1.7. LAYOUT OF THE DISSERTATION . 33 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS viii Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE 35 2.1. CONCEPT OF CAPITAL: PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE CAPITAL 36 2.2. THE CLASSICAL PARADIGM OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT 38 2.2.1. Processes leading to the Emergence of Capitalism . 39 2.2.1.1. Differentiation of the Peasantry 39 2.2.1.2. Primitive Accumulation 40 2.2.1.3. Capitalist Reconstitution . 41 2.2.2. Production Relations and the Social Organisation of Production . 41 2.2.3. Capitalist Transformation as Systemic Change 42 2.2.4. Role of Impersonal and Interlocked Markets in Capitalist Development . 44 2.2.5. Adaptation of the Classical Paradigm of Capitalist Development to Fisheries . 45 2.3. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE 47 2.3.1. Technological Change 48 2.3.2. Factor and Product Markets 49 2.3.3. Forms of Production Organisation 53 2.3.4. Differentiation amongst Traditional Fishing Communities 54 2.3.5. Emergence of Capitalist Relations 56 2.3.6. Socio-cultural Changes with Capitalist Development 57 2.4. INCONSISTENCIES AND GAPS IN EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 58 2.5. HYPOTHESES 60 2.6. OVERVIEW . 61 CHAPTER 3. TRADITIONAL FISHING COMMUNITIES OF BANGLADESH: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES . 63 3.1. RELIGIOUS AND CASTE COMPOSITION OF TRADITIONAL FISHING COMMUNITIES . …………………………………………………………………………………….63 3.2. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND POWER RELATIONS . 66 3.2.1. Legal and Property Rights in Fisheries: 1793–1947 . 67 3.2.2. Considerations underlying Changes in Property Rights: 1793–1947 69 3.2.3. Typology of Fisheries Organisation during the Colonial Period 70 3.2.4. Property Rights and Power Relations in the Post-Colonial Period . 72 3.3. OVERVIEW OF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES . 73 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS ix Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries of them may be unable to substantially recover their outstanding loans from the traditional fishers who themselves are forced out of production. In any case, the market-share of such unproductive capital is likely to be progressively reduced – to some extent, also because of undercutting by the comparatively low cost micro-credit provided by NGOs and the Grameen Bank. Some of the trader-moneylenders, with substantial amounts of capital and management skills like Md. Alauddin, may choose to shift decidedly from dadan lending to fisheries production as capitalist entrepreneurs. Most of them are, however, likely to shift their capital from fisheries to non-fishing sectors, given the problems of declining fish stocks and piracy. Overall, the eventual outcome in this scenario would be the displacement of the existing class structure consisting of (i) traditional subsistence fishers and trader-moneylenders by that composed of (ii) capitalist entrepreneurs employing wage workers. The second possible scenario is the emergence of a few capitalist entrepreneurs from amongst the traditional Jaladas fishers. Despite the preponderance of negative returns, cost-return calculations did suggest that a few among the traditional fishing communities, such as Haribandhu Jaladas of Shagarmala (MFV), could produce with substantial positive returns, even at full costs. In parallel, as suggested above, some of the dadandars may find it in their enlightened self-interest to switch to investing productive capital in fishing, merging with the capitalist entrepreneurs emerging from the ranks of the Jaladas fishers. Due to depletion of fish stocks, piracy and growing non-availability of loans from dadandars, most of the remaining Jaladas households are likely to stop operating as small-scale fishers, being eventually constrained to become wage workers or self-employed petty-traders. It is possible that both of these potential scenarios may be realised in part. This would imply that, capitalist production relations would gradually become predominant in marine fisheries, with the capitalist producers consisting of a combination of Jaladas ‘insiders’ and non-Jaladas ‘outsiders’ consisting of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs. The bulk of the present Jaladas households are unlikely to be able to survive as fishing operators, becoming petty Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 287 Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh self-employed, or wage workers employed by capitalists, in fisheries as well as other sectors. The existing class structure, in which the traditional Jaladas fishing community is subject to exploitation by dadandars and mahajans, is likely to be progressively undermined, to be replaced by one of capitalist employers and wage workers, with some becoming petty selfemployed (e.g. small traders). The Jaladas groups of Chittagong are unlikely to survive as a traditional fishing community as the dynamics of capitalist development and technological innovation continue to unfold. 9.8. BROADER RELEVANCE OF THIS STUDY The contribution of this study to the theoretical and empirical literature of Bangladesh fisheries is briefly stated in Sections 9.1 to 9.5 above. This ethnographic study is not confined only to the two main study villages observed over a period of one year in 2005 through various forms of participation with the marine and inland Jaladas fishing communities as well as other groups and classes in these villages. It also draws upon the data collected and close interactions made with the traditional fishers in the two supplementary study villages during 2003 and 2005. Moreover, it is a multi-site study that encompasses the respective fishing grounds and landing sites, as well as various market-places, involving a wide variety of functionaries. In addition, this study draws as well from the earlier fieldworks (since 1997) in 16 other fishing villages along the coast of Bangladesh stretched from Cox’s Bazar (Teknaf) to Satkhira districts covering the eastern, central and western coastal regions (see Map 1.1 and Appendix-1). In terms of depth, this ethnographic study combines the micro-level analysis of various forms of intricate socio-economic and political relationships, among the traditional fishers as well as between them and their financiers and other market functionaries, with a meta-analysis of technological innovation and capitalist development in the fisheries sector, adapting the classical theoretical paradigm in this context. None of the hitherto known studies on Bangladesh fisheries appear to have similar extensive and intensive coverage focusing the transformation of the fisheries organisation and relations of production with application of such relevant theoretical framework. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 288 Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries However, comparable ethnographic studies on the traditional fishing communities outside Bangladesh are available. Some of these studies were done among the fishing communities of Malaysia (Firth 1966, and Warren 1983), Sri Lanka (Alexander 1995), India (Platteau et al. 1985), Venezuela (Breton 1977), Newfoundland of Canada (Faris 1977), Nova Scotia of Canada (Apostle & Barrett 1992) and Northern Norway and Atlantic Canada (Apostle et al. 1998). However, in terms of focus and analytical framework applied, Alexander (1995), Breton (1977), Faris (1977), Platteau et al. (1985), and Warren (1983) are more akin to the present study. With variation, Apostle & Barrett (1992) and Apostle et al. (1998) are somewhat closer to this study as well. Firth’s (1966) pioneering work, however, shed light in developing ethnographic nuance in the present study. The above discussion imply that the adaptation of the classical analytical paradigm of capitalist development as well as combination of the micro- and meta-analysis presented in this ethnographic study have a broader relevance and the scope of applicability in the study of transformation of the traditional fishing and other communities of Bangladesh as a whole and other countries of South and Southeast Asia as well as other parts of the globe. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 289 Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Bibliography Adnan, Shapan 1984, Peasant Production and Capitalist Development: A Model with Reference to Bangladesh, Unpublished PhD dissertation, Cambridge University. Adnan, Shapan 1985, ‘Classical and Contemporary Approaches to Agrarian Capitalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 20, No. 30, pp. PE-53–PE-64. 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Warren, Carol 1983, Ideology, Identity and Change: The Experience of the Bajau Laut of East Malaysia, 1969-1975, South East Asian Monograph Series No. 14, edited by Bob Hering, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia. Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 298 Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries Appendix-1 Table A: Types of Data Sources by Period and Sites of Research Period of Sl. Fieldwork/Data No. Collection (1) (2) 2005 2003 2005 2003 and 2005 2005 2005 2001 and 2002 2001 and 2002 2000 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS Types of Data Sources (3) General questionnaires administered among 84 marine and 40 inland fishing households. This is a 25-page long questionnaire containing 114 questions under 18 broad categories. Transcripts of the 50 tape-recorded interviews with the marine fishers of two supplementary study villages. Checklists for interviewing loan providers, fish market intermediaries and commercial entrepreneurs in fishing Field notes and unstructured interviews with the agents of informal credit market (dadandars and mahajans) and micro-credit agencies Field notes and interviews with the commercial fishing entrepreneurs including leaders of the Marine Fishing Boat Owners’ Association of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Shamudrik Moitshya Aharankari Boat Malik Samity), an organisation of mid-sea trawler operators. Field notes from observations and interviews in the fish landing sites and fish markets near the study villages as well as more central fish markets. Field notes from observations, interviews and group discussions with the fishers. I was involved in this study (on fishers’ livelihoods, credit access and fish marketing system in Bangladesh) as one of the research team members and authors of the report (Kleih et al. 2003). Unstructured interviews conducted with the different market intermediaries of five coastal districts and Dhaka. I was involved in this study (on fishers’ livelihoods, credit access and fish marketing system in Bangladesh) as one of the research team members and authors of the report (Kleih et al. 2003). Field notes from observations and group discussions with the fishermen and other coastal people as well as government officials. I was involved in this field study (on coastal livelihoods in Bangladesh) as well as writing the report for a DFID funded project, on behalf of CODEC – an NGO in Bangladesh (CODEC 2000). Sites of the Research (4) Shangkhomala and Shagarmala Shagarkonnya and Shagarmanik Shagarmala and Chittagong city Shangkhomala, Shagarmala, Shagarkonnya and Shagarmanik Shagarmala and Chittagong city Shangkhomala, Shagarmala and Chittagong city Six coastal fishing villages of Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Patuakhali, Satkhira and Bagerhat Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar, Patuakhali, Satkhira, Bagerhat, and Dhaka Three coastal and estuarine fishing villages of Chittagong, Lakshmipur and Patuakhali 299 Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Period of Sl. Fieldwork/Data No. Collection (1) (2) 10 11 1997 1997 Types of Data Sources (3) Field notes from observations, interviews and group discussions with the fishers and local government officials. I was involved in this study (on livelihoods of the coastal fishing communities of Bangladesh) as one of the research team members and authors of the report (Rahman et al. 1997). Notes from interviews and group discussions with the fishers. I was involved in this study on “Identification of Non-capture Fishery Income Generation Options for the ESBN (Estuarine SetBag Net) Fishers of Coastal Bangladesh” as one of the research team members and writers of the report (CODEC 1997). 12 2003 and 2005 Photographs taken during the fieldworks 13 2003 - 2008 Various newspapers reports 2003 - 2008 Relevant studies and ethnographies by earlier scholars as well as two Bengali novels on fishing communities (Firth 1966, Warren 1983, Platteau et al. 1985, Alexander 1995, Bandopadhyaya 1999, Mallabarman 1999, etc.). 14 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS Sites of the Research (4) Two coastal fishing villages of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar Six coastal fishing villages of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar Shangkhomala, Shagarmala, Shagarkonnya, Shagarmanik and Chittagong city Published from Dhaka and Chittagong 300 Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-water Fisheries Appendix-2 Drift Nets introduced by BOBP The specifications of the new drift nets introduced in 1980-81 by the BOBP project are presented below: “(i) for hilsa fishing, the type of net has the following characteristics: nylon 210 d6, mesh 100 mm in length, stretched 140 m (or 1,400 meshes), depth 120 meshes, hanging ratio 0.5. The floats are usually of bamboo and the float line of synthetic material. The ‘lead line’ is weighted with discs of clay. A 12 m motorized boat with a crew of five to eight men can handle 25 nets of 70 m (mounted), or a total length of 1,750 m (stretched webbing), and can make two sets in a day.” (BOBP 1985, p. 6) “(ii) for other fish (large-mesh), the net would be nylon 210 d30, and the mesh is 180 mm. Each unit mounted would be 90 m long with a hanging ratio of 0.5 and 50 meshes deep. A 12 m boat with a crew of five to eight men can handle a driftnet consisting of 20 units.” (BOBP 1985, p. 6) Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 301 Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Appendix-3 Table B: “Marketing of Hilsha from a Landing Centre near Chittagong to Dhaka Markets, July 2001 Selling Prices and Marketing Costs Assembling Selling Price: Fisherman to paiker at landing centre Transport to assembly / wholesale market (by small boat or rickshaw) Ice Labour Packaging Commission (5% of sales; to aratdar) Net income for Chtg paiker Wholesale Marketing Selling Price: Chittagong paiker to Dhaka aratdar Transport from Chtg to Dhaka, by truck Ice Packaging and handling Miscellaneous Opportunity cost of capital (5% of wk capital) Net income for Dhaka aratdar Retailing Selling Price: Dhaka wholesaler to retailer Retail marketing costs Net income to Dhaka retailer Selling Price: Dhaka retailer to consumer Tk/kg 60.00 1.50 % 50% 1.00 2.50 0.25 4.00 10.75 80.00 1.50 1.50 1.30 0.50 4.24 5.96 67% 95.00 13.00 12.00 79% 100% 120.00 Assumptions: - No dadan involved between fisherman and paiker; part of commission paid by paiker to aratdar represents interest on loan - Transport is by truck; - Prices are for small to medium-sized fish (300 – 600 grammes).” Source: Reproduced from Kleih et al. (2003, p. 71, Table 17). Note: wk = working Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 302 [...]... Water- Slave Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh This is a study of technological innovation and capitalist development in open- water capture fisheries of Chittagong in southeastern Bangladesh It focuses upon the role of traditional low caste Hindu fishing communities, known as the Jaladas (literally meaning water- slave ), involved in marine and riverine fishing The dynamics of change have involved... PRODUCTION CONDITIONS IN MARINE AND INLAND FISHERIES 86 4.2.1 Technical Conditions and Environmental Resources of the Fisheries 86 4.2.1.1 Seasonality of Inland and Marine Fisheries 86 4.2.1.2 Fishing Grounds, Property Rights and Practices in Marine Fisheries 87 4.2.1.3 Fishing Grounds, Property Rights and Practices in the Inland Village 92 4.2.2 Distribution of the Fisheries Means of. .. theoretical conclusions of the study go beyond the existing literature on the process and determinants of capitalist transformation in traditional fishing economies, and may have a wider applicability to comparable instances of fishing in other parts of the world This research attempts to study the dynamics of change among the traditional marine and inland fishing communities in selected villages and fish... Traditional Fishing Nets and other Fishing Gear 114 5.1.3 Pre -Innovation Social Organisation of Production 117 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS x Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open- water Fisheries 5.2 CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY IN FISHERIES PRODUCTION 119 5.2.1 New Crafts and Fishing Gear for Mid-sea Fishing by Commercial Entrepreneurs 121 5.2.2 Deep Sea Fishing by Industrial... Nets introduced by BOBP 301 Appendix-3 Table B: “Marketing of Hilsa from a Landing Centre near Chittagong to Dhaka Markets, July 2001 302 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS xiv Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open- water Fisheries Thesis Summary Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open- Water Fisheries: Impacts on Traditional Water- Slave Fishing. .. Traditional Water- Slave Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Map 1.1: Bangladesh and the Principal Study Villages in Chittagong District Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS 6 Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open- water Fisheries 1.2.1 Marine Fisheries As shown in Map 1.1, the coastal region of Bangladesh is characterised by the discharge of an enormous amount of water into the Bay of. .. CIRCULATION OF CAPITAL 260 8.4.1 Inflow of Capital into Fishing 260 8.4.2 Deployment of Surplus from Fishing 264 8.5 NATURE AND EXTENT OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT AMONG TRADITIONAL FISHERS 265 8.6 OVERVIEW OF CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN FISHERIES 268 Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS xiii Impacts on Traditional Water- Slave Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh. .. differentiation and occupational diversification among traditional fishing communities as well as the entry of new socio-economic groups into the sector, inclusive of entrepreneurs and workers In the process, the pre-existing social organisation of production among traditional fishing communities has been partially undermined and transformed, while new forms of commercial fishing have emerged and expanded... Leased out open- water bodies for fishing in lieu of payment of rent Jow: The days of peak fishing in a fortnight of the lunar month Kg: Kilogram Khal: Canal LGED: Local Government Engineering Department Ranajit Dastidar, FASS, NUS xxiii Impacts on Traditional Water- Slave Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Lungi: A kind of sarong, worn by men in Bangladesh Mahajan: The usurious moneylender,... xxi Impacts on Traditional Water- Slave Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh Dadan: It is a type of loan advanced by the financiers (dadandars and/ or aratdars) on the basis of interlocked market contracts for tying the product This has been discussed in detail in Chapter 6 (Subsection 6.4.1) Dadandar: Providers of loan under dadan contract Dala: The days of lean fishing in a fortnight of . 4.2. PRODUCTION CONDITIONS IN MARINE AND INLAND FISHERIES 86 4.2.1. Technical Conditions and Environmental Resources of the Fisheries 86 4.2.1.1. Seasonality of Inland and Marine Fisheries 86 . Capitalist Development and Technological Innovation in Open-Water Fisheries: Impacts on Traditional ‘Water-Slave’ Fishing Communities of Southeastern Bangladesh This is a study of technological. technological innovation and capitalist development in open-water capture fisheries of Chittagong in southeastern Bangladesh. It focuses upon the role of traditional low caste Hindu fishing communities,