INDEX DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CARBON EMISSIONS: SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES XU XIAOYAN (B.Eng., Fudan University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL & SYSTEMS ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. ____________________ Xu Xiaoyan 30 July 2013 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Ang Beng Wah for his patient and invaluable supervision throughout my study and research process. Without his inspiration, there would be no such a thesis. Throughout the long journey of my PhD studies, Dr. Zhou Peng, Dr. Su Bin, and Dr. Mu Aoran have made valuable contribution to my research in one way or another. Without their help, I would have struggled much more. Particularly, I am grateful to Dr. Su Bin for his kind help in collecting the data of China and his contribution to Chapter 5. Special gratitude also goes to all other faculty members of the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, from whom I have learnt a lot through coursework, research and seminars. I am also grateful to the Energy Studies Institute for providing so many training opportunities which have helped me gain deeper knowledge of energy studies. To those colleagues who have made my stay in the department enjoyable and memorable, I wish to express my sincere thanks too. In particular, I want to thank Ow Lai Chun for her great help in conference application, presentation arrangement and also thesis submission. Special gratitude also goes to Tan Swee Lan for her warmhearted help with many computer and technical issues. I am grateful to Luo Yi, Hu Junfei, Long Yin, Wang Guanli and Jiang Yixin, who have kindly offered help when I need it and with whom I have had many interesting and instructive discussions. i Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their support and encouragement. For all those friends whose names are not listed, I would like to extend my heartiest thanks to them for their friendship and encouragement. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . I TABLE OF CONTENTS III SUMMARY VI LIST OF TABLES VIII LIST OF FIGURES . X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XII TERMINOLOGIES . XIV CHAPTER INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 EVALUATING ENERGY AND EMISSION PERFORMANCE 1.2 IDA AND ITS APPLICATION TO ENERGY/EMISSION ASSESSMENT 1.3 RESEARCH SCOPE AND OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS STRUCTURE 12 CHAPTER INDUSTRY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 15 2.1 INTRODUCTION 15 2.2 INDUSTRIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDICATORS 17 2.3 APPROACHES TO HANDLING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDICATORS IN IDA 21 2.4 THE REFINED AR APPROACH .25 2.5 LINKAGES OF APPROACHES AND APPLICATION 26 2.6 A CASE STUDY .32 2.7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 36 CHAPTER RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS 39 3.1 INTRODUCTION 39 3.2 DRIVING FORCES FOR RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION .40 3.3 A LITERATURE SURVEY .42 3.4 A HYBRID FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING RESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY USE .48 3.5 DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS FOR SINGAPORE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR .55 3.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 58 iii CHAPTER MULTILEVEL INDEX DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS 60 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 60 4.2 SINGLE-LEVEL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS . 63 4.3 THE MULTILEVEL-PARALLEL (M-P) MODEL 65 4.4 THE MULTILEVEL-HIERARCHICAL (M-H) MODEL 66 4.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES . 68 4.6 ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING MULTILEVEL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS 71 4.7 DECOMPOSITION OF UNITED STATES AND CHINA INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 74 4.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 78 CHAPTER SPATIAL INDEX DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS . 80 5.1 INTRODUCTION . 80 5.2 SPATIAL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS IN TWO-REGION COMPARISON 83 5.3 SPATIAL DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS FOR THREE OR MORE REGIONS . 86 5.4 A MULTI-REGION SPATIAL DECOMPOSITION MODEL 90 5.5 COMPARING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF PROVINCES IN CHINA 93 5.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 102 CHAPTER ENERGY-RELATED CARBON EMISSION ANALYSIS . 105 6.1 INTRODUCTION . 105 6.2 IDA STUDIES APPLIED TO EMISSION ISSUES . 106 6.3 METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND ISSUES 110 6.4 CONCLUSION . 113 CHAPTER FACTORS SHAPING ECONOMY-WIDE CARBON INTENSITY . 115 7.1 SCOPE AND INFORMATION SOURCES 116 7.2 DRIVERS OF CARBON INTENSITY CHANGE: NON-TEMPORAL FEATURES . 118 7.3 DRIVERS OF CARBON INTENSITY CHANGE: TEMPORAL FEATURES . 128 7.4 THE ELECTRICITY GENERATION SECTOR 134 7.5 CONCLUSION . 137 CHAPTER ANALYSIS OF CO2 EMISSION FROM ELECTRICITY SECTOR 139 iv 8.1 INTRODUCTION 139 8.2 TRACKING CO2 EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION 141 8.3 CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE SYSTEMS .148 8.4 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEMS .156 8.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 164 CHAPTER REFERENCES CONCLUSION 166 .171 APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF IDA FORMULAE .185 APPENDIX B DATA COVERAGE AND SOURCES FOR CASE STUDIES 194 APPENDIX C UNIT CONSUMPTION APPROACHES AND THEIR LINKAGES 216 APPENDIX D SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION OF CHAPTER 219 APPENDIX E RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT DECOMPOSITION LEVELS 225 APPENDIX F IDA STUDIES APPLIED TO CARBON EMISSIONS 226 APPENDIX G COUNTRY PLOTS FOR SECTION 7.3 .231 v Summary Index decomposition analysis (IDA) has been one of the most popular analytical tools for studying energy consumption and carbon emissions during the past three decades. Using this technique, a considerable number of empirical studies have been reported. With the improvement in data quality, its application has been extended in many different ways. Studies on relevant methodological issues regarding these extensions, however, seem to be inadequate. This thesis thus aims to study these issues and propose possible improvements and extensions of IDA from both methodological and application viewpoints. The author first investigates the practices of major national and international initiatives in applying IDA to analyze energy consumption and carbon emissions. From their practices, the application of IDA is found to have experienced quite a few changes over time. Recently, a number of special decomposition analysis cases have also triggered the interests of researchers and analysts. This research focuses on some of these developments and cases. They include proposing an activity revaluation procedure for the industrial sector where activity indicators are available in both monetary and physical measures, establishing a hybrid model for the residential sector where energy consumption is driven by different forces, proposing a multilevelhierarchical (M-H) model which adopts a hierarchical structure in decomposition analysis, and developing a multi-region spatial decomposition (MRSD) framework for inter-regional comparisons. Besides, a survey on the energy-related CO2 emission studies using IDA is presented. As the first comprehensive survey of this kind, the study serves as a guide for analysts who are interested in this area. Based on the findings in the survey, the author analyzes the impact of adopting different decomposition identities for the vi Table F.1 Main features of IDA studies applied to emission studies, 1991-2013 1. Publication 2. Country/ region 3. Indicator type1 C Torvanger (1991) Golove and Schipper (1996) Lin and Chang (1996) Scholl et al. (1996) Shrestha and Timilsina (1996) Ang and Choi (1997) I 4. Decomposition approach2 Add 5. Activity indicator3 Mul Method $ B Pop 6. Decomposition identity act str int fmx × OECD-9 × × AMDI × × × × USA × × LASP × × × × Taiwan × OECD-9 × × × 12 Asia countries × Korea × China, Korea, Taiwan Divisia × LASP × AMDI × × × × × × × × 1973-1987 18 × 1958-1991 × 1980-1992 × × × × × Ele × Ew × Oth × × × 1973-1992 1980-1990 12 227 × × × × 1981-1993 × × × × × × × 1980-1993 × × × × × × 1960-1993 × × × × × 1970-1991 N.A × × × × × × × 1973-1991 50 × × × × × × 1987-1993 × × × 1985-1990 × × × × 1971-1991 30 × × × × 1973-1995 13 × × × × 1985-1995 N.A × × 1980-1994 48 × × 1970-1993 30 × × 1960-1995 N.A × × × 1971-1994 N.A × × × × × × × × × × LASP Lakshmanan and Han (1997) USA × × LASP 10 Schipper et al. (1997) OECD-10 × 11 Sheinbaum and Rodríguez (1997) Mexico × × LASP 12 Ang et al. (1998) Korea × × AMDI, LMDI, LASP 13 Greening et al. (1998) OECD-10 14 Krackeler et al. (1998) OECD-13 15 Shrestha and Timilsina (1998) × LASP × × × AWD × × LASP × Tailand, Korea × × AMDI × × S/S × × × × × 16 Sun and Malaska (1998) Developed countries 17 Greening et al. (1999) OECD-10 18 Sun (1999) OECD-24 aggregate 19 Viguier (1999) 20 Liaskas et al. (2000) EU × 21 Mazzarino (2000)Mazzarino (2000) Italy × 22 Nag and Kulshreshtha (2000) India × × AMDI × × × × × 23 Nag and Parikh (2000) India × × AMDI × × × × × × × AWD × S/S × AMDI × × LASP × × LASP × × R/S × USA Hungary, Poland, USA, France, UK, Russia Ind × Golove and Schipper (1997) × Total LMDI × × × × Tra 9. No. of cases Divisia, LASP Ang and Pandiyan (1997) × × oth 8. Time period studied × × × emi 7. Sector5 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1973-1993 26 1980-1995 N.A × 1974-1994 × 1970-1995 × × × vs. × × × 1. Publication 2. Country/ region 3. Indicator type1 C 24 Greening et al. (2001) 25 Hammar and Lofgren (2001) OECD-10 26 Murtishaw et al. (2001) IEA-8 27 Schipper et al. (2001a) IEA-13 × 28 Albrecht et al. (2002) Belgium, UK France, Germany × 29 Ang and Choi (2002) Sweden I 4. Decomposition approach2 Add × × × Method $ × AWD × × AWD × S/S × × LMDI × × × Divisia × × 228 30 Kim and Worrell (2002a) 31 Kim and Worrell (2002b) countries × × Divisia 32 Ozawa et al. (2002) Mexico × × Divisia 33 Bhattacharyya and Ussanarassamee (2004) Thailand × LMDI × 34 Greening (2004) OECD-10 × AWD 35 Paul and Bhattacharya (2004) 36 Nag and Parikh (2005) India 37 Wu et al. (2005) China 38 Ebohon and Ikeme (2006) 39 Lise (2006) Turkey 40 Steenhof et al. (2006) Canada 41 Diakoulaki and Mandaraka (2007) EU-14 42 Fan et al. (2007) China 43 Liu (2007) Taiwan × 44 Liu et al. (2007) China × 45 Steenhof (2007) China 46 İpek Tunç et al. (2009) Turkey × × LMDI 47 Malla (2009) Asia-Pacific and North Amercia × × LMDI 48 Papagiannaki and Diakoulaki (2009) Greece, Denmark × × LMDI 49 Shrestha et al. (2009) Asia-Pacific × × LMDI 50 Steenhof (2009) India × × × × SSA region China S/S × × × × × × × × × × × × × Ind Tra × R/S Ele Ew Oth 1970-1993 30 × 1976-1995 N.A × × × × × × 1973-1994 N.A × × × × × × 1973-1994 13 × × × 1960-1996 1970-1998 × × × × × × × 1988-1995 N.A × × × × × × × × 1986-1994 N.A × × × × × × × 1970-1996 N.A × × × × 1981-2000 × × × 1970-1993 30 × × 1980-1996 × × × 1974-1998 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × S/S × LASP × S/S × × AWD × × LMDI × × × × × × 12 × × × × × × × × × × × × 1996-1999 1971-1998 N.A 1980-2003 1990-2003 1990-2003 28 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1980-2004 45 × × × × × 1980-2002 N.A × × × vs. × × × × × × × × × × × LASP LASP × × Total × S/S × × oth × × LMDI emi × LMDI × fmx × Divisia × × int 9. No. of cases × × × × str 8. Time period studied 7. Sector5 × × × act × × × Pop 6. Decomposition identity × × Brazil, China, Korea, USA × B AWD AMDI × × Korea Mul 5. Activity indicator3 × × × × × × 5 × × × × × × × × 1980-2003 1989-2004 N.A 1998-2005 1980-2002 1970-2006 1990-2005 14 1990-2005 N.A 1. Publication 2. Country/ region 3. Indicator type1 C I 4. Decomposition approach2 Add Mul Method 5. Activity indicator3 $ B 6. Decomposition identity 7. Sector5 Pop act str int fmx emi oth Total Ind Tra R/S Ele Ew 8. Time period studied 9. No. of cases Oth 229 51 Timilsina and Shrestha (2009a) 20 Latin American & Caribbean countries × × LMDI × × × × × × × × 1980-2005 N.A 52 Timilsina and Shrestha (2009b) 12 Asia countries × × LMDI × × × × × × × × 1980-2005 N.A 53 Tol et al. (2009) USA × × AMDI × × 54 Zhang et al. (2009a) China × 55 Zhang et al. (2009b) China × 56 Bhattacharyya and Matsumura (2010) EU-15 57 Löfgren and Muller (2010) Sweden × 58 Oh et al. (2010) Korea × 59 Sheinbaum et al. (2010) Mexico 60 Vinuya et al. (2010) 61 Zhao et al. (2010) 62 Chen (2011) China 63 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011a) Brazil × × × × × 1850-2002 N.A × S/S × × × × × × 1991-2006 × S/S × × × × × × 1991-2006 LMDI × × × × × 1990-2007 N.A × LMDI × × × × × × 1993-2006 × LMDI × × × × × × 1990-2005 × × LMDI × × × × 1970-2006 N.A USA × × LMDI × × Shanghai × × LMDI × × × × × LMDI × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × de Freitas and Kaneko (2011b) Brazil × 65 Kumbaroğlu (2011) Turkey × × 66 Liu et al. (2011) China × × 67 Mendiluce and Schipper (2011) Spain × 68 Schipper et al. (2011) USA × 69 Sheinbaum et al. (2011) Latin countries × 70 71 Steenhof and Weber (2011) Canada × Tan et al. (2011) China 72 Wang et al. (2011) China 73 Yang and Chen (2011) 74 Zhang et al. (2011) 75 Chong et al. (2012) 76 Hammond and Norman (2012) LMDI × 64 × × LMDI × S/S × LMDI × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × LASP, LMDI × × × × × × × × × × × × × × LASP × × LMDI China × × LMDI China × × LMDI China × × UK × × × × × × × × × × × N.A 1996-2007 N.A × 1980-2008 × 1970-2009 × 1980-1994 2004-2009 × 1990-2007 × 10 × × × × × 1999-2004 N.A × 1990-2008 × 1960-2008 1990-2006 × 1990-2008 × × 1998-2008 N.A × 1985-2009 N.A × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 1990-2004 × × × × LMDI LMDI × × × × LMDI × × × LMDI × × LMDI × × × × × 5 2004-2008 N.A × 1995-2009 × 1995-2007 1990-2007 × × 1. Publication 2. Country/ region 3. Indicator type1 C I 4. Decomposition approach2 Add Mul 5. Activity indicator3 Method $ B Pop 6. Decomposition identity act str int fmx emi 7. Sector5 oth Total 77 Liu et al. (2012) China × × LMDI × × × 78 Lu et al. (2012) USA × × LMDI × × × 79 O’Mahony et al. (2012) Ireland × × × × × × × 80 Zhang et al. (2013) China × × × × × × × × × LMDI LMDI × × Ind Tra R/S Ele × × Ew × × × × 8. Time period studied 9. No. of cases 1995-2009 N.A 2008-2009 N.A 1990-2007 N.A 1991-2009 Oth 1. The letters “C” and “I” stand for aggregate emission change and aggregate emission intensity change respectively. 2. The abbreviations “Add” and “Mul” stand for additive and multiplicative decomposition schemes respectively. 3. The symbol “$” and abbreviation “Pop” indicate that a monetary indicator and the population are used as the activity indicator respectively, while the letter “B” indicates that the best or most appropriate activity indicator for the application area is employed as is generally agreed. For example, this means passenger-km is used for passenger transportation, tonne-km for freight transportation, and kWh of electricity generation for the electricity generation sector. 4. The abbreviations “act”, “str”, “int”, “fmx”, and “emi” refer to the various effects in the decomposition identity, i.e. activity, structure, energy intensity, fuel mix, and emission coefficient effects, respectively. Other effects used are treated as “oth”. 230 5. The abbreviations “Ind”, “Tra”, “R/S”, “Ele”, and “Ew” respectively refer to the following sectors: industry, transportation, residential and service, electricity generation, and economy-wide. The abbreviation “Oth” includes some other sectors such as agriculture. APPENDIX Appendix G Country plots for Section 7.3 G.1 Economy-wide CI USA *60-73 Golove and Schipper (1997) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) S+ 73-83 Golove and Schipper (1997) S- EI 83-93 Golove and Schipper (1997) 80-87 Sun and Malaska (1998) 87-94 Sun and Malaska (1998) CI Germany S+ S- 80-87 Sun and Malaska (1998) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 87-94 Sun and Malaska (1998) 60-96 Albrecht et al. (2002) 231 EI APPENDIX CI Sweden S+ S87-94 Sun and Malaska (1998) 93-06 Lofgren and Muller (2010) EI 80-87 Sun and Malaska (1998) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) CI China 91-03 Zhang et al. (2009a) 91-96 Zhang et al. (2009b) 96-01 Zhang et al. (2009b) 00-05 Zhang et al. (2011) *01-06 Zhang et al. (2009b) S+ 90-95 Wu et al. (2005) *85-90 Wu et al. (2005) 95-99 Wu et al. (2005) EI S95-00 Zhang et al. (2011) 05-09 Zhang et al. (2011) 95-07 Chong et al. (2012) CI India *80-85 Paul et al. (2004) S- *80-90 Nag and Kulshreshtha (2000) S+ *90-94 Nag and Kulshreshtha (2000) EI *85-90 Paul et al. (2004) *74-80 Nag and Kulshreshtha (2000) *84-94 Nag and Parikh (2000) *90-96 Paul et al. (2004) 232 APPENDIX CI Brazil S+ *70-79 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011a) *90-99 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011a) S- 80-89 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011a) 00-09 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011a) 04-09 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011b) EI 80-94 de Freitas and Kaneko (2011b) G.2 Industry CI USA S+ 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) S- 60-73 Golove et al. (1996) 73-82 Golove et al. (1996) 82-90 Golove et al. (1996) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) EI 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) CI Japan S+ S73-79 Torvanger (1991) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 79-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 73-79 Schipper et al. (2001) 233 EI APPENDIX CI UK S+ 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) S73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 99-07 Hammond and Norman (2012) EI 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 90-98 Hammond and Norman (2012) 90-97 Diaakoulaki et al. (2007) CI France S+ SEI 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 90-97 Diaakoulaki et al. (2007) CI Italy S+ 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 90-97 Diaakoulaki et al. (2007) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) 234 S- EI APPENDIX CI Germany S+ SEI 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 90-97 Diaakoulaki et al. (2007) CI Sweden S+ S- 90-97 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) EI 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) CI Denmark S+ 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Torvanger (1991) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 90-97 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 235 SEI 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) APPENDIX CI Norway S+ S- EI 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 79-87 Torvanger (1991) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) 73-79 Torvanger (1991) CI Finland S+ S- EI 97-03 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 79-85 Greening et al. (1998) 90-97 Diakoulaki et al. (2007) 83-93 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (1998) 85-91 Greening et al. (1998) 73-83 Liaskas et al. (2000) 73-94 Schipper et al. (2001) CI China S+ 80-90 Fan et al. (2007) 90-03 Fan et al. (2007) S80-91 Ang and Pandiyan (1997) 98-05 Liu et al. (2007) EI 236 APPENDIX CI India S+ S*86-96Thailand Bhattacharyya (2004) EI 81-86Thailand Bhattacharyya (2004) 96-00Thainland Bhattacharyya (2004) G.3 Passenger transportation CI USA S+ 73-79 Greening et al. (2004) 79-85 Greening et al. (2004) 70-80 Schipper et al. (2011) 80-90 Schipper et al. (2011) S90-08 Schipper et al. (2011) EI 73-92 Scholl et al. (1996) 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 85-93 Greening et al. (2004) 60-70 Schipper et al. (2011) 237 APPENDIX CI Japan S+ 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) S- EI 73-92 Scholl et al. (1996) 73-79 Greening et al. (2004) 85-93 Greening et al. (2004) 79-85 Greening et al. (1999) CI North European S+ 85-93Norway Greening et al. (2004) 79-85Denmark Greening et al. (2004) 79-85Norway Greening et al. (2004) 79-85Finland Greening et al. (2004) S73-79Norway Greening et al. (2004) 85-93Denmark Greening et al. (2004) 73-91Finland Schipper et al. (1997) 73-92Sweden Scholl et al. (1996) 73-91Denmark 73-92Denmark Schipper et al. Scholl et al. (1997) (1996) 72-79Denmark Greening et al. (2004) 79-85Sweden Greening et al. (2004) 73-91Sweden Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Sweden Greening et al. (2004) 85-93Sweden Greening et al. (2004) 73-79Finland Greening et al. (2004) 85-93Finland Greening et al. (2004) 238 EI APPENDIX CI Other European 73-92UK Scholl et al. (1996) 73-91UK Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79UK Greening et al. (2004) 85-93UK Greening et al. (2004) 85-93France Greening et al. (2004) 85-93Germany Greening et al. (2004) 73-92Italy Scholl et al. (1996) 73-91Italy Schipper et al. (1997) 80-95Italy Mazzarino (2000) 85-93Italy Greening et al. (2004) 79-85UK Greening et al. (2004) 79-85France Greening et al. (2004) G.4 73-91Germany Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Germany Greening et al. (2004) 79-85Italy Greening et al. (2004) S73-79Italy Greening et al. (2004) EI 73-79France Greening et al. (2004) 73-92France Scholl et al. (1996) 73-91France Schipper et al. (1997) 73-92Germany Scholl et al. (1996) 90-98Spain Mendiluce and Schipper (2011) 98-08Spain Mendiluce and Schipper (2011) S+ 79-85Germany Greening et al. (2004) Freight transportation CI USA S+ 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 85-93 Greening et al. (1999) 80-90 Schipper et al. (2011) 90-08 Schipper et al. (2011) 73-79 Greening et al. (1999) 70-80 Schipper et al. (2011) S- EI 60-70 Schipper et al. (2011) 79-85 Greening et al. (1999) 239 APPENDIX CI Japan S+ 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85 Greening et al. (1999) 85-93 Greening et al. (1999) 73-79 Greening et al. (1999) S- EI CI North European 73-79Norway Greening et al. (1999) 79-85Denmark Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Denmark Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Norway Greening et al. (1999) 72-79Denmark Greening et al. (1999) 73-91Norway Schipper et al. (1997) S+ S- 73-91Denmark Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Sweden Greening et al. (1999) 79-85Sweden Greening et al. (1999) 73-79Finland Greening et al. (1999) 73-91Finland Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85Norway Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Sweden Greening et al. (1999) 79-85Finland Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Finland Greening et al. (1999) 240 73-91Sweden Schipper et al. (1997) EI APPENDIX CI Other European 85-93UK Greening et al. (1999) 73-91Italy Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85Italy Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Italy Greening et al. (1999) 73-91UK Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85UK Greening et al. (1999) 73-79Germany Greening et al. (1999) 73-79Italy Greening et al. (1999) S+ S98-08Spain Mendiluce and Schipper (2011) EI 73-79UK Greening et al. (1999) 79-85France Greening et al. (1999) 73-91Germany Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85Germany Greening et al. (1999) G.5 73-91France Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79France Greening et al. (1999) 85-93France Greening et al. (1999) 85-93Germany Greening et al. (1999) Residential sector USA CI S+ SEI 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (2001) 79-85 Greening et al. (2001) 85-93 Greening et al. (2001) 241 APPENDIX CI Japan S+ SEI 73-91 Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79 Greening et al. (2001) 79-85 Greening et al. (2001) 85-93 Greening et al. (2001) CI North European S+ 72-79Denmark Greening et al. (2001) 73-79Finland Greening et al. (2001) S73-91Norway Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Norway Greening et al. (2001) 79-85Norway Greening et al. (2001) 73-91Denmark Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85Denmark Greening et al. (2001) 85-93Denmark Greening et al. (2001) 73-91Sweden Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Sweden Greening et al. (2001) 79-85Sweden Greening et al. (2001) 85-93Sweden Greening et al. (2001) 73-91Finland Schipper et al. (1997) 79-85Finland Greening et al. (2001) 85-93Finland Greening et al. (2001) EI 85-93Norway Greening et al. (2001) CI Other European S+ 73-91Italy Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Italy Greening et al. (2001) S- 85-93France Greening et al. (2001) 73-91UK Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79UK Greening et al. (2001) 79-85UK Greening et al. (2001) 73-91France Schipper et al. (1997) 75-79France Greening et al. (2001) 73-91Germany Schipper et al. (1997) 73-79Germany Greening et al. (2001) 79-85Germany Greening et al. (2001) 79-85Italy Greening et al. (2001) EI 85-93UK Greening et al. (2001) 79-85France Greening et al. (2001) 85-93Germany Greening et al. (2001) 85-93Italy Greening et al. (2001) 242 [...]... in view of its high share of CO2 emissions in the economy Extended decomposition models are proposed to quantify the impacts of clean technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and combined heat and power (CHP), on reducing the CO2 emissions from the sector Keywords: Energy consumption; Carbon emissions; Index decomposition analysis vii List of Tables Table 1.1 Key features of energy accounting... Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE-BRS), Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE) of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) of Canada, Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) of New Zealand, and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) of the United States Some differences exist among these initiatives with respect to the IDA method, sector disaggregation, and activity... activity mix Carbon factor Aggregate CO2 emissions per unit of energy input The indicator does not differentiate the emissions of different fuel types It equals the product of fuel mix and emission coefficient Carbon intensity CO2 emissions per unit of activity output Emission coefficient CO2 emissions per unit of fuel input It reflects the carbon contents of a fossil fuel Energy Intensity Energy consumption. .. Conservation Authority (New Zealand) EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (United States) EEI Energy Efficiency Index EIA Energy Information Administration (United States) EMA Energy Market Authority (Singapore) EPI Energy Performance Index ES Energy Saving EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas IDA Index Decomposition Analysis IEA International Energy Agency IPCC Intergovernmental... and emissions studies It then focuses on a specific approach, namely the index decomposition analysis (IDA), and how this approach is used in energy and emissions studies Some research gaps on the development and application of IDA are then summarized, which forms the basis of the research presented in this thesis Finally, the scope and structure of the thesis are presented 1.1 Evaluating energy and. .. 2010) 3 Since the term of energy efficiency and energy intensity can be used interchangeably, energy intensity is the indicator often tabulated to track energy efficiency trends Replacing the energy consumption by the relevant amount of CO2 emissions, the author obtains carbon intensity which is the indicator often tabulated to track emission intensiveness of an economy Theoretically, energy intensity indicators... emissions in this study refer to energy- related emissions 2 It is recognized that energy demand is more related to energy services than for energy itself per se This has implications for the drivers that lead to change in energy and energy- related CO2 emissions 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND latter is the direct energy consumption of per unit activity that represents the energy service derived (Sathaye,... methodological aspect of IDA In most chapters, case studies are given to illustrate the new approach or methodological issues presented The data used in these case studies are drawn from the following four sources: (a) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), the United States Department of Energy; (b) National Bureau of Statistic of China (NBS); (c) Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE),... Industry Energy Consumption Analysis1 0 Index decomposition analysis has been widely used to track economy-wide and sectoral energy efficiency trends An integral part of this application is identifying the drivers of energy use for the energy consuming sector studied In the case of industry, a monetary activity indicator such as value added is often taken as the driver With the availability of physical... INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND conducted Methodological issues specifically related to the spatial decomposition analysis will be investigated in Chapter 5 Chapter 6-8 focus on some application issues when IDA is extended from studying energy consumption to CO2 emissions The results of a comprehensive literature survey on CO2 emission studies covering both methodological developments and empirical analysis . INDEX DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CARBON EMISSIONS: SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES XU XIAOYAN (B.Eng., Fudan University). background and challenges of energy and emissions studies. It then focuses on a specific approach, namely the index decomposition analysis (IDA), and how this approach is used in energy and emissions. and combined heat and power (CHP), on reducing the CO 2 emissions from the sector. Keywords: Energy consumption; Carbon emissions; Index decomposition analysis viii List of Tables Table