© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing The Textile Institute is a unique organisation in textiles, clothing and footwear. Incorporated in England by a Royal Charter granted in 1925, the Institute has individual and corporate members in over 90 countries. The aim of the Institute is to facilitate learning, recognise achievement, reward excellence and disseminate information within the global textiles, clothing and footwear industries. Historically, The Textile Institute has published books of interest to its members and the textile industry. To maintain this policy, the Institute has entered into partnership with Woodhead Publishing Limited to ensure that Institute members and the textile industry continue to have access to high calibre titles on textile science and technology. Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with The Textile Institute. Through this arrangement, the Institute provides an Editorial Board, which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future publication and suggests possible editors and authors for these books. Each book published under this arrangement carries the Institute’s logo. Woodhead books published in collaboration with The Textile Institute are offered to Textile Institute members at a substantial discount. These books, together with those published by The Textile Institute that are still in print, are offered on the Woodhead web site at: www.woodheadpublishing.com . Textile Institute books still in print are also available directly from the Institute’s website at: www.textileinstitutebooks.com . A list of Woodhead books on textile science and technology, most of which have been published in collaboration with The Textile Institute, can be found towards the end of the contents pages. We are always happy to receive suggestions for new books from potential editors. To enquire about contributing to our Textiles series, please send your name, contact address and details of the topic/s you are interested in to sarah. lynch@woodheadpublishing.com. We look forward to hearing from you. The Woodhead team responsible for publishing this book Commissioning Editor: Kathryn Picking Publications Coordinator: Adam Davies Project Editor: Sarah Lynch Editorial and Production Manager: Mary Campbell Production Editor: Adam Hooper Freelance Project Manager: Annette Wiseman Copyeditor: Jo Egré Proofreader: Clare Dobson Cover Designer: Terry Callanan © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 139 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers Edited by Tünde Kirstein © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com www.woodheadpublishingonline.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India www.woodheadpublishingindia.com First published 2013, Woodhead Publishing Limited © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013; Chapter 13 © Awa Garlinska and Andreas Röpert, Interactive Wear AG, 2013. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954112 ISBN 978-0-85709-342-4 (print) ISBN 978-0-85709-353-0 (online) ISSN 2042-0803 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (print) ISSN 2042-0811 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (online) The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid- free and elemental chlorine- free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contents Contributor contact details xi Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv 1 The future of smart- textiles development: new enabling technologies, commercialization and market trends 1 T. K IRSTEIN , TechPublish, Switzerland 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The technological trade- off between smartness and integration 2 1.3 New enabling technologies for smart textiles 5 1.4 New approaches in commercialization of smart textiles 13 1.5 Future trends 18 1.6 Conclusion 22 1.7 References 22 Part I Materials 27 2 Types and processing of electro- conductive and semiconducting materials for smart textiles 29 A. S CHWARZ , RWTH Aachen University, Germany and L. V AN L ANGENHOVE , Ghent University, Belgium 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Electro- conductive and semi conductive materials 30 2.3 Electro- conductive materials and their properties 36 2.4 Metals 37 2.5 Carbon: carbon black (CB), graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNT) 42 2.6 Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICP) 45 2.7 Semiconductive materials and their properties 47 v © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 vi Contents 2.8 Processing electro- conductive and semiconductive materials into textile structures 51 2.9 Future trends 58 2.10 Sources of further information and advice 58 2.11 Notes 59 2.12 References 60 3 Optical fi bers for smart photonic textiles 70 S. G ORGUTSA , J. B ERZOWKSA and M. S KOROBOGATIY , Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada 3.1 Introduction to photonic textiles 70 3.2 Total internal refl ection (TIR) fi ber- based photonic textiles 73 3.3 Photonic bandgap (PBG) fi ber- based photonic textiles 76 3.4 Photonic textile manufacturing 82 3.5 Refl ective properties of photonic bandgap textiles under ambient illumination 85 3.6 Animated photonic bandgap textiles using mixing of ambient and emitted light 86 3.7 Potential applications of photonic bandgap textiles 86 3.8 Conclusion 89 3.9 Acknowledgments 89 3.10 References 89 4 Conductive nanofi bres and nanocoatings for smart textiles 92 S. M. S HANG and W. Z ENG , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 4.1 Introduction 92 4.2 Conductive nanofi bres 92 4.3 Conductive nanocoating 101 4.4 Application of nanotechnology in smart textiles 110 4.5 Future trends 120 4.6 Sources of further information and advice 120 4.7 References 120 5 Polymer- based resistive sensors for smart textiles 129 C. C OCHRANE and A. C AYLA , University Lille Nord de France, ENSAIT / GEMTEX, France 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Mechanical resistive sensors 132 5.3 Chemical resistive sensors 139 5.4 Temperature resistive sensors 144 5.5 Conclusion and future trends 148 5.6 References 148 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contents vii 6 Soft capacitance fi bers for touch- sensitive smart textiles 154 S. G ORGUTSA and M. S KOROBOGATIY , Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada 6.1 Introduction: overview of capacitive sensing 154 6.2 Soft capacitor fi bers for electronic textiles 156 6.3 Electrical characterization of the isolated capacitor fi ber 162 6.4 Capacitor fi ber as a one- dimensional distributed touch sensor 170 6.5 Fully woven two- dimensional touch pad sensor using a one- dimensional array of capacitance fi bers 183 6.6 Conclusion 186 6.7 References 186 Part II Technologies 189 7 Textile fabrication technologies for embedding electronic functions into fi bres, yarns and fabrics 191 J. E ICHHOFF , A. H EHL , S. J OCKENHOEVEL and T. G RIES , RWTH Aachen University, Germany 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Fibre and yarn production processes: natural fi bres 192 7.3 Fibre and yarn production processes: continuous (man- made) fi bres 197 7.4 Functionalisation of fi bres and yarns 199 7.5 Fabric production: weaving 202 7.6 Fabric production: knitting 208 7.7 Fabric production: braiding 212 7.8 Embroidery 218 7.9 Challenges in smart-textile production 224 7.10 Notes 224 7.11 References 225 8 Fabrication technologies for the integration of thin- fi lm electronics into smart textiles 227 C. Z YSSET , T. K INKELDEI , N. M ÜNZENRIEDER and G. T RÖSTER , ETH Zurich, Switzerland and K. C HERENACK , Philips Research Eindhoven, The Netherlands 8.1 Introduction 227 8.2 Merging fl exible electronics and smart textiles 229 8.3 Demonstrators 238 8.4 Mechanical reliability of contacts 246 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 viii Contents 8.5 Conclusion and future trends 247 8.6 Sources of further information and advice 249 8.7 Notes 249 8.8 References 250 9 Organic and large- area electronic (OLAE) technologies for smart textiles 253 F. E LLINGER and C. C ARTA , Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, A. H ÜBLER and G. S CHMIDT , Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany, J. Z APF , Siemens, Germany, G. T RÖSTER , ETH Zürich, Switzerland, A. T ALO , Enfucell, Finland, D. K OZAKIS , Data Control Systems, Greece, D. V ASSILIADIS , Exoduss, Greece, R. P ARADISO , Smartex, Italy, M. K REBS , Varta, Germany, M. S CHARBER , Konarka, Germany and M. T UOMIKOSKI , VTT, Finland 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Flexible technologies for textile integration 258 9.3 Circuit design 273 9.4 Textile integration 277 9.5 Packaging integration and service life issues 279 9.6 References 280 9.7 Appendix: abbreviations and acronyms 283 10 Joining technologies for smart textiles 285 I. L OCHER , SEFAR AG, Switzerland 10.1 Introduction 285 10.2 Components of an electronic system in textiles 286 10.3 Conductive threads as electrical traces 287 10.4 Introduction to joining technologies for electronics 289 10.5 Overview of existing jointing technologies in the electronics and in the textile world 290 10.6 Summary to the joining technology overview 299 10.7 Protection of electrical connections 301 10.8 Challenges for electronic systems on textiles 302 10.9 Challenges for automated processes in electronic systems on textiles 303 10.10 Future trends 304 10.11 References 305 11 Kinetic, thermoelectric and solar energy harvesting technologies for smart textiles 306 S. P. B EEBY , Z. C AO and A. A LMUSSALLAM , University of Southampton, UK 11.1 Introduction 306 11.2 Energy sources and storage: key issues 307 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Contents ix 11.3 Fabrication processes 308 11.4 Kinetic energy harvesting for smart textiles 309 11.5 Thermoelectric energy harvesting for smart textiles 315 11.6 Solar energy harvesting for smart textiles 323 11.7 Conclusion 326 11.8 References 326 12 Signal processing technologies for activity- aware smart textiles 329 D. R OGGEN and G. T RÖSTER , ETH Zurich, Switzerland and A. B ULLING , University of Cambridge, UK 12.1 Introduction: from on- body sensing to smart assistants 329 12.2 Activity- aware applications 331 12.3 Sensing principles for activity recognition 332 12.4 Principles of activity recognition 339 12.5 Signal processing and pattern analysis 342 12.6 Experimental aspects 351 12.7 Future trends 356 12.8 Sources of further information and advice 357 12.9 Acknowledgements 358 12.10 Notes 358 12.11 References 358 Part III Product development and applications 367 13 Technology management and innovation strategies in the development of smart textiles 369 A. G ARLINSKA and A. R ÖPERT , Interactive Wear AG, Germany 13.1 Introduction 369 13.2 Fundamentals of innovation, technology and intellectual property management 370 13.3 Business models for smart textiles 382 13.4 Opportunities and challenges in the e- textiles business 388 13.5 Conclusion 393 13.6 Sources of further information and advice 394 13.7 References 397 14 Improving the sustainability of smart textiles 399 S. H. W. O SSEVOORT , Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland 14.1 Introduction 399 14.2 Sustainable production of smart textiles 401 14.3 Recycling, a necessity 403 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 x Contents 14.4 Product durability 407 14.5 Sustainable design approach for a smart-textile product, an example 411 14.6 General guidelines for the design of sustainable smart-textile products 416 14.7 References 416 15 Medical applications of smart textiles 420 S. C OYLE and D. D IAMOND , Dublin City University, Ireland 15.1 Introduction 420 15.2 Monitoring of body parameters 421 15.3 Challenges in medical smart textiles 432 15.4 Trends and applications of medical smart textiles 435 15.5 Conclusions 439 15.6 References 439 16 Automotive applications of smart textiles 444 M. W AGNER , Daimler AG, Germany 16.1 Introduction 444 16.2 The use of textiles in vehicles 445 16.3 Smart-textile applications and their potential for use in cars 449 16.4 Prototypes of smart-textiles applications in vehicles 451 16.5 Key safety and quality requirements 461 16.6 The impact of electric vehicles on smart-textiles applications 463 16.7 Future trends 465 16.8 References 466 17 Architectural applications of smart textiles 468 A. R ITTER , ritter architekten, Germany 17.1 Introduction: key themes in modern architecture 468 17.2 Smart materials 470 17.3 Applications 472 17.4 Future trends 481 17.5 References and further reading 487 Index 489 [...]... Limited, 2013 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 138 Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles M L Gulrajani 139 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers Edited by T Kirstein 140 Handbook of fire resistant textiles Edited by F Selcen Kilinc 141 Handbook of footwear design and manufacture Edited by A Luximon 142 Textile-led design for the active ageing population Edited... Hsieh Ecotextiles Edited by M Miraftab and A R Horrocks Composite forming technologies Edited by A C Long Plasma technology for textiles Edited by R Shishoo Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare Edited by L Van Langenhove Sizing in clothing Edited by S Ashdown Shape memory polymers and textiles J Hu Environmental aspects of textile dyeing Edited by R Christie Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles. .. the resistivity ρ of the material: [2.2] Combining the SI units for E and J, ohm-metre (Ωm) results as unit of ρ: © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 32 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers [2.3] We often speak of the conductivity σ of a material This is simply the reciprocal of its resistivity, resulting in: [2.4] If we know the resistivity of a material, such as copper, we can calculate... wire form It is often applied as a coating to protect against corrosion and wear In combination with textiles, nickel is predominantly applied for electromagnetic shielding (Jiang and Guo, 2011, Perumalraj and Dasaradan, 2011) It is mostly applied as a thin layer on textile surface through electroless deposition (Pinto © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 42 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles. .. is uniform throughout the wire, the electrical field and the current density will be constant for all points within the wire and will have the values: [2.5] where A is the cross-sectional area of the wire (in m2) and L is its length (in m) The two formulas can be combined to give: [2.6] However, V/I is the resistance R, which allows recasting the formula as: [2.7] However, this formula, also known as... of the above discussed quantities, namely voltage, current, resistance, resistivity and conductivity, is presented in Table 2.1 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 34 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers 2.2 Set- up for surface resistivity measurements Table 2.1 Overview of quantities used in electronics around electric current Quantity Symbol Unit of measure Abbreviation Voltage... Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 38 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers surface conductivity Another issue to consider is that nickel is also present in stainless steel, causing a risk of allergenic reactions when applied on the human skin Furthermore, the electrical contact resistance of stainless steel has to be critically assessed When, for instance, being woven into a structure,... transmission lines or as heating elements Besides using metals, such as copper, silver, stainless steel or aluminium, in fibre or filament form or incorporated into yarns, other types of conductive 29 © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 30 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers materials are now used, such as conductive polymers, conductive coatings and inks In Sections 2.3 and 2.4, a range of... electrons or removed electrons, which act like a movable positive charge Moreover, by controlling the doping of a semiconductor, the density of © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 36 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers charge carriers that can participate in a current can be controlled, and thereby its electrical properties (Halliday et al., 2001) 2.3 Electro-conductive materials and... Kozłowski 120 Functional textiles for improved performance, protection and health Edited by N Pan and G Sun 121 Computer technology for textiles and apparel Edited by J Hu 122 Advances in military textiles and personal equipment Edited by E Sparks 123 Specialist yarn and fabric structures Edited by R H Gong 124 Handbook of sustainable textile production M I Tobler-Rohr 125 Woven textiles: Principles, . Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 139 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers Edited by Tünde Kirstein © Woodhead Publishing. © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 Multidisciplinary know- how for smart- textiles developers © Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013 The Textile Institute. 11.4 Kinetic energy harvesting for smart textiles 309 11.5 Thermoelectric energy harvesting for smart textiles 315 11.6 Solar energy harvesting for smart textiles 323 11.7 Conclusion 326