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Impacts of Greenhouse Gas on Feed and Livestock Production
Impacts of Greenhouse Gas on Feed and Livestock Production Ths. Nguyễn Thế Thao http://loadtest.story.news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100830/ap_on_sc/as_mongolia_cabinet_in_desert The World Issues!!! • Population is estimated 9.1 billion on 2050 (UN, 2005) • Meat and Milk production is projected double in 2050 (229/ 580 to 456/1043 mT) • Livestock: 40% agirculture GDP; employs 1.3 bil people; 1/3 humanity’s protein intake While: • Land is limited • Average temperature have increased by 0.8 0 C (NASA, 2005) and up to 4 O C on 2099 (IPPC, 2007) • Average sea level rise: 50 mm/y (currently) forecasted to 590 mm/y in the end of century Source: Robert A. Rohde (2006) available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png “Livestock, one of top two or three most contributors to enviromental problem” (Steinfeld et al. 2006) A process-based model of emissions from an animal production system. Source: NRC (2003) Table 1 Livestock's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions Parameter Value Comments Livestock’s contribution climate change in CO 2 equivalent 18percent Includingpasture degradation and assuming that two-thirds of land use change is livestock related Livestock’s share in carbon dioxide emissions 9 percent Not considering respiration Livestock’s share in methane emissions 37 percent Livestock’s share in nitrous oxide emission 65 percent Including production of feed crops Source: Steinfeld et al. (2006) Table 2 Livestock numbers (2002) and estimated carbon dioxide emissions from respiration Species World total (million head) Biomass (mil. tonnes liveweight) Carbon dioxide emissions (million tones CO 2 ) Cattle and buffaloes 1496 501 1906 Small ruminants 1784 47.3 514 Camels 19 5.3 18 Horses 55 18.6 71 Pigs 933 92.8 590 Poultry 1 17437 33.0 61 Total 2 699 3161 1 Chicken, ducks turkey and geese; 2 Includes also rabbit Source: Steinfeld et al. (2006) Table 3 Global methane emissions by livestock production system in 2004 Livestock production system Emissions (million tonnes CH 4 per year by source) Dairy cattle Other cattle Buffalo Sheep and goat Pigs Poultry Total Global methane emission from manure management Grazing 4.73 21.98 0.00 2.95 0.00 - 29.58 Mixed 10.96 27.53 9.23 6.50 0.80 - 55.02 Industrial 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.31 - 1.04 Subtotal 15.69 50.16 9.23 9.44 1.11 - 85.63 Global methane emission from manure management Grazing 0.15 0.50 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.77 Mixed 2.93 3.89 0.34 0.23 4.58 0.31 12.27 Industrial 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 3.80 0.67 4.48 Subtotal 3.08 4.41 0.34 0.35 8.38 0.97 17.52 Total 18.77 54.57 9.57 9.79 9.49 0.97 103.15 Source: Steinfeld et al. (2006) Table 4 Estimated total N 2 O emissions from animal excreta in 2004 Livestock production system N 2 O emissions from manure management, after application/deposition on soil and direct emissions (million tonnes CH 4 per year) Dairy cattle Other cattle Buffalo Sheep and goat Pigs Poultry Total Grazing 0.11 0.54 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.90 Mixed 0.30 1.02 0.17 0.43 0.33 0.27 2.52 Industrial 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.09 0.27 Total 0.41 1.64 0.17 0.68 0.44 0.36 3.69 Source: Steinfeld et al. (2006) Table 5. Estimated of methane emission from animals (millon tonnes) Species 1984 (Crutsen et al. 1986) 2004 (Steinfeld et al. 2006) Cattle 54.6 73.54 Buffalo 6.2 9.57 Sheep and goat 8.3 9.79 Pig 0.9 9.49 Poultry - 0.97 How methane is produce??? • Starch fermentation C 6 H 12 O 6 2 CH 3 -CH 2 -COOH • Cellulose fermentation Glucose → 2 pyruvate + 4 H (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) Pyruvate + H 2 O → acetate + CO 2 + 2 H Pyruvate + 4 H → propionate + H 2 O 2 acetate + 4 H → butyrate + 2 H 2 O Acetate + H → methane (CH 4 )+ CO 2 CO 2 + 8 H → methane (CH 4 ) + 2 H 2 O [...]...Figure 4 Relationship between methane and (C2+C 4)/C 3 ratio Source: Moss et al (2000) Effect of feeding characteristics on methane production • Digestible organic matter or energy • Residence time in the rumen and level of intake • Source of C and pattern of fermentation Temperature change Source: ICCP (2001) Source: Stern (2006) Sea level rise Effect of climate change on food feed production Global warming... What should we do now??? • Increasing productivity • Improving nutritional management • Methane inhibitors and rumen manipulation – Fats and oils – Ionophores, other chemical compounds and probiotics – Defaunation • Reusable methane source by using biogas technique Conclusion Or… Thank you for your attention!!! Thank you for your attention!!! ... cell quality & quatity Failed fertilization Drought Changed endocrine pattern Poor embryo quality Failed implantation Failed pregnancy Reduce feed quality and quantity Decrease appetite jhed Changed estrous expression Increased embryo mortality Low pregnancy rate Low fertility Reduced weight and health Reduced ovulation Low production Figure Schematic diagram of low fertility due to global warming (Yaeram, . Impacts of Greenhouse Gas on Feed and Livestock Production Ths. Nguyễn Thế Thao http://loadtest.story.news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100830/ap _on_ sc/as_mongolia_cabinet_in_desert. production system. Source: NRC (2003) Table 1 Livestock& apos;s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions Parameter Value Comments Livestock s contribution