L¥P 8 – 9 1. Th× cña ®éng tõ 1 Dấu hiệu nghĩa Cách dùng Dạng vị trí since Từ,từ khi Mốc thời gian KĐ,PĐ,NV Trớc thời gian For đợc,khoảng Khoảng thời gian KĐ,PĐ,NV Trớc thời gian Already Rồi,đã rồi Kđ Cuối câu,sau have và has yet Cha,vẫn cha Pđ,nv Cuối câu never Cha từng, cha bao giờ Kđ,nv Trớc PII ever đã từng Kđ,nv Trớc PII before Trớc đây,trớc đó KĐ,PĐ,NV Cuôi câu Recently/lately Gần đây Kđ,pđ,nv Cuối câu,sau chủ ngữ Till now/Up to now Cho đến bây giờ Kđ,pđ,nv Cuối câu first,second times Lần đầu tiên,lần thứ hai Kđ,nv đầu câu,cuối câu Tenses Form Trạng từ thờng gặp Cách dùng và ví dụ 1.The S. present (Hiện tại đơn) S + bare-V/V-s/V-es S+do/does not+ bare-V Do/Does+ S+ bare-V ? - always, ofen, usually,frequentyly sometimes=occasionally, rarely=seldom, once or tiwce a week, never * Chỉ 1 thói quen ở hiện tại - ex: He usually (go) goes to school in the morning * 1 sự thật không thay đổi - ex: The sun (rise) rises in the East. 2. The Present Continuous (Hiện tại tiếp diễn) S+ am/is/ are+ V-ing S + am/is/are+ not+ V-ing Am/is/are+ S+ V-ing? at the moment, at the time,Verb! (look!, listen!, be quiet) at present = now * Chỉ hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm đang nói - It (rain) is raining now. - Lan (eat) is eating at preent - Listen! She (sing) is singing 3. The Pr. Perfect (HTHT) S + have/has + V3/Ved S + have/has +not+ V3/V-ed Have/Has + S + V3/V-ed? for + khoảng t.gian since + Mốc t.gian never, ever, just = recently = lately, so far = up to now = up to the present= until now,already, yet,this is the first time , several times. * Chỉ 1 hành động xảy ra trong qk t.gian không xác định ex: She (vờsit) has visited Ha Long Bay several times. * Chỉ hành động bắt đầu ở QK mà còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại - We (learn) have learnt English for 7 years. - My mother (be) has been sick sinse yesterday - Lan (just buy) has just bought a new shirt. 4. The P.perfect continuous HTHTTD) S + have/has + been + V-ing S+have/has+not+been+V-ing Have/Has + S + been + V-ing? for + khoảng t.gian since + Mốc t.gian so far = up to now = up to the present= until now * Dùng để nhấn mạnh 1 hành động khởi sự trong quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại và còn tiếp tục ở tơng lai. - She (wait) has been waiting to see you since 2 o clock - He (work) has been working in this factory for 4 years. 5. The S. Past ( Qk) S + V2/V-ed S + did + NOT + bare-V Did +S + bare- V? - Yessterday, last (last week /month/ year ), ago, in + year(in 2000 ) * 1 số việc xảy ra ở thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ - She (meet) met him yesterday. - Mr Pike (stay) stayed here last nigh 6. The Past Continuous (QKTD) S + was/ were + V-ing S + was/ were + not+ V-ing Was/ were + S + V-ing? At 5 P.m/ at 5 oclock + Thời gian trong QK, all day yesterday * Chỉ 1 hành động xảy ra ở 1 điểm thời gian xác định trong QK - At this time last night, she (study) was studying lessons at home. * Chỉ 2 hành động cùng xảy ra song song ở QK - My mother (cook) was cooking while my father (watch) was watching TV. * Chỉ 1 hành động đang xảy ra ở QK thì 1 hành động khác xen vào -When he ( drive) was driving, he 2 PASSIVE VOICE I. BE + PAST PARTICIPLE II. TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE 1. The simple present S + bare - V/ V-s/es S + am/is /are + PP 2. The pre. Continuous S + am/ is/ are + v-ing S+ am/is / are/ + being + PP 3. The present perfect S + have/ has + PP S + have/ has + been + PP 4. The simple past S + V2/ V-ed S + was/ were + PP 5. The past continuous S + was/ were + V- ing S + was/ were + be+ V -ing 6. The past perfect S + have/ has + PP S + have/has + been + PP 7. The simple future S + will/ shall + bare-V S + will/ shall + be + PP 8. The near future S+ am/ is/ are going to+ bareV S+am/is/are going to+be+PP 9. The Modal verbs S + can/could/may + bare-V S + can/could/may + be + PP INDIRECT SPEECH I. DIRECT SPEECH: 1. Statement: ( Câu thông báo, gồm câu khẳng định v câu phà ủ định) a. Affirmative: Jason said, " Tom has worked here since last year." Negative : I don't like that house", she said. 2. Questions: a. Yes- No question: Are you tired?", Tom asked me./ Do you work here?", Tom asked. b. Wh/ How- questions: " When did you go to bed last night?", the policeman asked him. " How long have you been there?", Jason asked. 3. Command and request: Go away!", she told us. — " Open the door, please", she requested. 4. Exclamation: How intelligent he is!", she said. — " What a lovely garden!" II. INDIRECT SPEECH: 1.1. Indirect speech thường dùng để kể lại, thuật lại lời nói của người khác 1.2. Reporting verbs: E.g. a. " Where did you go last night?", Mary asked John. Mary asked John where he had gone the night before. ( Khi reporting verb(s) ở present / future thì chúng ta thay đổi ừ liên quan đến người; khi reporting verb(s) ở quá khứ, chúng ta phải thay đổi tenses, persons, adverbs v à đôi khi cả động từ) b. - I shall come back to this restaurant .", he said. E.g. He has said that he will come back to that restaurant. 3 He said that he would come back to that restaurant. 1.3. Changing persons: I → he/ she; me/you → him/her; my → his/ her We → they ; us → them; our → their Mine → his/hers ; our → theirs ; myself → himself/herself. 1.4. Changing tenses: * General rule : – We have to go one tense back if reporting verb is at a past tense–. 1. Present → Past ; 2. Past → Past perfect ; 3. Future → Future in the Past * Present perfect → Past perfect * Future perfect → Modal perfect (would have V3/Ved) * can → could/ may → might / have to, has to → had to/ * must → had to or must ( deduction or possibility): → He said that George must be a fool to behave like that. * mustn’t (prohibition) → mustn’t / couldn’t : → The guard said we mustn’t / couldn’t cross the border. * needn’t → didn’t have to, needn’t. → The boss said that I needn–t/ didn–t have to come in the next day. * shall (future) → would : “ I shall tell him exactly what I think,” she said → She said she would tell him exactly what she thought. * shall ( offers, suggestions, requests for advice) → should: - “ Shall I speak to him in person?”, she asked.→ She asked whether she should speak to him in person. • Unchanging: would rather/ had better/ should/ ought to/ used to/ had + V3/ conditionals 2,3/ past subjunctive… 1.5. Changing time: Now → then/ immediately; today → that day; tonight → that night ; Yesterday → the previous day/ the day before; last night → the night before Tomorrow → the next day/ the following day; two days ago → two days before/ earlier The day after tomorrow → two days after. The day before yesterday → two days before/ earlier 1.6. Changing adverbs of place: Here → there ; this place → that place 1.7. Changing verbs: come/ bring → go/ take * Jason said to me,” I’ll go to your birthday party.” Jason said that he would come to my birthday party III. HOW TO CHANGE : 4 1. Statement: said (to O) S + told (O) THAT S + V (changed) + ( O/ C/ A) reported – 1. “ I like your dress.”, she said to me. → She tells me that she likes my dress. 2. “ I like your dress.”, she said to me. → She told me that she liked my dress. 3. “ You haven–t learnt well recently.”, they said to Jason. → They said to/ told Jason that he hadn–t learnt well recently. 2. QUESTIONS: 2.1. Yes- No question: asked O S + wondered IF/WHETHER S +V (ch) + ( O/C/A) wanted to know IF/ WHETHER: (liệu có hay không.) 1. He asked me," Do you like these trousers?" - He asked me if I liked those trousers. 2. "Will you go to school next Sunday, Jack?" asked Mary. - Mary asked Jack whether he would go to school the next Sunday. Notes: a. Yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by: subject + appropriate auxiliary verb: - He said, 'Can you swim?' and I said 'No' . → He asked (me) if I could swim and I said I couldn't. -He said, 'Will you have time to do it?' and I said 'Yes' → He asked if I would have time to do it and I said that I would. b. whether can emphasize that a choice has to be made: - 'Do you want to go by air or sear the travel agent asked → The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea. * Note whether or not: 'Do you want to insure your luggage or not?”, he asked → He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage or → He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not. c. whether + infinitive is possible after wonder, want to know: 'Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?”, he wondered → He wondered whether to wait for them or go on or → He wondered whether he should wait for them or go on. 5 d. whether is neater if the question contains a conditional clause as otherwise there would be two ifs.: 'If you get the job will you move to York?' Bill asked → Bill asked whether, if I got the job, I'd move to York. 2.2. Wh- questions: asked O S + wondered wh- / how- S +V (ch) + ( O/C/A) wanted to know * Wh-: Who/ whom/ whose/ what/ which/ when/ where/ why * How-: How long/ how far/ how often/ how old 1. "Where did you go yesterday?" → I asked her where she had gone the day before. 2. They asked ," How can you repair this machine, John?" → They asked John how he could repair that machine. 3."Why did the dog bark violently last night, Daisy?", asked Tom. → Tom asked Daisy why the dog had barked violently the night. 3. COMMAND & REQUEST: asked/ told–. S + ordered–. + O + ( not) to infinitive– requested/ advised * Don–t → Not to infinitive 1. The teacher told students," Open your books now." → The teacher told students to open their books then/ immediately. 2." Don't enter this area.", said the guard to the boys. → The guard ordered the boys not to enter that area. 4. EXCLAMATION: 4.1. S + exclaimed / said / told (O) that + S + V (ch.) + (O/C/A) He said, “ What a dreadful idea!” or “ How dreadful!” → He exclaimed/ said that it was a dreadful idea/ was dreadful. 4.2. S + exclaimed/ said / told (O) + what (a/an) adj N (s) + S + V(ch.) 6 + how adj/ adv. + S + V (ch.) He said, “ What a dreadful idea!” or “ How dreadful!” → He said that what a dreadful idea it was/ how dreadful it was. 4.3. S + gave an exclamation of delight/ disgust/ horror/ relief/ surprise… “ Good.”, he exclaimed. → He gave an exclamation of pleasure/ satisfaction. 4.4. With an exclamation of delight/ disgust/ horror…, S + V + ( O/ C/ A) “ Ugh!”, she exclaimed and turned the programme off. With an exclamation of disgust, she turned the programme off NOTES: a. Other types of exclamation, such as Good!/ Marvellous! (Tuyệt!)/ Splendid!(Hết sẩy!) Heavens!( Trời ơi!)/ Oh!(O!)/ Uah!(ghê quá!) etc. can be reported as , in (b) or (c) above: b. Note also: He said, 'Thank you!' = He thanked me. He said, 'Curse this fog!' = He cursed the fog.( nguyền rủa, chửi rủa) He said, 'Good luck!' = He wished me luck. He said, 'Happy Christmas!' = He wished me a happy Christmas. He said, 'Congratulations!' = He congratulated me. He said, 'Liar!' = He called me a liar. He said, 'Damn!'etc. = He swore. The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES'. =The notice welcomed visitors to Wales. NOTES: 1. Had better : She said to Jason,” You’d better arrive on time,” → She said that Jason had better arrive on time. → She advised Jason to arrive on time 2. – If I were you…” : “ If I were you, I should get another lawyer.”, she said. → She said that if she were me, she would get another lawyer. (LM, p.291) → She advised me to get another lawyer. → She told me that I should get another lawyer. 3. “ What about…?” → suggest : “ What about go camping?”, he continued. → He suggested going camping. 7 4. – Why don–t you…?” → suggest / advise : She asked, “ Why don–t you visit Jane?” → She suggested that I (should) visit Jane. → She suggested my visiting Jane → She advised me to visit Jane. 5. – Will–you?”/ Would–you?” / “ Could– you?” → “ say that–be + to inf.”/ “ suggest. that–.(should) V…” / “ order that…” / “ order SO to do sth”… “ Will you stop talking?”, said the teacher. → The teacher ordered(told) them to stop talking. → The teacher said that they were to stop talking. → The teacher suggested that they (should) stop talking. 6. “ Would you mind + Ving…?” → ask – to inf / ask if–.would mind + V-ing. “ Would you mind opening the window?”, said Jason to the boy. → Jason asked the boy to open the window. → Jason asked the boy if he would mind opening the window. 7. – Let–s….” → suggest + V-ing / suggest that–.shoul + V … Marie said to her friends, “ Let’s wait here.” → Marie suggested their waiting there. → Marie suggested that they should wait there. 8.“ Let + O + V …” → ask–.to let…. “ Let me go”, said Jason to his principal teacher. → Jason asked his principal teacher to let him go. • Reporting command and request depends on situation, speaker–s position, which helps to choose the accurate reporting verb. • Some famous verbs that are used to report command& request 1. advise SO (not) to do sth: (khuyen ai nen lam/ khong nen lam viec gi) * The doctor advised the patient to take those pills. * Teacher usually advises his/her students not to smoke. 2. apologize (to SO) for doing/ having done sth: ( xin loi ai vì da lam gi) * She apologized (to her boss) for being late yesterday. 3. ask/ tell sO (not) to do sth: ( yeu cau, sai, bao ai lam/ khong lam gi) * My parents asked me to study hard. * Jason told us (not) to shut the door. 4. command/ order sO to do sth: ( ra lenh cho ai phai lam gi) * The officer commanded/ ordered his men to fire. 5. object to (doing) sth: ( phan doi (lam) viec gi) * I strongly objected to being charged a fee for using my credit card. 8 Object + that : I objected that he was too young for the job. 6. request sO to do sth: (yeu cau ai lam gỡ) be requested to do sth : (duoc yeu cau lam gi) * The police requested drivers to take care on the icy road. ( Drivers were requested to take care on the icy road.) 7. suggest : goi y/ de nghi Suggest + V-ing: - He suggested taking the children to the zoo. Suggest + that : - I suggested that we (should) break for lunch now. Suggest (to SO) that: - I suggested to the others that they could join us. 8. remind sO to do sth: ( nhac ai laứm gi) * Please remind me to buy a loaf of bread. 9. deny doing sth/ deny that : phu nhan, khong thua nhan (da lamgi). * She denied knowing anything about it. * He denied that he had been involved. 10. accuse sO of (doing) sth: ( len an ai da lam gi) * The policeman accused the boy of stealing the bicycle. * Jason accused his neighbor of thief 11. regret: hoi han/ hoi tiec: - regret + V-ing : - I regretted (his) ever raising the matter. - regret + that : - I regret that I cannot help. - regret + to inf. : We regret to inform you that your applications have been unsuccessful. 12. allow/ permit sO to do sth: cho phep ai lam gi 13. beg(ged) sO to do sth: cau xin ai lam gi. 14. urge sO to do sth: thuc giuc ai lam gi Mệnh đề quan hệ A. Grammar. I. Relative clauses - Mệnh đề quan hệ * Mệnh đề quan hệ hay còn đợc gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ, vì nó dùng để bổ nghĩa hay nói về danh từ chỉ ngời, vật đứng trớc nó. Mệnh đề quan hệ thờng bắt đầu bằng một đại từ quan hệ. 1. Đại từ quan hệ: (relative pronouns): Gồm có đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời - Who, Whom, That. V i t quan h chit vt - WHICH - Who: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ ngời đứng vế trớc và làm chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề sau. Ex: I know a lot of people. They live in Ho Chi Minh city. I know a lot of people who live in HCM city. The boy is my son. He is in red hat The boy who is in red hat is my son - Whom: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ ngời đứng trớc và làm tân ngữ của mệnh đề sau. Ex: This is the girl. You wanted to meet her last week. This is the girl who you wanted to meet last week. 9 - Which: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ vật đứng vế trớc và làm chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề sau. Ex: I lost the pen. It is red. I lost the pen which is red - Which : là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ ngời đứng vế trớc và làm tân ngữ cho mệnh đề sau. ex: The book is for reference. I bought it 2 years ago. This book which I bought for 2 years ago is for reference 2. Đại từ quan hệ sở hữu - Whose. là đại từ quan hệ sở hữu, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ ngời vế trớc và làm tính từ sở hữu của mệnh đề sau. Ex: The girl is very beautiful. Her dress is red. The girl WHOSE dress is red is beautiful 3. Trạng từ quan hệ: Where / When - WHERE: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi chốn, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn ở vế trớc và làm trang ngữ chỉ nơi chốn của mệnh đề sau. EX: Kim Lien is the village . Uncle was born in this village. Kim Lien is the village WHERE Uncle Ho was born - WHEN: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ thời gian ở vế trớc và làm trang ngữ chỉ thời gian của mệnh đề sau. Ex: Lunar New Year is the days. Family member gather on that days Lunar New Year is the days WHEN family member gather II. Other forms: Một số dạng khác 7. Making suggestions: S + suggest + V-(ing) + S1 + suggest + (that) + S2 + should + V(infinitive) + 8. Adverbs clauses of concession: although/ though/ even though : mặc dù (chỉ sự nhợng bộ) Ex: He went to school although/ though/ even though he was tired. 1. The conditional sentence (Câu điều kiện) Một câu điều kiện thờng có hai mệnh đề là mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề phụ (mệnh đề if). Mệnh đề phụ có thể đặt trớc hoặc đặt sau mệnh đề chính. Có 3 loại câu điều kiện căn bản sau: I. Câu điều kiện loại 1: Dùng để diễn tả điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai Mệnh đề phụ với If Mệnh đề chính Simple present Simple future Simple present Bare infinitive. Ví dụ: If I have time, I shall visit you. John usually walks to school if he has enough time. 10 [...]... Muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa quá nhiều đến nỗi ta dùng: So many + danh từ đếm đợc, số nhiều + that clause So much + danh từ không đếm đợc, số ít + that clause Ex: He has so many books that he cant read all of them There was so much noise that I couldnt sleep 5 Such that 12 ớc Cũng bắt đầu cho mệnh đề phụ chỉ kết quả Tuy nhiên Suchthat đợc dùng với một danh từ thờng có tính từ bổ nghĩa đứng tr- Such + (a/an)... brother I am less rich than you II So sánh hơn: 1 Đối với tính từ ngắn (có 1 vần), tính từ có 2 vần tận cùng bằng y, ow, er, và trạng từ ngắn có một vần: Adj/ adv + er + + than = hơn Ex: Mr Brown is older thanh my father He drives faster than I (do) 2 Đối với các tính từ có 3 vần trở lên hoặc có 2 vần nhng không có tận cùng bằng y, ow, er và trạng từ dài (trạng từ có 2 vần trở lên, trừ early): More + adj/adv... cùng một ngời hoặc một vật với chủ ngữ của động từ đI trớc, thì ta không nhắc lại nó: Ex: The questions were easy enough for me to answer (không dùng THEM sau ANSWER) + Enough to có thể dùng sau một danh từ, thay vì sau một tính từ hoặc một phó từ Ex: He has money enough to buy a new car (He has enough money to buy a new car) I + + + + + 1 Forms of verb (dạng của động từ) To infinitive (to V - đông . do sth: thuc giuc ai lam gi Mệnh đề quan hệ A. Grammar. I. Relative clauses - Mệnh đề quan hệ * Mệnh đề quan hệ hay còn đợc gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ, vì nó dùng để bổ nghĩa hay nói về danh từ. nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ vật đứng vế trớc và làm chủ ngữ cho mệnh đề sau. Ex: I lost the pen. It is red. I lost the pen which is red - Which : là đại từ quan hệ chỉ ngời, nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ chỉ. understand him. Muốn diễn tả ý nghĩa quá nhiều đến nỗi ta dùng: So many + danh từ đếm đợc, số nhiều + that clause. So much + danh từ không đếm đợc, số ít + that clause Ex: He has so many books that