[...]... shade-shades /g/ bug-bugs; rag-rags; flag-flags, pig-pigs; hog-hogs /v/ wave-waves; hive-hives; love-loves; live-lives; cove-coves /l/ girl-girls; pill-pills; wheel-wheels; role-roles; rule-rules /m/ ham-hams; farm-farms; room-rooms; flame-flames; home-homes /n/ hen-hens; teen-teens; moon-moons; loan-loans; tune-tunes; throne-thrones /ŋ/ ring-rings; thing-things; throng-throngs; rung-rungs; song-songs Since all... spelled -s Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /p/ cap-caps; cop-cops; snap-snaps; shape-shapes; hope-hopes /t/ hat-hats; boat-boats; beast-beasts; fate-fates; rebate-rebates 6 Noun Phrases /k/ back-backs; leak-leaks; trick-tricks; bike-bikes; lake-lakes /f/ cliff-cliffs; cough-coughs; laugh-laughs; cuff-cuffs; sniff-sniffs /θ/ path-paths; lath-laths; monolith-monoliths,... rash-rashes; McIntosh-McIntoshes; bush-bushes /č/ (spelled -ch or -tch) watch-watches; switch-switches; bunch-bunches /ǰ/ (spelled -ge or -dge) rage-rages; page-pages; dodge-dodges /z/ buzz-buzzes; phase-phases; blaze-blazes; nose-noses; cruise-cruises Exercise 1.3 All of the nouns in the following list form their plural in the regular way with a single sibilant sound spelled -s (pronounced /s/ or... spelled -es (Of course, if the singular already ends in a silent e, we would add just an -s as in horse-horses, or else we would have crazy spellings like X horse-es.) Here are examples of the most common consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /s/ (often spelled -ce) glass-glasses; bus-buses; face-faces; prince-princes; rinse-rinses; fox-foxes /š/ (often spelled -sh) wish-wishes; rash-rashes;... bath-baths 2 If the noun ends in a voiced consonant sound (except a sibilant) or any vowel (all vowels in English are voiced), then the plural is formed with the voiced sibilant /z/, which is also spelled -s Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /b/ lab-labs; web-webs; blob-blobs; globe-globes; tube-tubes /d/ bed-beds; fluid-fluids; flood-floods; code-codes; shade-shades... the base form ends in -y, the comparative and superlative forms change the -y to -i This change is a general spelling rule that we also saw in forming the plural of nouns that end in -y—for example, lady-ladies, history-histories, story-stories 2 Adjectives that are derived from verbs ending in -ing or -ed form their comparative and superlative with more and most For example: -ING Base amusing charming... comparative and superlative to use: 1 Two-syllable adjectives that end in an unstressed vowel sound tend to use the -er/-est pattern Two-syllable adjectives ending in -le or -y are especially common For example: -LE Base able feeble gentle noble simple Comparative abler feebler gentler nobler simpler Superlative ablest feeblest gentlest noblest simplest Adjectives 23 -Y Base tacky early happy noisy pretty... example: sea-seas; zoo-zoos; cow-cows; bee-bees; show-shows; tree-trees Words ending in the letter y are little more complicated When the singular form of a word ends in a consonant ϩ the letter y (that is, when the letter y represents a vowel sound), we form the regular plural by changing the y to i and adding -es (There is a schoolroom saying that goes like this: “Change the y to i and add -es.”) The... of the nineteenth century So today we have a three-way distinction between the three -s forms: the plural -s, the singular possessive - s, and the plural possessive -s’ For example: Plural: Singular possessive: Plural possessive: friends friend’s friends’ While it is correct to call -s’ the “plural possessive,” it is a little confusing to think of the - s as just the “singular possessive.” The problem... the -s’ with these nouns is what makes them plural What actually makes them plural is the change in their vowels or ending We must use ’s because we are only making these nouns (which already happen to be plural nouns) into possessive nouns A much better way to think of plural and possessive -s is given below There are three types of -s endings: Plural only -s Possessive only - s Plural possessive -s’ . shade-shades /g/ bug-bugs; rag-rags; fl ag-fl ags, pig-pigs; hog-hogs /v/ wave-waves; hive-hives; love-loves; live-lives; cove-coves /l/ girl-girls; pill-pills; wheel-wheels; role-roles; rule-rules /m/. rule-rules /m/ ham-hams; farm-farms; room-rooms; fl ame-fl ames; home-homes /n/ hen-hens; teen-teens; moon-moons; loan-loans; tune-tunes; throne-thrones /ŋ/ ring-rings; thing-things; throng-throngs; rung-rungs;. publisher. ISBN: 97 8-0 -0 7-1 7019 0-7 MHID: 0-0 7-1 7019 0-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 97 8-0 -0 7-1 5981 1-8 , MHID: 0-0 7-1 5981 1-1 . All trademarks