ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN NGÔ TUẤN THẮNG QUAN HỆ TRUNG -MỸ TỪ KHI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA LÊN CẦM QUYỀN LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ CHUYÊN NGÀNH QUAN HỆ QUỐC TẾ Hà Nội - 2011 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN NGÔ TUẤN THẮNG QUAN HỆ TRUNG - MỸ TỪ KHI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA LÊN CẦM QUYỀN Ngành: QUỐC TẾ HỌC Chuyên ngành: QUAN HỆ QUỐC TẾ Mã số: 60 31 02 06 LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ NGƢỜI HƢỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: PGS.NGUYỄN HUY QUÝ Hà Nội - 2011 MỤC LỤC MỞ ĐẦU 1 Lý lựa chọn đề tài Lịch sử nghiên cứu Đối tượng phạm vi nghiên cứu 4 Nguồn tài liệu tham khảo Phương pháp nghiên cứu Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu đóng góp đề tài Chƣơng 1: BỐI CẢNH QUỐC TẾ TÁC ĐỘNG TỚI QUAN HỆ TRUNG MỸ DƢỚI THỜI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA 1.1 Khái quát quan hệ Trung - Mỹ trước Tổng thống Obama lên cầm quyền7 1.2 Bổi cảnh quốc tế bối cảnh nước tác động tới quan hệ Trung - Mỹ 1.2.1 Bối cảnh Quốc tế 1.2.2 Nội tình nước Mỹ Trung Quốc .12 Chƣơng 2: DIỄN BIẾN QUAN HỆ TRUNG - MỸ TỪ KHI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA LÊN CẦM QUYỀN 21 2.1.Quan hệ trị - ngoại giao 21 2.2 Quan hệ an ninh - quân 26 2.3 Quan hệ kinh tế - thương mại 33 2.4 Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ lĩnh vực khác 40 Chƣơng 3: ĐÁNH GIÁ QUAN HỆ TRUNG - MỸ, TRIỂN VỌNG VÀ TÁC ĐỘNG 44 3.1 Thực chất quan hệ Trung - Mỹ 44 3.2 Triển vọng phát triển quan hệ Trung - Mỹ 45 3.3 Tác động quan hệ Trung - Mỹ 47 3.3.1 Tác động giới khu vực……… ……………… 47 3.3.2 Tác động Việt Nam……………………… …………50 KẾT LUẬN 53 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 55 PHỤ LỤC 61 Biên niên kiện quan hệ hai nước Trung Quốc Mỹ từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền (2009-2011) 61 Tuyên bố chung Trung Quốc - Mỹ năm 2009 68 Tuyên bố chung Trung Quốc - Mỹ năm 2011 78 MỞ ĐẦU Lý lựa chọn đề tài Hiện nay, quan hệ nước lớn ln chiếm vị trí quan trọng đời sống trị giới nói chung mối quan tâm nước khác nói riêng Tình hình giới thay đổi liên tục, q trình tồn cầu hóa khu vực hóa diễn sôi động, mối quan hệ nước lớn ngày trở nên quan trọng gấp Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ hình thành bối cảnh từ nhiều thập kỷ qua, đặc biệt nửa cuối kỷ XX Hơn ba thập kỷ thiết lập quan hệ ngoại giao, trải qua hầu hết kiện quan trọng lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế, Trung - Mỹ bước vào giai đoạn mối quan hệ tiên đoán trở thành quan hệ định hình tình hình khu vực giới Diễn biến chiều hướng phát triển cặp quan hệ trở thành mối quan tâm hàng đầu nhà hoạch định sách, nhà nghiên cứu quan hệ quốc tế nhà phân tích chiến lược nước giới Nói tới chủ thể quan hệ quốc tế từ sau chiến tranh lạnh thập niên đầu kỷ XXI, Mỹ siêu cường giới trị, kinh tế quân sự, Trung Quốc cường quốc trỗi dậy - ví “con sử tử vừa thức dậy sau hàng trăm năm ngủ quên” gây cạnh tranh ảnh hưởng tới lợi ích Mỹ Sự nồng ấm hay lạnh nhạt cặp quan hệ ảnh hưởng không nhỏ tới quan hệ quốc tế Trung - Mỹ có nhiều mối quan hệ phức tạp, chi phối nhiều tới sách cách ứng xử nhiều nước - có Việt Nam Trung Quốc Mỹ đối tác đặc biệt Việt Nam Trải qua thăng trầm lịch sử, mối quan hệ (Việt Nam - Trung Quốc, Việt Nam - Mỹ) thu hút nhiều ý nước nhà khoa học nước Việt Nam có quan hệ với siêu cường giới cường quốc trỗi dậy coi hội thách thức khơng nhỏ Với sách đối ngoại độc lập tự chủ, Việt Nam ngày khẳng định vai trị vận dụng hiệu công cụ ngoại giao để phát triển kinh tế Tìm hiểu hai nước lớn , đánh giá tương quan lực lượng giúp Việt Nam có đối sách phù hợp để tranh thủ hội, vượt qua thách thức, tạo lập mơi trường hịa bình để phát triển Chính vậy, quan hệ Trung - Mỹ đề tài hấp dẫn cho tác giả nghiên cứu Tuy nhiên kể từ Barack Obama trở thành Tổng thống nước Mỹ Việt Nam chưa có cơng trình nghiên cứu tổng hợp mối quan hệ Một điểm bật nhận thấy quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ từ Tổng thống Obama lên cầm quyền trùng với giai đoạn khủng hoảng tài tồn cầu suy thoái kinh tế giới Giai đoạn từ năm 2009 đến nay, nước tiếp tục trình khắc phục hậu khủng hoảng ảnh hưởng từ khủng hoảng khiến nhiều quốc gia điều chỉnh sách đối ngoại mình, Trung Quốc Mỹ với tư cách hai kinh tế lớn nhì giới đóng vai trị quan trọng Xuất phát từ ý nghĩa khoa học thực tiễn nói trên, học viên định lựa chọn tên đề tài luận văn “Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền” Lịch sử nghiên cứu vấn đề Có thể nói, số ấn phẩm quan hệ Trung - Mỹ xuất nhiều Quan hệ hai nước thể phong phú lĩnh vực, đề tài bật kênh thông tin hàng ngày, qua báo đài, tivi, tạp chí nghiên cứu, sách liệu tham khảo khác…Có thể kể tới số cơng trình nghiên cứu nước ngồi Việt Nam sau Tình hình nghiên cứu nước ngồi: Các học giả nước ngồi có nhiều cơng trình, tài liệu liên quan tới quan hệ Trung-Mỹ ấn phẩm tập trung chủ yếu Mỹ Trung Quốc Có thể kể tới sách“Return of the dragon: USChina relations in the 21st century” Danny Shiu Lam Paau Herbert S.Yee xuất năm 2005, tác phẩm “China-US relations transformed: Perspectives and strategic interactions” xuất năm 2009 tác giả Suizheng Zhao, “US-China relations in the 21st century: Power transition and peace” Zhiqun Zhu xuất năm 2009 Đầu năm 2010, Trung Quốc xuất sách với tựa đề “Trung Quốc mộng” Đại tá Lưu Minh Phúc, giảng viên Đại học Quốc phịng Bắc Kinh, trực thuộc Qn giải phóng Nhân dân Trung Quốc Cuốn sách tác giả có xu hướng cực đoan, đưa nhiều so sánh Mỹ - Trung - Nga, đế chế lịch sử, đặc biệt lý giải thuận lợi, thách thức siêu cường trước bước để Trung Quốc thay Mỹ để trở thành siêu cường số thời gian tới Năm 2011, Nhà xuất The Penguin Press (Mỹ) giới thiệu sách “On China” (Bàn Trung Quốc) Henry Kissinger…Ngoài cịn nhiều website, tạp chí nghiên cứu, vấn viện nghiên cứu lớn giới Có thể nói tác phẩm nghiên cứu theo cách nhìn nước lớn, đề cập tới góc độ cách nhìn nhận nước tầm trung nước bị cặp quan hệ chi phối Và với cách phân tích nước lớn vậy, thật khó để tìm nội dung đề cập tới sách dành cho nước tầm trung kể (trong có Việt Nam) để sử dụng quan hệ với Trung Quốc Mỹ Tình hình nghiên cứu Việt Nam: Đề tài quan hệ Trung - Mỹ nhà nghiên cứu Việt Nam quan tâm Đề tài “Quan hệ Mỹ - Trung: 30 năm hợp tác - cạnh tranh triển vọng đến năm 2020” ví dụ Đây đề tài khoa học cấp Bộ Ngoại giao nhóm tác giả thuộc học viện Ngoại giao (PGS.TS.Nguyễn Thái Yên Hương chủ trì đề tài) hoàn thành tháng 12 năm 2010, sách dựa thành tựu nghiên cứu đề tài xuất Bên cạnh đó, Học viện ngoại giao đơn vị có nhiều ấn phẩm khác “Quan hệ Mỹ-Trung giai đoạn 2006-2010: triển vọng tác động” đời năm 2006… Tháng năm 2011, Học viện ngoại giao tổ chức “Tọa đàm với Giáo sư Stephen Martin Walt sách đối ngoại Hoa Kỳ” có đề cập tới nhiều vấn đề tác động việc Trung Quốc trỗi dậy, sách Mỹ Châu Á, với nước đồng minh có đánh giá thách thức hội quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ với hai nước nói riêng trật tự khu vực nói chung Năm 2007, Nhà xuất Khoa học Xã hội xuất sách “Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa- ngoại giao bối cảnh mới”, nhà xuất từ điển Bách Khoa năm 2011 xuất sách “Ngoại giao Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa 20 năm đầu kỷ XXI” tác giả Tiến sĩ Lê Văn Mỹ (thuộc Viện Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam) Trong hai sách này, tác giả đề cập tới quan hệ Trung - Mỹ năm qua bối cảnh mới, chủ yếu sách từ phía Trung Quốc góc nhìn học giả Việt Nam Ngồi cịn có nhiều viết học giả khác đăng tạp chí chuyên ngành nghiên cứu Trung Quốc, Châu Mỹ ngày nay, tin tham khảo hàng ngày thông xã Việt Nam Hầu hết cơng trình nước cố gắng đúc kết kết nghiên cứu chuyên gia hàng đầu giới Việt Nam, khơng qn dành quan tâm cách nhìn nhận, đánh giá Việt Nam với cặp quan hệ Trung - Mỹ Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh ưu điểm cơng trình nghiên cứu chun sâu lĩnh vực trọng tâm quan hệ Trung - Mỹ lại có cơng trình nghiên cứu tổng hợp mối quan hệ hai nước tất lĩnh vực giai đoạn - từ tổng thống Barack Obama lên nhậm chức Từ thành tựu giới hạn phạm vi nghiên cứu cơng trình nước nước ngoài, hi vọng đề tài luận văn “Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền” học viên góp phần nhỏ bé nhằm đưa nhìn khái quát, tổng hợp hoàn thiện cho cơng trình nghiên cứu tồn diện quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ, từ tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho học giả người quan tâm nghiên cứu, tìm hiểu hai nước lớn Đối tƣợng phạm vi nghiên cứu Về thời gian không gian, vào tên đề tài luận văn, Tổng thống Barack Obama nhậm chức từ tháng năm 2009 nên luận văn đề cập tới tiến trình phát triển quan hệ song phương Trung Quốc Mỹ từ năm 2009 cho cuối năm 2011 Về mặt nội dung, luận văn nghiên cứu diễn biến mối quan hệ Trung - Mỹ tất lĩnh vực, thể qua khía cạnh hợp tác cạnh tranh lĩnh vực, vấn đề cụ thể đặc biệt nhấn mạnh vào quan hệ trị, ngoại giao, an ninh quân kinh tế, thương mại Một phần luận văn, học viên sử dụng để đưa nhận định, đánh giá triển vọng quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ, đồng thời phân tích tác động cặp quan hệ khu vực Việt Nam Nguồn tài liệu tham khảo Quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ tất lĩnh vực đề cập nhiều cơng trình nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế đại, sách chuyên khảo báo, tạp chí chun ngành Để hồn thành luận văn này, học viên sử dụng nguồn tài liệu gốc nguồn tài liệu thứ cấp chủ yếu tiếng Anh tiếng Việt Những nguồn tài liệu gốc học viên khai thác hiệp định, Tuyên bố chung quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ thời gian vừa qua Các nguồn tài liệu thứ cấp kể tới luận văn sau: - Sách, cơng trình nghiên cứu, đề tài khoa học cấp: ấn phẩm học viện Ngoại giao, cơng trình sách Viện nghiên cứu Trung Quốc, Viện nghiên cứu Châu Mỹ - Báo, tạp chí nghiên cứu, tài liệu tham khảo đặc biệt: tạp chí Nghiên cứu Trung Quốc, tạp chí Châu Mỹ ngày nay, Các vấn đề quốc tế, Nhịp cầu tri thức, Tài liệu tham khảo đặc biệt Thông xã Việt Nam, Tạp chí Đối ngoại (của Ban đối ngoại Trung ương)… - Nguồn tin tức từ Internet: trang web Bộ ngoại giao Hoa Kỳ, Chính phủ Trung Quốc, Bộ ngoại giao Việt Nam, báo điện tử Vietnamnet… Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu Do luận văn có đề cập tới mối quan hệ song phương có liên quan đến vấn đề quốc tế diễn giai đoạn định nên phương pháp sử dụng chủ yếu phương pháp nghiên cứu quan hệ quốc tế Ngoài ra, luận văn sử dụng phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học khác phương pháp lịch sử, phương pháp phân tích, so sánh, logic, tổng hợp, kiểm tra, đánh giá tư liệu, hệ thống hóa nhằm rút nhận định có tính tổng hợp, khái qt phục vụ cho nghiên cứu chi tiết, xác thực Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu đóng góp đề tài Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu: Mục đích luận văn nhằm phân tích quan hệ đối ngoại Mỹ Trung Quốc từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền tất lĩnh vực Luận văn tìm lời giải đáp cho câu hỏi điểm nóng cịn tồn mối quan hệ hai nước; giải pháp cho tồn triển vọng hai nước tương lai sao; Quan hệ hai nước lớn có tác động thế giới khu vực, đối sách Việt Nam trước tác động từ mối quan hệ Trung - Mỹ Đóng góp đề tài: “Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền” đề tài có ý nghĩa khoa học ý nghĩa thực tiễn Đây lại vấn đề quốc tế quan trọng, tế nhị nhạy cảm Những đóng góp chủ yếu luận văn bao gồm: trước mặt tư liệu Luận văn tập hợp tư liệu cần thiết, có tài liệu gốc, cập nhật có liên quan đến đề tài để nghiên cứu phân tích làm tài liệu tham khảo sau Thứ hai, luận văn phân tích, đánh giá số kiện quan hệ Trung Quốc Mỹ cách khách quan, từ giúp cho việc tìm hiểu đường lối đối ngoại hai nước trở nên dễ dàng Thứ ba, luận văn ý đề cập, phân tích khía cạnh quan hệ Trung - Mỹ có tác động tới giới, khu vực Việt Nam Một đóng góp luận văn bước đầu có dự báo quan hệ hai nước Trung Quốc - Mỹ thời gian tới, tiếp tục nghiên cứu góp phần bổ sung để tạo sở khách quan cho việc hoạch định sách đối ngoại thực thi quan hệ đối ngoại Việt Nam với hai nước lớn Nghiên cứu quan hệ Trung - Mỹ đề tài hay vấn đề thể cặp quan hệ không đơn giản, đề tài luận văn lại đề tài Tuy có nhiều nguồn tài liệu phong phú đồ sộ với tầm nhìn cịn hạn chế, khó tránh khỏi thiếu sót tính cập nhật chưa cao, học viên hi vọng nhận nhiều đóng góp quý báu quý thầy cô, nhà khoa học bạn học viên có quan tâm để đề tài hồn thiện có giá trị tham khảo nghiên cứu 10 domestic demand and relative prices to lead to more sustainable and balanced trade and growth China will continue to implement the policies to adjust economic structure, raise household incomes, expand domestic demand to increase contribution of consumption to GDP growth and reform its social security system The United States will take measures to increase national saving as a share of GDP and promote sustainable non-inflationary growth To achieve this, the United States is committed to returning the federal budget deficit to a sustainable path and pursuing measures to encourage private saving Both sides will also pursue forward-looking monetary policies with due regard for the ramifications of those policies for the international economy The two sides recognize the importance of open trade and investment to their domestic economies and to the global economy, and are committed to jointly fight protectionism in all its manifestations The two sides agreed to work proactively to resolve bilateral trade and investment disputes in a constructive, cooperative, and mutually beneficial manner Both sides will expedite negotiation on a bilateral investment treaty The two sides are committed to seeking a positive, ambitious, and balanced conclusion to the Doha Development Agenda in 2010 The two sides spoke highly of the outcomes of the 20th Meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade The two sides reaffirmed the commitment at this JCCT meeting and look forward to their full implementation IV Regional and Global Challenges The two sides noted that, at a time when the international environment is undergoing complex and profound changes, the United States and China share a responsibility to cooperatively address regional and global security challenges The two sides stressed that they share broad common interests in the Asia-Pacific region and support the development and improvement of an open and inclusive regional cooperation framework that is beneficial to all The two sides will work to encourage APEC to play a more effective role in promoting regional trade and investment liberalization and economic and technical cooperation and for the ASEAN Regional Forum to play a more effective role in strengthening regional security cooperation The two sides agreed that respect for the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, IAEA mandates, and implementation of all relevant UN Security Council resolutions are essential for the success of our joint efforts to stem the spread of nuclear weapons The two presidents recalled their participation at the September 24, 2009, UN Security Council Summit on nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament They welcomed the outcome of the Summit and expressed their strong support for UN Security Resolution 1887 79 The two sides reaffirmed the importance of continuing the Six-Party Talks process and implementing the September 19, 2005, Joint Statement, including denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, normalization of relations and establishment of a permanent peace regime in Northeast Asia The two sides stated that they will work together with other parties concerned to comprehensively achieve the purpose and overall goal of the Six-Party Talks through consultations and dialogues The Chinese side welcomed the start of high-level contacts between the United States and the DPRK The two sides expressed the hope that the multilateral mechanism of the Six Party Talks would convene at an early date The two sides noted with concern the latest developments with regard to the Iranian nuclear issue The two sides agreed that Iran has the right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy under the NPT and it should fulfill its due international obligations under that treaty They welcomed the talks in Geneva on October 1st between the P5+1 and Iran as a promising start towards addressing international concerns about Iran’s nuclear program, and expressed their readiness to continue that engagement as soon as possible The two sides emphasized that all efforts should be made to take confidence building steps and called on Iran to respond positively to the proposal of the IAEA Director General The two sides reaffirmed their strong support for a comprehensive and long-term solution to the Iranian nuclear issue through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage constructively with the P5+1 and to cooperate fully with the IAEA to facilitate a satisfactory outcome The two sides welcomed all efforts conducive to peace, stability and development in South Asia They support the efforts of Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight terrorism, maintain domestic stability and achieve sustainable economic and social development, and support the improvement and growth of relations between India and Pakistan The two sides are ready to strengthen communication, dialogue and cooperation on issues related to South Asia and work together to promote peace, stability and development in that region The two sides underlined their commitment to the eventual realization of a world free of nuclear weapons They reiterated their opposition to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and will jointly uphold the international nuclear non-proliferation regime They agreed to enhance non-proliferation cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and equality They will work together to achieve a successful Review Conference of Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2010 They committed to pursue ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty as soon as possible, and will work together for the early entry into force of the CTBT They support the launching of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty at an early date in the Conference on Disarmament, and stand ready to strengthen communication and cooperation in nuclear safety and security and in 80 combating nuclear terrorism China attaches importance to the U.S initiative to hold a nuclear security summit in April 2010 and will actively participate in the preparations for the summit The two sides also discussed the importance of UN peacekeeping operations in promoting international peace and security The two sides agreed to enhance dialogue on development issues to explore areas of cooperation and coordination and to ensure that both countries’ efforts are conducive to achieving sustainable outcomes V Climate Change, Energy and Environment The two sides held a constructive and productive dialogue on the issue of climate change They underscored that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time The two sides maintain that a vigorous response is necessary and that international cooperation is indispensable in responding to this challenge They are convinced of the need to address climate change in a manner that respects the priority of economic and social development in developing countries and are equally convinced that transitioning to a low-carbon economy is an opportunity to promote continued economic growth and sustainable development in all countries Regarding the upcoming Copenhagen Conference, both sides agree on the importance of actively furthering the full, effective and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in accordance with the Bali Action Plan The United States and China, consistent with their national circumstances, resolve to take significant mitigation actions and recognize the important role that their countries play in promoting a sustainable outcome that will strengthen the world’s ability to combat climate change The two sides resolve to stand behind these commitments In this context both sides believe that, while striving for final legal agreement, an agreed outcome at Copenhagen should, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, include emission reduction targets of developed countries and nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing countries The outcome should also substantially scale up financial assistance to developing countries, promote technology development, dissemination and transfer, pay particular attention to the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable to adapt to climate change, promote steps to preserve and enhance forests, and provide for full transparency with respect to the implementation of mitigation measures and provision of financial, technology and capacity building support 81 The two sides are committed to working together and with other countries in the weeks ahead for a successful outcome at Copenhagen The two sides agreed that the transition to a green and low-carbon economy is essential and that the clean energy industry will provide vast opportunities for citizens of both countries in the years ahead and welcomed significant steps forward to advance policy dialogue and practical cooperation on climate change, energy and the environment, building on the U.S.-China Memorandum of Understanding to Enhance Cooperation on Climate Change, Energy and Environment announced at the first round of U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue this July and formally signed during the Presidential visit The two sides recognized the importance of the Ten Year Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation (TYF) and commit to strengthen cooperation in promoting clean air, water, transportation, electricity, and resource conservation Through a new U.S.-China Energy Efficiency Action Plan under the TYF, the United States and China will work together to achieve cost-effective energy efficiency improvements in industry, buildings and consumer products through technical cooperation, demonstration and policy exchanges Noting both countries significant investments in energy efficiency, the two Presidents underscored the enormous opportunities to create jobs and enhance economic growth through energy savings The two sides welcomed the signing of the Protocol Between the Department of Energy of the United States of America and the Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Energy Administration of the People’s Republic of China on a Clean Energy Research Center The Center will facilitate joint research and development on clean energy by teams of scientists and engineers from both countries, as well as serve as clearing house to help researchers in each country, with public and private funding of at least $150 million over five years split evenly between the two countries The Center will have one headquarters in each country Priority topics to be addressed will include energy efficiency in buildings, clean coal (including carbon capture and sequestration), and clean vehicles The two sides welcomed the launch of a U.S.-China Electric Vehicles Initiative designed to put millions of electric vehicles on the roads of both countries in the years ahead Building on significant investments in electric vehicles in both the United States and China, the two governments announced a program of joint demonstration projects in more than a dozen cities, along with work to develop common technical standards to facilitate rapid scale-up of the industry The two sides agreed that their countries share a strong common interest in the rapid deployment of clean vehicles The two sides strongly welcomed work in both countries to promote 21st century coal technologies They agreed to promote cooperation on large-scale carbon capture and 82 sequestration (CCS) demonstration projects and to begin work immediately on the development, deployment, diffusion, and transfer of CCS technology The two sides welcomed recent agreements between Chinese and U.S companies, universities, and research institutions to cooperate on CCS and more efficient coal technologies The two sides welcomed the signing of the Memorandum of Cooperation between the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States and the National Development and Reform Commission of China to Build Capacity to Address Climate Change The two sides welcomed the launch of The U.S.-China Renewable Energy Partnership Through this Partnership, the two countries will chart a pathway to widescale deployment of wind, solar, advanced bio-fuels, and a modern electric power grid in both countries and cooperate in designing and implementing the policy and technical tools necessary to make that vision possible Given the combined market size of the two countries, accelerated deployment of renewable energy in The United States and China can significantly reduce the cost of these technologies globally The two sides welcomed the establishment of The U.S.-China Energy Cooperation Program (ECP), a partnership between government and industry to enhance energy security and combat climate change The ECP will leverage private sector resources and expertise to accelerate the deployment of clean energy technology The two sides commended the results of the recently-held Fourth U.S.-China Energy Policy Dialogue and Ninth U.S.-China Oil and Gas Industry Forum and welcomed the launch of a U.S.-China Shale Gas Resource Initiative to accelerate the development of unconventional natural gas resources in China Drawing on recent experience in the United States, this initiative aims to improve energy security in both countries and help China transition to a low-carbon economy The two sides agreed to work together to advance global efforts to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy They welcomed the recently-concluded Third Executive Committee Meeting of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, and the commitment of the partnership to explore ways to enhance the international framework for civil nuclear energy cooperation They agreed to consult with one another in order to explore such approaches including assurance of fuel supply and cradle-to-grave nuclear fuel management so that countries can access peaceful nuclear power while minimizing the risks of proliferation 83 TUYÊN BỐ CHUNG GIỮA TRUNG QUỐC - MỸ NĂM 20113 January 19, 2011 U.S - China Joint Statement At the invitation of President Barack Obama of the United States of America, President Hu Jintao of the People’s Republic of China is paying a state visit to the United States of America from January 18-21, 2011 During his visit, President Hu met with Vice President Joseph Biden, will meet with U.S Congressional leadership, and will visit Chicago The two Presidents reviewed the progress made in the relationship since President Obama’s November 2009 State Visit to China and reaffirmed their commitment to building a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive U.S - China relationship for the 21st century, which serves the interests of the American and Chinese peoples and of the global community The two sides reaffirmed that the three Joint Communiqués issued by the United States and China laid the political foundation for the relationship and will continue to guide the development of U.S - China relations The two sides reaffirmed respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity The Presidents further reaffirmed their commitment to the November 2009 U.S - China Joint Statement The United States and China committed to work together to build a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit in order to promote the common interests of both countries and to address the 21st century's opportunities and challenges The United States and China are actively cooperating on a wide range of security, economic, social, energy, and environmental issues which require deeper bilateral engagement and coordination The two leaders agreed that broader and deeper collaboration with international partners and institutions is required to develop and implement sustainable solutions and to promote peace, stability, prosperity, and the well-being of peoples throughout the world Strengthening U.S - China Relations Recognizing the importance of the common challenges that they face together, the United States and China decided to continue working toward a partnership that advances common interests, addresses shared concerns, and highlights international responsibilities The two leaders recognize that the relationship between the United States and China is both vital and complex The United States and China have set an Nguồn: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/19/us-china-joint-statement 84 example of positive and cooperative relations between countries, despite different political systems, historical and cultural backgrounds, and levels of economic development The two sides agreed to work further to nurture and deepen bilateral strategic trust to enhance their relations They reiterated the importance of deepening dialogue aimed at expanding practical cooperation and affirmed the need to work together to address areas of disagreement, expand common ground, and strengthen coordination on a range of issues The United States reiterated that it welcomes a strong, prosperous, and successful China that plays a greater role in world affairs China welcomes the United States as an Asia-Pacific nation that contributes to peace, stability and prosperity in the region Working together, both leaders support efforts to build a more stable, peaceful, and prosperous Asia-Pacific region for the 21st century Both sides underscored the importance of the Taiwan issue in U.S - China relations The Chinese side emphasized that the Taiwan issue concerns China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and expressed the hope that the U.S side will honor its relevant commitments and appreciate and support the Chinese side’s position on this issue The U.S side stated that the United States follows its one China policy and abides by the principles of the three U.S.-China Joint Communiqués The United States applauded the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and welcomed the new lines of communications developing between them The United States supports the peaceful development of relations across the Taiwan Strait and looks forward to efforts by both sides to increase dialogues and interactions in economic, political, and other fields, and to develop more positive and stable cross-Strait relations The United States and China reiterated their commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights, even as they continue to have significant differences on these issues The United States stressed that the promotion of human rights and democracy is an important part of its foreign policy China stressed that there should be no interference in any country’s internal affairs The United States and China underscored that each country and its people have the right to choose their own path, and all countries should respect each other's choice of a development model Addressing differences on human rights in a spirit of equality and mutual respect, as well as promoting and protecting human rights consistent with international instruments, the two sides agreed to hold the next round of the U.S.- C hina Human Rights Dialogue before the third round of the Strategic and Economic Dialogue (S&ED) The United States and China agreed to hold the next round of the resumed Legal Experts Dialogue before the next Human Rights Dialogue convenes The United States and China further agreed to strengthen cooperation in the field of law and 85 exchanges on the rule of law The United States and China are actively exploring exchanges and discussions on the increasing role of women in society The United States and China affirmed that a healthy, stable, and reliable militaryto-military relationship is an essential part of President Obama’s and President Hu’s shared vision for a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive U.S.-China relationship Both sides agreed on the need for enhanced and substantive dialogue and communication at all levels: to reduce misunderstanding, misperception, and miscalculation; to foster greater understanding and expand mutual interest; and to promote the healthy, stable, and reliable development of the military-to-military relationship Both sides noted the successful visit of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China earlier this month, and that the United States welcomes Chief of the PLA General Staff General Chen Bingde to the United States in the first half of 2011 Both sides reaffirmed that the Defense Consultative Talks, the Defense Policy Coordination Talks, and the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement will remain important channels of communication in the future Both sides will work to execute the seven priority areas for developing military-to-military relations as agreed to by Secretary Gates and General Xu Caihou, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission in October 2009 10 The United States and China agreed to take specific actions to deepen dialogue and exchanges in the field of space The United States invited a Chinese delegation to visit NASA headquarters and other appropriate NASA facilities in 2011 to reciprocate for the productive visit of the U.S NASA Administrator to China in 2010 The two sides agreed to continue discussions on opportunities for practical future cooperation in the space arena, based on principles of transparency, reciprocity, and mutual benefit 11.The United States and China acknowledged the accomplishments under the bilateral Agreement on Cooperation in Science and Technology, one of the longeststanding bilateral agreements between the two countries, and welcomed the signing of its extension The United States and China will continue to cooperate in such diverse areas as agriculture, health, energy, environment, fisheries, student exchanges, and technological innovation in order to advance mutual well-being 12 The United States and China welcomed progress by the U.S.-China Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation (JLG) to strengthen law enforcement cooperation across a range of issues, including counterterrorism The United States and China also agreed to enhance joint efforts to combat corruption through bilateral and other means Promoting High-Level Exchanges 86 13 The two sides agreed that high-level exchanges are indispensable to strong U.S.China relations, and that close, frequent, and in-depth dialogue is important to advance bilateral relations and international peace and development In this spirit, both Presidents look forward to meeting again in the coming year, including in the state of Hawaii for the U.S.-hosted 2011 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders’ meeting China welcomed Vice President Biden for a visit in 2011 The United States welcomed a subsequent visit by Vice President Xi Jinping 14 The two sides praised the S&ED as a key mechanism for coordination between the two governments, and agreed to hold the third round of the S&ED in Washington, D.C., in May 2011 The S&ED has played an important role in helping build trust and confidence between the two countries The two sides also agreed to hold the second meeting of the High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchange in the United States in the spring of 2011, and the 22nd meeting of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) in China in the second half of 2011 The two sides agreed to maintain close communication between the foreign ministers of the two countries through mutual visits, meetings, and other means 15 The two sides emphasized the importance of continued interaction between their legislatures, including institutionalized exchanges between the National People’s Congress of China and the U.S Senate and House of Representatives Addressing Regional and Global Challenges 16 The two sides believe that the United States and China have a common interest in promoting peace and security in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond, and agreed to enhance communication and coordination to address pressing regional and global challenges The two sides undertake to act to protect the global environment and to work in concert on global issues to help safeguard and promote the sustainable development of all countries and peoples Specifically, the United States and China agreed to advance cooperation to: counter violent extremism; prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction, and their means of delivery; strengthen nuclear security; eliminate infectious disease and hunger; end extreme poverty; respond effectively to the challenge of climate change; counter piracy; prevent and mitigate disasters; address cyber-security; fight transnational crime; and combat trafficking in persons In coordination with other parties, the United States and China will endeavor to increase cooperation to address common concerns and promote shared interests 17 The United States and China underlined their commitment to the eventual realization of a world without nuclear weapons and the need to strengthen the international nuclear non-proliferation regime to address the threats of nuclear 87 proliferation and nuclear terrorism In this regard, both sides support early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), reaffirmed their support for the early commencement of negotiations on a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty in the Conference on Disarmament, and agreed to work together to reach these goals The two sides also noted their deepening cooperation on nuclear security following the Washington Nuclear Security Summit and signed a Memorandum of Understanding that will help establish a Center of Excellence on Nuclear Security in China 18 The United States and China agreed on the critical importance of maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula as underscored by the Joint Statement of September 19, 2005 and relevant UN Security Council Resolutions Both sides expressed concern over heightened tensions on the Peninsula triggered by recent developments The two sides noted their continuing efforts to cooperate closely on matters concerning the Peninsula The United States and China emphasized the importance of an improvement in North-South relations and agreed that sincere and constructive inter-Korean dialogue is an essential step Agreeing on the crucial importance of denuclearization of the Peninsula in order to preserve peace and stability in Northeast Asia, the United States and China reiterated the need for concrete and effective steps to achieve the goal of denuclearization and for full implementation of the other commitments made in the September 19, 2005 Joint Statement of the SixParty Talks In this context, the United States and China expressed concern regarding the DPRK’s claimed uranium enrichment program Both sides oppose all activities inconsistent with the 2005 Joint Statement and relevant international obligations and commitments The two sides called for the necessary steps that would allow for early resumption of the Six-Party Talks process to address this and other relevant issues 19 On the Iranian nuclear issue, the United States and China reiterated their commitment to seeking a comprehensive and long-term solution that would restore international confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear program Both sides agreed that Iran has the right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy under the Non-Proliferation Treaty and that Iran should fulfill its due international obligations under that treaty Both sides called for full implementation of all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions The United States and China welcomed and will actively participate in the P5+1 process with Iran, and stressed the importance of all parties – including Iran – committing to a constructive dialogue process 20 Regarding Sudan, the United States and China agreed to fully support the NorthSouth peace process, including full and effective implementation of Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement The two sides stressed the need for all sides to respect the result of a free, fair, and transparent referendum Both the United States and China expressed concern on the Darfur issue and believed that further, substantive progress should be made in the political process in Darfur to promote the early, 88 comprehensive, and appropriate solution to this issue Both the United States and China have a continuing interest in the maintenance of peace and stability in the wider region 21 The two sides agreed to enhance communication and coordination in the AsiaPacific region in a spirit of mutual respect and cooperation, and to work together with other Asia-Pacific countries, including through multilateral institutions, to promote peace, stability, and prosperity Building a Comprehensive and Mutually Beneficial Economic Partnership 22 President Obama and President Hu recognized the vital importance of working together to build a cooperative economic partnership of mutual respect and mutual benefit to both countries and to the global economy The two leaders agreed to promote comprehensive economic cooperation, and will develop further a framework of comprehensive economic cooperation, relying on existing mechanisms, by the third round of the S&ED in May, based on the main elements outlined below: 23 The two sides agreed to strengthen macroeconomic communication and cooperation, in support of strong, sustainable and balanced growth in the United States, China and the global economy:     The United States will focus on reducing its medium-term federal deficit and ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability, and will maintain vigilance against excess volatility in exchange rates The Federal Reserve has taken important steps in recent years to increase the clarity of its communications regarding its outlook and longer run objectives China will intensify efforts to expand domestic demand, to promote private investment in the service sector, and to give greater play to the fundamental role of the market in resource allocation China will continue to promote RMB exchange rate reform and enhance RMB exchange rate flexibility, and promote the transformation of its economic development model Both sides agree to continue to pursue forward-looking monetary policies with due regards to the ramifications of those policies for the international economy The two sides affirmed support for efforts by European leaders to reinforce market stability and promote sustainable, long-term growth 24 The two countries, recognizing the importance of open trade and investment in fostering economic growth, job creation, innovation, and prosperity, affirmed their commitment to take further steps to liberalize global trade and investment, and to oppose trade and investment protectionism The two sides also agreed to work 89 proactively to resolve bilateral trade and investment disputes in a constructive, cooperative, and mutually beneficial manner 25 The two leaders emphasized their strong commitment to direct their negotiators to engage in across-the-board negotiations to promptly bring the WTO Doha Development Round to a successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion, consistent with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress already achieved The two sides agreed that engagement between our representatives must intensify and expand in order to complete the end game 26 The two leaders agreed on the importance of achieving a more balanced trade relationship, and spoke highly of the progress made on this front, including at the recent 21st Meeting of the JCCT in Washington, D.C 27 China will continue to strengthen its efforts to protect IPR, including by conducting audits to ensure that government agencies at all levels use legitimate software and by publishing the auditing results as required by China’s law China will not link its innovation policies to the provision of government procurement preferences The United States welcomed China’s agreement to submit a robust, second revised offer to the WTO Government Procurement Committee before the Committee’s final meeting in 2011, which will include sub-central entities 28 The two leaders acknowledged the importance of fostering open, fair, and transparent investment environments to their domestic economies and to the global economy and reaffirmed their commitment to the ongoing bilateral investment treaty (BIT) negotiations, recognizing that a successful BIT negotiation would support an open global economy by facilitating and protecting investment, and enhancing transparency and predictability for investors of both countries China welcomed the United States’ commitment to consult through the JCCT in a cooperative manner to work towards China’s Market Economy Status in an expeditious manner China welcomed discussion between the two sides on the ongoing reform of the U.S export control system, and its potential implications for U.S exports to its major trading partners, including China, consistent with U.S national security interests 29 The two sides further acknowledged the deep and robust nature of the commercial relationship, including the contracts concluded at this visit, and welcomed the mutual economic benefits resulting from the relationship 30 The two sides agreed to continue working to make concrete progress on the bilateral economic relationship through the upcoming S&ED and the JCCT process 31 The United States and China recognized the potential for their firms to play a 90 positive role in the infrastructure development in each country and agreed to strengthen cooperation in this area 32 The two countries committed to deepen bilateral and multilateral cooperation on financial sector investment and regulation, and support open environments for investment in financial services and cross-border portfolio investment, consistent with prudential and national security requirements The United States is committed to ensuring that the GSEs have sufficient capital and the ability to meet their financial obligations 33 The United States and China agree that currencies in the SDR basket should only be those that are heavily used in international trade and financial transactions In that regard, the United States supports China’s efforts over time to promote inclusion of the RMB in the SDR basket 34 The two countries pledged to work together to strengthen the global financial system and reform the international financial architecture The two sides will continue their strong cooperation to strengthen the legitimacy and improve the effectiveness of the International Monetary Fund and Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) The two sides will jointly promote efforts of the international community to assist developing countries, in particular the Least Developed Countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The two sides will also, in partnership with the Multilateral Development Banks, explore cooperation that supports global poverty reduction and development, and regional integration including in Africa, to contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic growth 35 The two countries reiterated their support for the G-20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth and reaffirmed their commitments made in the Seoul Summit Declaration, including using the full range of policies to strengthen the global recovery and to reduce excessive imbalances and maintain current account imbalances at sustainable levels The two sides support a bigger role for the G-20 in international economic and financial affairs, and pledged to strengthen communication and coordination to follow through on the commitments of the G-20 summits and push for positive outcomes at the Cannes Summit Cooperating on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment 36 The two sides view climate change and energy security as two of the greatest challenges of our time The United States and China agreed to continue their close consultations on action to address climate change, coordinate to achieve energy security for our peoples and the world, build on existing clean energy cooperation, ensure open markets, promote mutually beneficial investment in climate friendly energy, encourage clean energy, and facilitate advanced clean energy technology 91 development 37 Both sides applauded the progress made in clean energy and energy security since the launch of the U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center, Renewable Energy Partnership, U.S.-China Joint Statement on Energy Security Cooperation, and Energy Cooperation Program (ECP) Both sides reaffirmed their ongoing exchanges on energy policy and cooperation on oil, natural gas (including shale gas), civilian nuclear energy, wind and solar energy, smart grid, advanced bio-fuels, clean coal, energy efficiency, electric vehicles and clean energy technology standards 38 The two sides commended the progress made since the launch of the U.S.-China Ten Year Framework on Energy and Environment Cooperation (TYF) in 2008 They agreed to further strengthen practical cooperation under the TYF, carry out action plans in the priority areas of water, air, transportation, electricity, protected areas, wetlands, and energy efficiency, engage in policy dialogues, and implement the EcoPartnerships program The United States and China were also pleased to announce two new EcoPartnerships The two sides welcomed local governments, enterprises, and research institutes of the two countries to participate in the TYF, and jointly explore innovative models for U.S.-China energy and environment cooperation The two sides welcomed the cooperation projects and activities which will be carried out in 2011 under the TYF 39 The two sides welcomed the Cancun agreements and believed that it is important that efforts to address climate change also advance economic and social development Working together and with other countries, the two sides agreed to actively promote the comprehensive, effective, and sustained implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including the implementation of the Cancun agreements and support efforts to achieve positive outcomes at this year’s conference in South Africa Expanding People-to-People Exchanges 40 The United States and China have long supported deeper and broader people-topeople ties as part of a larger effort to build a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit Both sides agreed to take concrete steps to enhance these people-to-people exchanges Both sides noted with satisfaction the successful Expo 2010 Shanghai, and the Chinese side complimented the United States on its USA Pavilion The two sides announced the launch of a U.S.-China Governors Forum and decided to further support exchanges and cooperation at local levels in a variety of fields, including support for the expansion of the sister province and city relationships The United States and China also agreed to take concrete steps to strengthen dialogue and exchanges between their young people, particularly through the 100,000 Strong Initiative The United States warmly welcomes more Chinese 92 students in American educational institutions, and will continue to facilitate visa issuance for them The two sides agreed to discuss ways of expanding cultural interaction, including exploring a U.S.-China cultural year event and other activities The two sides underscored their commitment to further promoting and facilitating increased tourism The United States and China agreed that all these activities help deepen understanding, trust, and cooperation Conclusion 41 President Hu Jintao expressed his thanks to President Obama and the American people for their warm reception and hospitality during his visit The two Presidents agreed that the visit has furthered U.S.-China relations, and both sides resolved to work together to build a cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit The two Presidents shared a deep belief that a stronger U.S.-China relationship not only serves the fundamental interests of their respective peoples, but also benefits the entire Asia-Pacific region and the world 93 ... QUAN HỆ TRUNG MỸ DƢỚI THỜI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA 1.1 Khái quát quan hệ Trung - Mỹ trước Tổng thống Obama lên cầm quyền7 1.2 Bổi cảnh quốc tế bối cảnh nước tác động tới quan hệ Trung - Mỹ. .. nước Mỹ Trung Quốc .12 Chƣơng 2: DIỄN BIẾN QUAN HỆ TRUNG - MỸ TỪ KHI TỔNG THỐNG BARACK OBAMA LÊN CẦM QUYỀN 21 2.1 .Quan hệ trị - ngoại giao 21 2.2 Quan hệ an ninh - quân... sao; Quan hệ hai nước lớn có tác động thế giới khu vực, đối sách Việt Nam trước tác động từ mối quan hệ Trung - Mỹ Đóng góp đề tài: ? ?Quan hệ Trung - Mỹ từ Tổng thống Barack Obama lên cầm quyền? ??