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THE 28TH CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS
THE 28 TH CONFERENCE OF THE FEDERATION OF ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONS CAFEO 28 HANOI VIETNAM, 30 TH NOV. - 2 ND DEC., 2010 TITLE: POLYSTYRENE BONDED BOARD (PBB) (Please see separate sheet for the photo) AUTHOR(S)’ NAME(S): Engr. Mary Lynn G. Magbanua Engr. Rodolfo B. Solomon ORGANIZATION & DESIGNATION: Faculty Members, Sultan Kudarat State University – Isulan Campus, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat, Philippines ADDRESS: SKSU-Isulan Campus, Isulan, Sultan KUdarat TEL: 064-201-3878 FAX: 064-200-4261 EMAIL: marylynnmagbanua@yahoo.com rudybsolomon@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Polystyrene is one of the most ubiquitous plastics of our time. Made from highly refined petroleum and found in the casings of computers. Polystyrene foam and other related disposable polystyrene plastics represent a hazard to the environment. These wastes materials can be recycled and turned into a binder of another waste material – the rice hull. These polystyrene bonded boards (PBB) can be used as a substitute to building materials such as plywood. Three volumetric ratios of rice hull and polystyrene were fabricated to assess its potential suitability in the manufacture of PBB by manufacturing test composites of various types. Results showed that PBB has low water absorption, low thickness swell, and high in flexural strength which means that the less water absorption, the less the deterioration of the board. I. INTRODUCTION Global concerns on environmental problems have been on the rise. One major contributor to these problems is the solid wastes generated by populace. Solid waste products such as disposable polystyrene foam and other agricultural by- products represent a hazard to the environment. Polystyrene is one of the most ubiquitous plastics of our time. Made from highly refined petroleum and found in the casings of computers, in disposable cutlery, in yogurt containers and CD jewel cases as well as in countless other applications hundreds of thousands of tons of polystyrene are produced for our throw-away society (www.cawrecycles.org/issues/eps_environmental_effects-). Rice hull is a waste product of rice milling. It is generated during the first stage of milling when rough rice is husked (Lange, 2000). It comes in great volume and usually considered to contribute to the environmental problems when dumped or burned (Smajilla, 2000). Latest statistics show that more than 150 million tons of rice hulls are generated each year worldwide. Studies show that rice can be useful in the fabrication of boards and other construction materials because of its high silica components such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (Shieh- Lieh, 2000), Because of its high fiber, silica and lignin, (Olivier, http://www. Esria.com/pdf/The- Rice-Hull-House.PDF) rice hull resist fungal decomposition and water penetration and was found out to have insulating properties. Agro waste materials are very abundant in Sultan Kudarat. Agro wastes such as rice hulls and palm fronds abound in the said province. Oil palm fronds fibers are utilized and developed by converting it to fiber based materials (http//www.aseansec.org /7011html.). These waste materials can be recycled and turned into a binder of another waste material which is the rice hull. Adoption of these materials will be beneficial to the builders. This Polystyrene Bonded Boards (PBB) can be used as substitute to building materials such as plywood which is cheaper in the construction industry. This will also help to decrease the continuous rising cost of housing materials. Also, it will lessen the use of wood that causes widespread deforestation. The basic aim is to make a polystyrene bonded board (PBB) out of the agro waste materials commonly found in the locale. It tested the compatibility of the polystyrene binder mix with rice hull. The physical property of the board such as density, thickness swelling, and water absorption at different volumetric ratio was measured. Also the flexural strength of the board at different volumetric ratio in three were tested using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at the Department of Public Works and Highways Laboratory (DPWH). II. METHODOLOGY The materials used in the production of polystyrene bonded boards (PBB) are rice hull, polystyrene and binder called acrylic thinner. Polystyrene was collected, cleaned and shredded to the desired size for ease of mixing. A polymer was mixed to dissolve the polystyrene. The dissolved polystyrene was used as binder for the rice hull. Binder Mix The binder was a mixture of lacquer thinner as dissolving agent and polystyrene using a 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20 for the three (3) mixtures with three replicates for each ratio. Table 1. Mix proportion of binder and rice hull ID no. Binder/ Particle ratio Binder (g) Particle Rice hull(g) PBB 6040 60:40 60 40 PBB 7030 70:30 70 30 PBB 8020 80:20 80 20 The specimens with dimensions of 0.02 cm by 0.15cm. by 0.30cm was cast in mold and allowed to dry in room temperature for one week. Then it was subjected to curing method. The F –test was used in finding out if there is a significant difference in terms of flexural strength. Further, it was tested using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Melting of Polystyrene Melted polystyrene used as binder Mixing of binder and rice hull The samples III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The following tables present the results of the compressive tests of the samples from the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and the statistical analysis performed on the data gathered. It also presents the interpretation of the results of the analysis. Table 2. Water Absorption by Water Immersion Treatment of PBB Treatment/ Volumetric Ratio Replicates Weight (g) Water Absorption % Average Water Absorption (%) Ww Dw PBB 60:40 1 15 15.9 0.06 0.08 2 15 17.15 0.14 3 15 15.7 0.05 PBB 70:30 1 35 35.6 0.017 0.023 2 35 35.5 0.014 3 35 36.29 0.037 PBB 80:20 1 25 26.8 0.072 0.045 2 25 25.7 0.028 3 25 25.9 0.036 Results for the water absorption of PBB by soaking are 0.023, 0.045 and 0.08 for volumetric ratio 70:30, 80:20 and 60:40 respectively. Using the JIS standards for boards which is <50% all the three treatments revealed a low water absorption; thus passing the JIS 1408 allowable value of <50%. Table 3. Thickness Swell by Water Immersion Treatment of PBB Treatment/ Volumetric Ratio Replicates Thickness mm Swelling % Average Swell (%) Before Soaking After Soaking Shown in Table 3 are the findings on the thickness swelling by soaking are 0.06, 0.06 and 0.14 for volumetric ratio 70:30, 80:20 and 60:40 respectively. Of the three volumetric ratios the board 70:30, 80:20 that contained the least amount of rice hull has the lowest thickness. All the three treatments did not passed the allowable thickness swell of <2% set by Japan International Standard for boards. The implication could be that rice hull swells when immersed in the water thus, the boards are recommended for interior walls. Table 4. Density of Water Immersion Treatment PBB PBB 60:40 1 25 21.5 0.14 0.14 2 25 21.0 0.16 3 25 22.0 0.12 PBB 70:30 1 25 23.5 0.06 0.06 2 25 24.0 0.04 3 25 23.0 0.08 PBB 80:20 1 25 23.5 0.06 0.06 2 25 23.0 0.08 3 25 24.0 0.04 Treatment/ Volumetric Ratio Replicates Before Soaking After Soaking Density % Average Density (%) PBB 60:40 1 0.02 0.025 0.25 0.27 2 0.02 0.027 0.35 3 0.02 0.024 0.20 PBB 70:30 1 0.047 0.05 0.064 0.086 2 0.047 0.05 0.064 3 0.047 0.053 0.13 PBB 80:20 1 0.033 0.038 0.15 0.12 2 0.033 0.037 0.12 3 0.033 0.036 0.09 The findings on the density of the board showed that 60:40 had the greatest density of 0.27 and the lowest value for 70:30 of 0.086. Table 5. Flexural Strength by Water immersion Treatment of PBB Treatment/ Volumetric Ratio Replicates Flexural Strength Average Flexural Strength PBB 60:40 1 0.00000654 0.00000871 2 0.00000980 3 0.00000980 PBB 70:30 1 0.0000163 0.0000142 2 0.0000131 3 0.0000131 PBB 80:20 1 0.0000229 0.0000229 2 0.0000196 3 0.0000261 The findings on the flexural strength of the board showed that 60:40 had the lowest flexural strength of 0.00000871 and the greatest value for 80:20 of 0.0000229. This implies that the lesser the rice hull the greater is the flexural strength. This implies that the three treatments did not passed the WWCB standard value of 15 MPa. Table 6.ANOVA table for Water Absorption by Water Immersion Treatment Since F c is less than F t the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the water absorption of the boards using the method of water immersion. This implies that all can be used but the least value is highly recommended. Table 7.ANOVA table for Thickness Swell by Water Immersion Treatment Since F c is greater than F t the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore there is a significant difference between the means of the thickness swelling of the boards using the method of water immersion. Source of Variation SS df MSS F-test value F c F tab 5% 1% Between Column 0.33 2 0.165 Within Column 2.29 6 0.382 Total 2.62 8 0.33 0.432 5.14 10.92 Source of Variation SS df MSS F-test value F c F tab 5% 1% Between Column 8 2 4 Within Column 1.5 6 0.25 Total 9.5 8 1.1875 16 5.14 10.92 Table 7.1.DMRT table for Thickness Swell by Water Immersion Treatment Treatment 60:40 70:30 80:20 Mean 3.5 a 1.5 ab 1.5 ab Note: means followed by the same superscript are not significantly different at 1% level of significance. This implies that all can be used but the least value is highly recommended. Table 8. ANOVA table for Density by Water Immersion Treatment Since F c is less than F t the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the density of the boards using the method of water immersion. Source of Variation SS df MSS F-test value F c F tab 5% 1% Between Column .000001 2 0.0000005 Within Column .0000152 6 0.00000253 Total 0.0000162 8 0.00000203 0.198 5.14 10.92 Table 9.ANOVA table for Flexural Strength by Water Immersion Treatment Since F c is less than F t the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the flexural strength of the board using the method of water immersion. Flexural strength which has the greatest value is recommended . IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusions From the findings stated above, the most acceptable mixture is PBB 70:30 because of its low water absorption, low thickness swell, and high in flexural strength which means that the less water absorption the less the deterioration of the board. As large amount of rice hull and polystyrene are found in many parts of the Philippines, there exists an excellent opportunity in fabricating boards towards a wide array of applications in building and construction such as boards and blocks. Natural fiber such as rice hull can be a potential candidate in making of composites. Recommendations Based on the findings the following recommendations are made: 1. A study PBB should include the volume of thinner. 2. Further study on tests such as the insulating capability and combustion of the PBB. 3. There should be an advocacy for adoption and propagation of the technology on the use agricultural wastes and other plastic materials that are considered as garbage materials 4. Further investigation for improving the properties of boards made from rice hull and polystyrene that should include simple approaches, such as adjusting the binder ratio. Source of Variation SS df MSS F-test value F c F tab 5% 1% Between Column -3.15x10 -11 2 -1.575x10 -11 Within Column -1.52x10 -05 6 -2.53x10 -06 Total -1.52x10 -05 8 -1.9x10 -06 6.22x10 -6 5.14 10.92 [...]... Beltran, G (2008) Development of Particle Board Using Coffee and Peanut Hulls with Melted Polystyrene as Binder REDTI Journal Vol IV, Diliman, Quezon City Chaisupakitsin M and Apichatsopit, T (2000) The Role of Recycled Waste Polystyrene Foam on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Novel Ceiling Boards, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongjut’s Institute of Technology Lad Krabang Bangkok... International, Inc.P117 Internet Sources http//www.adminrecords.uscd.edu/ppm/docs/520-4.html Accessed October 09, 2009 (http//earthsource.org) Accessed November 16,2008 (www.earthsource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-styrofoam.html)Accessed September 02, 2009 (http//www.aseansec.org/7011html.) Accessed June 15, 2008 (www.cawrecycles.org/issues/eps_environmental_effects-)Accessed july14,2008 (http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=A0oGkkX5StNItiAANAhXNyoA?p=thinner&y=Search&fr=... (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards) Accessed March 22, 2010 (http://www.eltomation.com/Eng/Publications/Prop%20and%20appl%20WWCB%20leaflet.pdf) Accessed March 22, 2010 PICTURE OF AUTHORS ENGR RODOLFO B SOLOMON ENGR MARY LYNN G MAGBANUA . F t the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore there is no significant difference between the means of the density of the boards using the method of water. F t the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore there is a significant difference between the means of the thickness swelling of the boards using the method