vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORGININALITY OF STUDY PROJECT REPORT i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES v PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the study Aims of the study Research questions of the study Significance of the study Scope of the study Methodology Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background & Review of Related Literature 1.1 Discourse and discourse analysis 1.1.1 The concept of discourse 1.1.2 Spoken and Written Discourse 1.1.3 Discourse Analysis 1.1.4 Context in Discourse Analysis 1.2 Cohesion 1.2.1 The concept of cohesion 1.2.2 Classification of cohesion 11 Chapter 2: An overview of Functional Food and Functional Food Advertisements 16 2.1 The notion of Functional Food 16 2.2 Functional Food Advertisements 18 2.2.1 The functions of advertising 18 2.2.2 The strategies of advertising 19 2.2.3 The language of advertising 19 vii 2.2.4 General Description of Functional Food advertisements 19 2.2.4.1 Context of English and Vietnamese FFAs 19 2.2.4.2 The structure of an FFA 22 Chapter 3: An analysis of lexical cohesive devices in FFAs 24 3.1 An overview of Lexical Cohesive Devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs 24 3.2 Detailed Analysis of Lexical Cohesive Devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs 25 3.2.1 Reiteration 25 3.2.1.1 Repetition 26 3.2.1.2 Synonyms 29 3.2.1.3 Near Synonyms 31 3.2.1.4 Super-ordinates 34 3.2.2 Collocation 37 3.2.2.1 Lexical collocation 37 3.2.2.2 Grammatical collocation 38 Part C: CONCLUSION 42 REFERENCES 45 APPENDIX I APPENDIX III APPENDIX V APPENDIX VI APPENDIX .VII APPENDIX X APPENDIX XIII APPENDIX XIV APPENDIX XV iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FFs : Functional Foods FFAs : Functional Food Advertisements DA : Discourse Analysis v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Types of cohesion Table 2: The frequency of occurrence of lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs Table 3: The frequency of occurrence of reiteration in English and Vietnamese FFAs Table 4: The frequency of occurrence of repetition in English and Vietnamese FFAs Table 5: The frequency of occurrence of collocation in English and Vietnamese FFAs Table 6: The frequency of occurrence of grammatical collocation in English and Vietnamese FFAs Table 7: Percentage of N-collocations and other types in English FFAs Table 8: Percentage of N-collocations and other types in Vietnamese FFAs 12 24 25 26 38 39 40 40 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Reasons for choosing functional food advertisements ( FFAs) for analysis There is much greater recognition today that people can help themselves and their families to reduce the risk of illness and disease and to maintain their state of health and well being through a healthy lifestyle, including the diet The primary role of diet is to provide sufficient nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of an individual Many traditional food products including fruits, vegetables, soya, whole grains and milk have been found to contain components with potential health benefits In addition to these foods, new foods are being developed to enhance or incorporate these beneficial components for their health benefits or desirable physiological effects As said before, consumer interest in the relationship between diet and health has increased substantially, thanks to an increase in life quality accompanying an improved life expectancy In particular, there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically-active food components, so-called functional foods Functional foods are an emerging field in food science due to their increasing popularity with health-conscious consumers With its easy use, ability to support good health with nutrients and improve the immune system, functional food is winning the hearts of more and more consumers As a matter of fact, functional foods seem to be sort of new to a large number of Vietnamese people There exist different ideas, even contrary ideas on this new kind of product The idea of investigating this kind of product to have a better understanding on it comes deeply to my mind As mentioned before, consumers‟ interest in functional foods has been increasing during the late twentieth century as people's interest in achieving and maintaining good health increased People‟s demand has increased; offering an opportunity for the age of advertising, advertising has been gaining its great popularity Different kinds of customers potentially demand different ways of presenting advertisements Advertisements are so available around us that we cannot help taking notice of them They are informative and keep us in touch with the world We can see them in newspapers, magazines, radios, televisions, or public places It is the fact that they play a remarkably important role in the socio-economy of any country For this reason, I decide to involve myself in the field of advertising Reasons for investigating lexical cohesive devices During my attending discourse analysis lectures delivered by Professor Nguyen Hoa, I was attracted by his talk explaining the two notion “cohesion” and “coherence” clearly and understandably Referring back to my interest in the language of advertising, I combine these two to make a decision of analyzing lexical cohesion in advertising discourses It is noticeable that many researches on cohesive devices and particularly on lexical cohesive devices have been carried out in many discourses and genres Also, many studies of advertising discourse have focused on the language used in advertisements However, none has been done to functional food advertisements In the light of discourse analysis, cohesion and coherence are among major aspects studied Basing on the theory of these two terms, I analyze the linguistic features in terms of syntax of functional food advertisements in which I can see the frequency of occurrence of lexical cohesive devices and then draw some noticeable findings Aims of the study The study serves four main aims: - to give a brief overview on discourse and discourse analysis with the two related aspects: cohesion and coherence - to give a general understanding of the notion “functional food” and the language of advertising - to investigate and describe the employment of lexical cohesive devices in this type of advertisement to work out their cohesive functions in particular, their roles in general in the creation of successful advertisements - to make a comparative analysis of lexical cohesion between English and Vietnamese FFAs Research questions of the study In order to achieve the aims stated above, the study is meant to find out the answers to following research questions: - What are the lexical cohesive devices used in English FFAs and Vietnamese ones? - What are the frequencies of occurrence of these lexical cohesive devices? - How lexical cohesive devices contribute to the success of a functional food advertisement? - What are the similarities and differences in the employment of lexical cohesive devices between English samples and Vietnamese ones? Significance of the study This study contributes to verify the correctness and significance related to linguistic theories in discourse analysis by working on a certain kind of discourse (Functional Food Advertisements) Together with some previous studies on discourse analysis of advertising, the study covers another research on another type of advertising - Functional Food Advertisements It can be a useful analysis to understand the role and contribution of lexical cohesive devices to successful FFAs Especially, this study is of great importance to me; it reflects my interest and concern about advertisement genre, this study is a valuable assertion on my effort to sort out the kinds of magazine and collect the advertisement samples More importantly, thanks to this study, I could create a worthy opportunity for myself to have a true and deep understanding on a new and blooming kind of product in the world in general, in Vietnam in particular, then it is my hope that this study can contribute to raising people‟s awareness of functional foods and FFAs Last but not least, this study can be a foundation for further studies on analysis of Function Food advertising in the light of other linguistic branches such as pragmatics, semantics Scope of the study Due to the limited time and knowledge, it is not my ambition to have a comprehensive analysis of FFAs I merely focus on the lexical cohesive devices in the advertisements for only one kind of products namely FFAs The investigation on one of two main aspects of cohesion, grammatical one, is beyond of the scope of this study, and this issue should be left for further study The samples include 10 English FFAs and Vietnamese ones with equivalent number for the purpose of contrastive analysis All the data collected will be analyzed to explore their contribution to the creation of the cohesive and coherent text with precision, unambiguity, and tightness Methodology Description of data: Subjects for this study are advertisements of functional foods, a large number of which can be found on televisions, on newspapers, on the internet, and so on However, this study focuses on samples of advertisements taken out from some magazines in both English and Vietnamese because magazines are one of written discourses in which the author can find it easier to explore lexical cohesive devices and their role and contribution to the effective advertisements Moreover, FFAs are not frequently found in newspapers That is the reason why the genre “magazines” is chosen as the source to collect the data for the study It is a fact that collecting samples for data analysis is time-consuming for the reason that the market for English magazines is not big, the number of English magazines left in the market is limited in Vietnam country whereas it is much easier to reach Vietnamese magazines in which appear FFAs Finally, the author of this thesis was able to get what needed Specifically, 10 English samples of FFAs are collected from some favorite and famous magazines including Women‟s Weekly, Female, and Glamour Among a variety of magazines in Vietnamese, Tiếp thị gia đình,Phụ nữ, Thế giới phụ nữ, and Truyền hình are also chosen as the source of data In these, 10 advertisements for functional foods are picked up These magazines are chosen for data collection because of their common characteristics Firstly, all of these magazines have the section “advertisements” which are popular among customers who are able to afford to buy such kinds of products as functional foods Secondly, the target markets of all these magazines are mainly the women who can be reached by their care of their health and beauty Lastly, these female customers are clearly more eligible than male ones All 10 samples in English language are for the products originated from Englishspeaking countries, whereas samples in Vietnamese language are for products produced in Vietnam, the three other ones in Thailand, Sweden and China For these, Vietnamese copywriters / advertisers either create advertisements for them or translate original advertisements into Vietnamese ones Methods of the study: - Deductive method: this is a study from discourse analysis approach, focusing on lexical cohesion, thus descriptions and interpretations undeniably base on the works of a few prominent authors and their contributions to related fields such as discourse analysis, cohesion Besides, a framework about the functional food products and language of advertising is set up in order to find out the defining characteristics of functional foods and FFAs - Inductive method: As introduced in the previous part, the study is aimed to explore the types of lexical cohesive devices used in FFAs Consequently; I will arrive at generalizations of explanations and form questions for further research - Qualitative and quantitative methods: Qualitative method helps the study approach the advertising samples, then find out general features of these advertisements After the qualitative analysis, the data is also quantitatively analyzed This quantitative is exploited most of the time to search for what the lexical cohesive devices are used - Descriptive method: In the investigation of data, the descriptive method is employed to give a detailed description of data in terms lexical cohesion It is through this process that the significance level of each lexical cohesive device to the advertisements is specified Design of the study Within the scope mentioned above, the thesis is structured as follows: Part A: INTRODUCTION This part introduces the rationale, aims, methods, scope, significance, and the design of the study Part B: DEVELOPMENT This part consists of three chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical Background & Review of Related Literature which covers some theoretical knowledge on discourse analysis in general, on cohesive devices in particular Chapter 2: An overview on Functional Foods & Functional Food Advertisements This chapter deals firstly with the defining characteristics of FFs (Functional Foods) and then with advertising discourse together with general descriptions of FFAs Chapter 3: An analysis of lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs The third chapter in Part B, also the main one of the study, focused on the analysis of the lexical cohesive devices employed Part C: CONCLUSION: Firstly, I attempt to present recapitulation with some major findings Finally, some limitations and suggestions are mentioned PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background & Review of Related Literature This chapter aims at dealing with theoretical framework of the study The chapter begins with a brief view on discourse and discourse analysis In this part, some important concepts in discourse analysis will be looked at, such as discourse and text, spoken and written discourse, and context in discourse analysis Then, the study investigates the notion “cohesion” which will be broken into the concept of cohesion, cohesion and coherence, and classification of cohesion The writer of this study takes the view of Halliday and Hasan as the theoretical framework 1.1 Discourse and discourse analysis 1.1.1 The concept of discourse There are different ways of understanding and defining “discourse” A number of definitions of discourse have been offered It is a fact that the term “discourse” is very ambiguous This notion should be investigated along with the notion “text”, which will be presented below: Discourse and Text “Discourse” and “text” are two terms in discourse analysis which are in need of research and clarification because they may cause confusion for teachers and students of discourse analysis, as well as researchers doing discourse analysis Some scholars identify discourse with text and they supposed that they can be used interchangeably; meanwhile, some other linguists consider text and discourse as two separate entities, and then have paid much attention to the distinction between a discourse and a text For some of them, text is used for writing and discourse is used for speech Brown & Yule (1983:6) argue that text is the representation of discourse, and the term “text” is used to refer to the verbal record of a communicative act Nunan (1993:7-8) affirms that the term “text” is used to “refer to any written record of a communicative event”, meanwhile the term “discourse” is reserved to refer to the interpretation of the communicative event in context.” Crystal (1992:25) says: “Discourse is a continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or a narrative” According to Halliday & Hasan (1976:2, Cohesion in English), “a text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text” The primary determinant of whether a set of sentences or not constitute a text depends on cohesive relationships within and between the sentences They also state “A text is a unit of language in use It is not a grammatical unit, like a clause or sentence” (Halliday & Hasan, 1976:1) To emphasize the semantic role of text, they add “a text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a unit not of form but of meaning A text does not consist of sentences; it is REALIZED BY, or encoded in, sentences.”(Halliday & Hasan, 1976:2) Halliday II REPETITION of Part of speech: VERB Number of Examples / Frequency of occurrence advertisements E E support(2) E E Enjoy ( 2), reduce (3) E Boost (2) E Help (5) E Provide (2), E Help ( 6),relieve (2) E Help (2), E.10 Help (3), balance ( 3), reduce (2), support (3), maintain (2), diet/dieting (3), contain (2) REPETITION of Part of speech: ADJECTIVES Number of Examples / Frequency of occurrence advertisements E E Healthy (2), complete(2) E E Natural (4), starch-rich (2), sensible (2), fat-rich (3) E E New (4) , healthy (2) E E E E.10 Weight-loss (3) III APPENDIX REPETITION OF PRODUCT NAMES Number of advertisements Name of the functional food products / frequency of occurrence V.1 Dầu gấc Hoapharm ( 5) V.2 Veta ( 6) V.3 Collagen ( 3) V.4 Mega- T (4), Mega- G (3) V.5 Spivital (2) V.6 Sensa cools (2) V.7 Power Brain (2) V.8 V.9 Pregnutal ( 3) V.10 Brands (2) REPETITION of Part of speech: NOUN Number of Examples / Frequency of occurrence advertisements V.1 Sức khỏe (2), vi lượng (2), V.2 Cơ thể (3), vẻ đẹp (6) V.3 Đàn hồi (2),da (4), thể (2) V.4 Sản phẩm (7), hiệu (3) V.5 Dinh dưỡng (3) V.6 V.7 Não ( 3), trí tuệ (4), sức mạnh (2) V.8 V.9 V.10 Phụ nữ cho bú (3), phụ nữ mang thai ( 3) IV REPETITION of Part of speech: VERB Number of Examples / Frequency of occurrence advertisements V.1 Hỗ trợ (3), chống (3), có chứa (2) V.2 Tỏa sáng (3), V.3 Giúp (5), hấp thụ (3) V.4 Sử dụng (5), giảm (4) V.5 V.6 Giúp (2), tăng (2) V.7 V.8 V.9 Bổ sung (2) V.10 REPETITION of Part of speech: ADJECTIVES Number of Examples / Frequency of occurrence advertisements V.1 Cần thiết (2) V.2 Tiềm ẩn (4), dễ dàng (2) V.3 Dễ dàng (2) V.4 Yên tâm (3), tự tin (2), thoải mái ( 2), hợp lý (3), an toàn (2), hiệu (2) V.5 Nhiêt (2) V.6 Nóng người (2) V.7 V.8 V.9 V.10 Giàu (2) V APPENDIX LEXICAL COLLOCATION in English FFAs Number of FFAs The chain of lexical words / cohesive items E.1 - Energy, vitamin, mineral, immunity, vitality, fatigue - Boost, support, help E.2 - Heart, skin, bone, eye, well being - Maintain, support, aid - Day, week, hours E.3 - Calcium, bones - Healthier, stronger, vitamin, mineral, health E.4 - Weight control, weight management - Gain weight, fat absorption, starch, fat- rich, starch-rich meals, fat-rich meals, calories, diet - Waist, thighs, hips - Lose, cut, reduce E.5 - Energy, calories, metabolism, antioxidants - Active, healthy, sensible, balanced - Boost, increase, support, help E.6 - Physical performance, stamina, energy level, calorie intake - Suppress, cut down on, curb, reduce - Support, enhance - Hungry, eat, food cravings, appetite, food E.7 - Ancient, modern E.8 - Assist, help, support, maintain - Brand, product, tonic - Health, wellbeing, vitality, muscular pain, immune system, energy E.9 - Stimulate, enhance - Immune system, infectious diseases, defences - Metabolism, dieting, diet, food, energy, low calorie, calories, starvation, meal, E.10 breakfast - Maintain, control - Help, aid, support - Slow, reduce - Weight-loss, fat- loss VI APPENDIX LEXICAL COLLOCATION in Vietnamese FFAs Number The chain of lexical words of FFAs V.1 - Bệnh tật, ung thư, nhiễm xạ, nhiễm chất độc dioxin, hóa chất độc, viêm gan, xơ gan, oxy hóa, lão hóa, khơ mắt, qng gà, bỏng, biếng ăn, chậm lớn, thiếu vitamin A - Hỗ trợ, cải thiện, cần thiết, tắng cường, phòng chống, tác dụng, bồi bổ, nâng cao V.2 - Vẻ đẹp, tự nhiên, hoàn hảo, khỏe mạnh, chống oxy hóa, vitamin C, tự hào, tươi trẻ, khỏe khoắn, căng mịn, hồng hào, tràn đầy sức sống, tiềm ẩn, tỏa sáng - Thức ăn, hệ tiêu hóa, chất dinh dưỡng, hấp thu 18 V.3 - Khơi phục, phục hồi, nhanh chóng, dễ dàng - Da, mịn, nếp nhăn, tươi trẻ, đàn hồi V.4 - Tự tin, thoải mái, dễ chịu, yên tâm, tin tưởng, hài lịng - An tồn, hiệu quả, hợp lý - Cơ thể, vận động ,hoạt động, vóc dáng V.5 - Chế độ ăn, thể khỏe mạnh, chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết - Thiếu, bổ sung V.6 - Thảo mộc, thiên nhiên, tươi mát, dịu ngọt, vitamin C, hương chanh - Vấn đề nhiệt, triệu chứng nhiệt, đau họng, nóng người, lở miệng, đẹn, khan tiếng, mụn V.7 - Tăng cường, tăng, cải thiện, hỗ trợ - Não, thần kinh, trí tuệ, trí nhớ, tư duy, sáng tạo, não - Thị giác, thị lực, võng mạc mắt, mỏi mắt, nhìn mờ - Căng thẳng, stress, mệt mỏi, tinh thần, lo lắng, ngủ V.8 - An toàn, hiệu quả, tác dụng phụ V.9 - Mẹ, phụ nữ, ,mang thai, cho bú, con, trẻ, thai phụ - Giàu dưỡng chất, có lợi, cần thiết, đáp ứng, đảm bảo, khỏe mạnh, phát triển V.10 - Tin cậy, tín nhiệm, cam kết - Trí tuệ, thần kinh, trí nhớ, tinh thần, -Tăng cường, thúc đẩy, cải thiện, tăng - Cholesterol, hóa chất bảo quản, màu nhân tạo VII N+N Adj + N APPENDIX GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATION in English FFAs V+N V + Prep Prep + N E.1 - Formulated supplement - Boost vitality - Support immunity E.2 - immune function - multivitamin formula - vital role - healthy skin - healthy bones - Daily vitamins and minerals - Reproductive system - stronger bones E.3 - Vitamins intake - Minerals intake E.4 - Weight control - Weight management - Starch calories - Fats absorption - Proprietary blend - Approved claims - Starch-rich meal - Sensible diet - Top quality - Fat-rich meal - Exercise program - healthy lifestyle - stop from - support immune function - support my immunity -take care of my family Live up - packed with - Gain weight - Lose inches - Cut starch calories - reduce starch and fat absorption - Assist in - Take in Adj + Prep - to the full - with added …extract - at bay - out of every day - with no annual leave - with the full complement - in the pink - of what - for stronger bones - for a healthier reproductive system - in total confidence - with vitamins - with a sensible diet (2) - of dietary starches - in weight management - around waist, thighs, and hips Adv + V/ Adj - specially formulated - further support 0 Beneficial to - specially formulated - Suitable for VIII E.5 - Sensible, balanced diet - Physical activity - Weight-control product - Active, healthy lifestyle - positive changes - healthy lifestyle - huge amount - physical performance - new outlook - Burn calories - Increase energy - Boost metabolism - Combine … with… - lose weight - curb appetite - suppress appetite - reduce food cravings - enhance physical performance - cut down on - replace …with… - fit into - Blend… with… - Assist with - Cope with - Deal with - Result in E.6 - Calorie intake - energy level - food cravings - weight-loss pill E.7 - Health concerns - Natural oil - Emotional healing - Physical healing E.8 - Sleep quality - Energy production - Health challenges - Rich foods - Increased vitality - Natural medicine - Full range - Wide range - Meet challenges - Promote health and wellbeing - Suit needs - Maintain health - without gaining weight - before a meal (2) - without those extra calories - in your meals - from Japan - of nature - of science - of an active and healthy lifestyle - on life - to it - an increase in my energy level - with the help of - by helping - for your commitment - for emotional and physical healing - of your day - for a range of - without symptoms - of health supplement - of products 0 - really notice 1 0 - amazed at IX -Health supplement E.9 E.10 - Muscular pain - Natural medicine - immune system - Sugar balance - Fat loss - weight-loss support TOtal N + N - natural defences - active ingredients - immune system - exceptional blend - proactive formula - infectious and degenerative diseases - Low-calorie 10 dieting - Weight-loss diet - Sufficient level - Blood-sugar level - Sweet foods - Regular exercise - Weight-loss program - healthy sugar balance - gentle exercise - noticeable fat loss 18 Adj + N 53 - support sleep quality - of needs - in tablets - for men’s health - contain exceptional blend - take care of - blend of active ingredients -line of defence - risk …to infectious disease 0 - Maintain metabolism - Support metabolism - Burn calories - Meet requirements - contain nutrients - slow metabolism - reduce cravings -Formulated with - Turn ….into… - controlled by - aid in - lead to - in the body - of the chemical process - of nutrients - on a lowcalorie diet - of any weightloss program - of exercise - before a meal - low in - Mainly - important controlled for V+N 28 V + Prep 20 Prep + N 49 Adj + Prep Adv + V/ Adj X APPENDIX GRAMMATICAL COLLOCATION in Vietnamese FFAs N+N V V+N V.1 V.2 Adj + N - sản phẩm dinh dưỡng - tiến trình lão hóa - Ngun tố vi lượng cần thiết - sản phẩm cần thiết - tác dụng tốt - vẻ đẹp tự nhiên, hoàn hảo - thể khỏe mạnh - thể khỏe khoắn - vẻ đẹp tưoi trẻ - da căng mịn hồng hào - vẻ đẹp tiềm ẩn (4) - công thức bào chế đặc biệt - ưu điểm đặc biết V + Prep - cải thiện sức khỏe - tăng cường sức đề kháng - phòng chống ung thư - bồi bổ sức khỏe - nâng cao sức khỏe - hấp thu chất dinh dưỡng - ngăn chặn tiến trình lão hóa - phục hồi sức sống - giảm nếp nhăn - tăng tính đàn hồi Prep + N - làm từ Adj + Prep Adv + V/ Adj V/Adj + Adv - sử dụng ngày - hoàn toàn không độc hại - mâm cỗ - lãnh thổ Vietnam - từ màng đỏ -cho cộng đồng - với bệnh tật - cho trẻ - sức khỏe cho người -cho vẻ đẹp tự nhiên - thức ăn hàng ngày - thể - với thể khỏe khoắn - Nhật Bản - tính đàn hồi da - cho da - cần thiết cho (2) - tốt cho - có ích cho - tự hào - làm việc dễ dàng - dễ dàng hấp thu - dễ dàng hấp thụ - nhanh chóng khơi phục XI V.4 - hoạt động thể thao - kinh nghiệm giảm cân - tư vấn cẩn thận - vóc dáng gọn gàng thon thả - chế độ ăn uống sinh hoạt hợp lý - chế độ dinh dưỡng hợp lý - chi phí hợp lý - hiệu cao - hiệu nhanh - sử dụng sản phẩm V.5 - giảm từ - chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết - thể khỏe mạnh - bổ sung dinh dưỡng - nhờ tư vấn - từ thảo dược - kếp hợp với chế độ sinh hoạt - với chi phí hợp lý - kết hợp với chể độ dinh dưỡng - bạn bè - nhà phân phối - tự tin, thoải mái với - hài lịng với - giảm cân an tồn, hiệu 0 V.6 - triệu chứng nhiệt - vị dịu nhẹ - tăng cường sức đề kháng - tinh chất từ thảo mộc - hiệu việc 1 V.7 - chức não - khả trí nhớ - suy giảm trí tuệ thị lực - phát triển trí tuệ - chất bổ dưỡng não tự nhiên - sản phẩm dạng viên - tăng cường chức não - cải thiện thị giác - tăng khả trí nhớ - tăng tính sáng tạo tư - giảm cân - não - kết hợp với chất - sức mạnh cho trí tuệ (2) - đặc hiệu 1 V.8 0 0 - ăn - giảm cân hiệu - giảm cân XII cách tự nhiên V.9 V.10 - sức manh tinh thần - lực trí tuệ - căng thẳng thần kinh Total N + N - điều kì diệu hạnh phúc - thực phẩm tươi sống - vitamin cần thiết - lợi ích dinh dưỡng - hóa chất bảo quản - thức uống bổ dưỡng - sống động 12 Adj + N 32 - cung cấp lượng - tăng cường sức đề kháng - tăng cường sức mạnh tinh thần - phục hồi sức khỏe - cải thiện trí nhớ - giảm căng thẳng thần kinh - tăng hấp thụ V+N - bổ sung - bổ sung qua viên nang - cung cấp cho thể 25 V + Prep - cho phụ nữ có thai 1 - phụ nữ nuôi Prep + N 29 - cần thiết cho 0 - thúc đẩy nhanh Adj + Prep Adv + V/ Adj 12 XIII APPENDIX VERB + VERB COLLOCATION FFAs in English E.1 E.2 E.3 E.4 E.5 E.6 E.7 E.8 E.9 E.10 V ( Help) Help V2 boost to cut cut down on to suppress control to enhance to curb cope with to deal with maintain relieve regulate optimize to stimulate to enhance maintain( 5) ensure FFAs in Vietnamese V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V ( giúp) Giúp V2 bồi bổ ngăn chặn hấp thụ (2) tăng giảm giảm ăn V.9 V.10 tăng cường giảm XIV APPENDIX Number of occurrence of types of lexical cohesive devices Types of lexical cohesive devices No of occurrence in No of occurrence English FFAs in Vietnamese FFAs Proper nouns 43 28 Nouns 101 49 Verbs 44 34 Adjectives 24 30 Total 212 141 Synonyms 30 16 Near- synonyms 22 50 Super-ordinates 27 32 General words 12 12 Collocation Lexical Collocation 109 103 178 123 287 226 590 477 Repetition Grammatical Collocation Total Total XV APPENDIX Sources of 20 samples The products Magazines Page V.1 Dầu gấc Hoapharm Truyền hình ( tháng 2/2006) 83 V.2 Veta Tiếp thị & Gia đình (số 23) 101 V.3 Collegen Pure Tiếp thị & Gia đình (số 44) 113 V.4 Mega T & Mega M Tiếp thị & Gia đình (số 23) 127 V.5 Spivital Tiếp thị & Gia đình (số 44) 47 V.6 Slim One Tiếp thị & Gia đình (số 23) 44 V.7 Power Brain Truyền hình (tháng 2/2006) 37 V.8 Sensa Cools Thế giới phụ nữ (7/2007) 59 V.9 Pregnutal V.10 Brand’s Number of FFAs in The products Magazines Page E.1 Supradyn Women’s Weekly ( July 2008) 145 E.2 Centrum Women’s Weekly ( July 2008) 138 E.3 OneADay Women’s Weekly ( July 2008) 147 E.4 LoseInch /LoseFat Women’s Weekly ( July 2008) 149 E.5 Hydroxycut Advanced Glamour ( February 2010) 103 E.6 FatBlaster 217 E.7 Sunspirit E.8 Greenridge E.9 BioDefence Women’s Weekly ( January 2007) Women’s Weekly ( October 2006) Women’s Weekly (( October 2006) Female ( April 2008) E.10 Metabolism AdvantageTM Women’s Weekly ( October 2006) 204 Number of FFAs in Vietnamese Phụ nữ (Số 27 18.7.2010) Tiền phong Thê giới gia đinh (số 8/2005) 127 59 Vietnamese 342 282 261 XVI ... cohesive devices in FFAs 24 3.1 An overview of Lexical Cohesive Devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs 24 3.2 Detailed Analysis of Lexical Cohesive Devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs... Chapter 3: An analysis of lexical cohesive devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs The third chapter in Part B, also the main one of the study, focused on the analysis of the lexical cohesive devices. .. linguistic views of Halliday & Hasan 3.1 An overview of Lexical Cohesive Devices in English and Vietnamese FFAs Understanding comprehensively the uses and the functions of the lexical cohesive devices