ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - HỌC KÌ II I. Cách sử dụng đại từ quan hệ và trạng từ quan hệ 1. Đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, whose, which, that. • Who: được dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người và làm chủ ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ (…… N + who + V) The man who is standing over there is my father. N who V • Whom: được dùng thay thế cho một danh từ chỉ người và làm tân ngữ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ. (……N + whom + S + V) The man whom you met yesterday is my brother. N whom S V • Whose: là đại từ quan hệ sở hữu, thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc danh từ chỉ vật (thay cho: his, her, its, their, Tom’s…) The house whose windows are broken is mine. N whose N V1 V2 + Riêng danh từ chỉ vật có thể thay thế bằng the + N + of which Example: The house the window of which are broken is mine • Which: được dùng làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ thay thế cho danh từ chỉ đồ vật, con vật hoặc sự việc. Example: This is the book which I like best. • That: được dùng thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc chỉ vật, hoặc chủ ngữ gồm cả người và vật, sau những đại từ không xác định, hoặc sau dạng so sánh nhất… Example: - That is the bicycle that/ which belongs to Tom. - The architect who/ that designed this building is very famous. 2. Trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. • Why: mở đầu cho một mệnh đề quan hệ để chỉ nguyên nhân, lí do.(có thể thay thế bằng That) I don’t know the reason why/ that you didn’t go to school yesterday. • Where (=on, in, at which) mở đầu cho một mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ địa điểm nơi chốn. The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean. = The hotel in which we stayed wasn’t very clean. • When (=on/ in/ at which) mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ thời gian. (có thể thay thế bằng That) I will never forget the day when/ that I first met my husband II. Vị trí của giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ • Trong mệnh đề quan hệ, khi đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ cho giới từ thì thường được đặt ở 2 vị trí: trước đại từ quan hệ WHOM, WHICH hoặc sau động từ. • Trong lối văn phong trang trọng, giới từ được đứng trước đaị từ quan hệ WHOM, WHICH The man to whom my mother is talking is my form teacher. • Trong lối nói thân mật, giới từ thường đứng sau động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ The man whom my mother is talking to is my form teacher. • chú ý: * không dùng giới từ với THAT hoặc WHO * Với cụm động từ (phrasal verb) thì giới từ không được dùng trước WHOM và WHICH * giới từ WITHOUT không được dùng ở vị trí sau động từ The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane. III. Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ 1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining Relative Clause): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. The man who robbed you has been arrested. • trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ: whom, which, that và các trạng từ quan hệ trong lối văn thân mật The book you lent me was very interesting. Do you remember the day we met each other? 2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non – defining relative clause): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Đây là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bởi dấu phẩy hoặc dấu gạch ngang. That man, who lives in the next flat, looks very lonely. The book “Jane Eyre”, which I was reading, is really good. • Không dùng đại từ quan hệ THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định • Những từ đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ thường: Tên riêng, tính từ sở hữu, This, That, These, Those • Không thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ WHOM, WHICH và các trạng từ WHERE, WHEN, WHY trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định • Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định WHICH có thể được dùng để thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó • Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, các cụm từ chỉ số lượng: all of/ most of/ neither of/ many of… có thể được dùng với WHOM, WHICH và WHOSE Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. IV. Dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề quan hệ: 1. Cụm phân từ a) Hiện tại phân từ (V_ing ): được dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ chia ở các thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn, hoặc khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ diễn tả mong muốn, hi vọng, mong đợi That man, who is sitting next to Mary, is my uncle. That man, sitting next to Mary, is my uncle b) Quá khứ phân từ (P II ): quá khứ phân từ đựơc dùng khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động. The boy who was injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. 2. Động từ nguyên mẫu (To infinitive): được dùng sau The first, the second,…, the last, the only, động từ khuyết thiếu, hoặc sau cấp so sánh cao nhất. The captain was the last person who left the ship. The captain was the last person to leave the ship. Here is a form that you must fill in. Here is a form for you to fill in. * khi đại từ quan hệ who(m), which, that đứng làm tân ngữ hoặc bổ ngữ thì ta có thể lựơc bỏ đại từ quan hệ The man who(m) you met yesterday is my friend. The man you met yesterday is my friend. V. Câu nhấn mạnh/ Câu chẻ (Cleft sentences) 1. Câu nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ (subject focus) It is/ was + S + that/ who + V…: Chính ai đó làm gì…. The boy visited his uncle last month. It was the boy that/ who visited his uncle last month 2. Câu nhấn mạnh tân ngữ (Object focus) It is/ was + O + That/ Who + S + V The boy is learning English. It is English that the boy is learning 3. Câu nhấn mạnh trạng từ (Adverbial focus) It is/ was + Adv. of place/ time + that + S + V + (O) She bought him a present at the shop It was at the shop that she bought him a present 4. Câu nhấn mạnh bị động It is/ was + O + that + is/ are/ was/ were + Vpp People talked a lot about his house. It was his house that was talked a lot about VI. Liên từ cặp đôi (Conjunctions) Both …and: vừa…vừa, cả…và Not only…but also: không những…mà còn Either…or: hoặc cái này, hoặc cái kia Neither… nor: không cái này cũng không cái kia • Both + N + and + N + V (plural): Both Mary and Tom are students. • S + V + both + N + and + N: She plays both tennis and badminton • S + both + V + and + V: He both sings and dances. • S + be + both + adj + and + adj: She is both beautiful and intelligent. • S + V + both + Adv. phrase + and + Adv. phrase: We go to school both in the morning and in the afternoon • Cách dùng Not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor tương tự như both and tuy nhiên trong các cấu trúc này động từ chia phù hợp với chủ ngữ thứ 2 (đứng gần động từ nhất), còn Both … and động từ luôn chia ở dạng số nhiều Đọc hiểu: Bài đọc liên quan đến chủ đề của một trong những bài: Unit 11, 12, 13 and15. LUYỆN TẬP Chọn từ có phần gạch chân được phát âm khác với những từ còn lại: 1. A. bother B. thoughtful C. geothermal D. breakthrough 2. A. conquest B. astronaut C. Congress D. psychological 3. A. digit B. service C. notify D. gigantic 4. A. trained B. watched C. worked D. stopped 5. A. effort B. fencing C. release D. devastate 6. A. protect B. ecologist C. prohibit D. potential 7. A. spacious B. landscape C. satisfaction D. facsimile 8. A. exhausted B. heat C. prohibit D. handicapped 9. A. alternative B. aquatic C. intercultural D. fertilizer 10. A. gymnast B. rugby C. fly D. variety 11. A. discarded B. called C. operated D. needed 12. A. accompany B. accomplish C. wonder D. come 13. A. discharge B. service C. limit D. beside 14. A. swing B. sweat C. answer D. swan 15. A. tanks B. recipients C. bookshops D. belongings Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành các câu sau: 16. Oil, coal and natural gas are (nuclear energy, fossil fuels, plentiful, infinite). 17. The house (which built, to build, built, building) 40 years ago is still in good condition. 18. I like the food (was cooked, cooked, which cooked, cooking) by my mother. 19. Vietnam is rich in (natural resources, seas, land, fish such as coal, apatite, bauxite…. 20. Do you know the girl (wears, to wear, wear, wearing) a long white dress? 21. Linda was the last student (to be asked, asking, asks, to ask) at the oral exam. 22. The man (is entering, entering, to be entered, enters) the bank is a millionaire. 23. The singer was (served, accompanied, assisted, sounded) on the piano by her sister. 24. I didn’t really feel like going out, but I am glad I (did, made, tried, acted) my effort. 25. “Is this the address to (where, whom, which, that) you want the package sent?” 26. The chemistry book (that I bought it, what I bought, I bought that, I bought) was a little expensive. 27. “Have you ever met the man (stands, standing, who he is standing, is standing) over there?” – No. Who is he? 28. “Do you remember Mrs. Goddard, (who, whom, that, which) taught us English last year? 29. “Will you find the person (who, which, that his, whose) bike you found?” 30. The Vietnamese participants took (notice, notes, part, role) in the 14 th Asian Games with great enthusiasm. 31. (Spectators, Athletes, Audience, Viewers) from several countries competed in many Asian Games. 32. How many sports were there (in, on, at, to) the 14 th Asian Games? 33. The Olympic Games is one of the biggest sporting (problems, athletes, cultures, events) all over the world. 34. Swimming is one of the (mountainous, aquatic, racing, running) sports. 35. On some special occasions, people often march and demonstrate to show their (nation, event, culture, solidarity). 36. Vietnam won 3 gold (degrees, medals, awards, boards) at the 15 th Asian Games. 37. This is the novel (that, which, x, all are correct) I’ve been expecting. 38. He is very good at (making, getting, accompanying, having) people singing with his guitar. 39. My uncle is interested in (collect collecting, collected, to collect) stamps. 40. I’m quite keen on my father’s valuable stamp (collect, collecting, collection, collector). 41. You should not indulge yourself (in, on, for, at) anything that can form a bad habit. 42. I really admire him, for his (succeed, success, successful, successfully). 43. She is the only student who is good (in, on, at, with) both maths and literature in my class. 44. (It was from this shop that, It was from this shop where, it was this shop which, It was this shop that) I bought the golden fish. 45. It was Tom (comes, that comes, to come, who came) to help us. 46. (The baby, The baby that, It was the baby who, The baby whom) the police had rescued from the fires. 47. Now women work both before (or, also, nor, and) after having children. 48. She has neither read the book (or seen, nor see, or see, nor seen) the film. 49. We don’t have to repair the house as it is still (at, in, on, of) good condition. 50. (Both Tom and Ann, Either Tom or Ann, Neither Tom nor Ann, All of Tom and Ann) were punished because they were late. 51. The film was … boring… long (either/or, neither/and, both/and, either/nor). 52. She neither talked nor (show, showed, showing, shown) her feelings 53. You must either go at once or (waiting, must wait, wait, to wait) till tomorrow. 54. It is the children (whom, which, x, that) were punished. 55. Either I or they (are, is, was, were) enjoying the party now. 56. Neither I nor she (has, have, was, were) seen the film before. 57. The spacecraft lifted (on, of, off, in) at 12 A.M 58. The spacecraft is already in (ring, flight, habit, orbit) round the moon. 59. Pham Tuan is the first Vietnamese (driver, sailor, spaceship, astronaut) to fly into space. 60. I am the only representative of Vietnam in this competition, (not I, amn’t I, isn’t I, aren’t I)? 61. The ticket to London doesn’t cost a lot, (do they, does it, is it, isn’t it)? 62. You don’t need any more, (do I, don’t I, do you, don’t you)? 63. She can speak 6 languages, (can she, can’t she, cannot she, does she)? 64. Wind energy is …… safe……unlimited. (not only/but also, neither/nor, not only/and, either/or). 65. Neil Armstrong is the first person (to set, to walk, to work, to do) foot on the moon. 66. The hotel staff is friendly and (unhelpful, courteous, discourteous, impolite) 67. All post offices in Viet Nam are equipped with advanced (knowledge, machines, science, technology). 68. You can choose to send your letters by air or (sea, land, surface, hand) mail. 69. How long did Yuri Gagarin’s trip into space (lengthen, last, late, strengthen)? – Only 108 minutes. 70. When spacemen travel into space they have to face enormous (certainties, uncertainties, possibilities, certainty) 71. I was not appointed to be a tour guide because I (could, couldn’t, was able to, cannot) speak English at that time. 72. John does look well today, (isn’t he, does he, does him, will he)? 73. They used to work as astronauts, (don’t they, weren’t they, did they, didn’t they)? 74. They seemed to have a good time at the party, hadn’t they, had they, did they, didn’t they)? 75. A pharaoh was a (king, queen, prince, princess) of ancient Egypt. 76. When a pharaoh was dead, he was (carried, hidden, dug, buried) in his pyramid. 77. The pharaohs built pyramids to prepare for their (die, death, dead, dying). 78. Sydney Opera House is widely regarded as a (heritage, wonder, belonging, possession) of the modern world. 79. Scientists have proposed many (miracles, theories, legends, mysteries) about the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. 80. (Bill Gates, Bill Gates says, Bill Gates is, Bill Gates is said) to be the richest man in the USA. 81. Mr. Pike (says to be, is said to be, is said that, said to be) the most famous archaeologist in our city. 82. John (said to have been visited, is said to have visited, said to have visited, is said to have been visited) The Great Egypt of Giza. 83. You have seen this film, (haven’t you, have you, do you, don’t you)? 84. It is collecting stamps that he is (concerned, interested, fond, keen) in. 85. Tom, (that, who, whom, whose) sits next to me, is from Canada. 86. The government sent money and food to the people (which, that, whom, whose) houses were destroyed by the fire. 87. People are destroying the environment by adding (pollutes, pollutions, polluted, pollutants) to it. 88. Nowadays, people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in (danger, threat, problem, vanishing) of becoming extinct. 89. I’m not the man (that, x, whom, all are correct) you are looking for. Tìm và sửa lỗi sai trong các câu sau: 90. The waiter whom served us yesterday was impolite and rude. 91. This school is only for students who’s first language is not Chinese. 92. This is the girl who father is working with my father. 93. He is moving to Lang Son, that is in the north-east of Viet Nam. 94. The man to speak to me is John’s brother. 95. He is the first person be killed in that way. 96. They work in a hospital building in 1980. 97. The flight on it I wanted to travel was cancelled because of the bad weather. 98. It was at this shop where I bought this dictionary. 99. It is my closest friend goes abroad to study next week. 100. It was the cat who the boy hit. 101. Listen to music is my hobby. 102. Both Tom with Ann were late for class yesterday. 103. Mai is no only beautiful but also intelligent. 104. Both Lan and Minh is good students. 105. Your grandfather could speak 3 languages, could he? 106. The price of crude oil used to be a great deal lower than now, wasn’t it? 107. Neither they nor he are going to the play tonight. 108. I believe either you or he know her secret. 109. We don’t have to repair the house as it is still on good condition. 110. How many sports were there in the 15 th Asian Games ? 111. The person sits next to me is someone I have never met. Viết lại câu bắt đầu bằng từ gợi ý, giữ nguyên nghĩa của câu: 112. My grandfather taught me how to collect books. It was my……………………………………………………………………… 113. I bought the new dictionary from this bookshop. It was the………………………………………………………………………. 114. My father loves watching football on TV. So do I.  Both…………………………………………………………………………… 115. I don’t like cigarettes. I don’t like beer, either. I like neither………. 116.Peter doesn’t know how to drive. His brother doesn’t know how to drive, either.  Neither………………………………………………………………………… 117. John didn’t come to the party. Tim didn’t come to the party.  Neither…………………………………………………………………………. 118. 13 is an unlucky number. It ……………………………………………………………………………… 119. They found their dog in the garden.  It was their…………………………………………………………………… 120. Mary doesn’t want to go. Neither do her children. Neither………………………………………………………………………… 121. Swimming is good for our health. Listening to music is good for our health.  Both…………………………………………………………………………… 122. She is smart. She is also helpful.  She is not only…………………………………………………………………. 123. Pike is keeping the keys or you are keeping the keys. Either…………………………………………………………………………… Nối 2 câu sử dụng đại từ quan hệ: 124. Do you know the girl? Tom is talking to the girl. …………………………………………………………………………………… 125. A lion is an animal. This animal lives in Africa. …………………………………………………………………………………… 126. I have a class. It begins at 4 p.m. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 127. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 128. The lady is a famous writer. You met her at the party last night. …………………………………………………………………………………… 129. Mr. Phong hasn’t come yet. He is supposed to be at the meeting. …………………………………………………………………………………… 130. Lan went back home. She forgot to turn off the faucet. ……………………………………………………………………………………… Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ hoặc lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong các câu sau: 131. The young man who is talking with our teacher is Ba’s brother. ………………………………………………………………………………………. 132. The child enjoyed the chocolates which her mother bought from France. ………………………………………………………………………………………. 133. She is the only student who is selected after the examination. …………………………………………………………………………………… 134. Do you want to visit the castles which were built in the 14 th century? …………………………………………………………………………………… 135. Thompson is the most famous actress who appears on stage here. …………………………………………………………………………………… 136. The captain was the last person who left the sinking ship. …………………………………………………………………………………… 137. Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom. …………………………………………………………………………………… 138. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page. …………………………………………………………………………………… 139. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. …………………………………………………………………………………… 140. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. …………………………………………………………………………………… Choose one word whose stress pattern is different. 141. A. renewable B. infinite C. alternative D. potential 142. A. consumption B. resource C. recipient D. pesticide 143. A. maintenance B. geothermal C. satisfaction D. prohibition 144. A. advance B. aquatic C. discharge D. deepen 145. A. gymnast B. gymnasium C. knowledge D. maintenance 146. A. consumption B. ecologist C. pesticide D. endangered 147. A. mountain B. maintain C. fountain D. certain 148. A. ambulance B. yesterday C. furniture D. policeman 149. A. constant B. continent C. consider D. content (n.) 150. A. computer B. museum C. important D. visitor 151. A. calculator B. intelligent C. impossible D. American 152. A. compare B. compose C. company D. consist . form teacher. • chú ý: * không dùng giới từ với THAT hoặc WHO * Với cụm động từ (phrasal verb) thì giới từ không được dùng trước WHOM và WHICH * giới từ WITHOUT không được dùng ở vị trí sau. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (Non – defining relative clause): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Đây là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải. good. • Không dùng đại từ quan hệ THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định • Những từ đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ thường: Tên riêng, tính từ sở hữu, This, That, These, Those • Không thể bỏ