Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 1 Orientation for fresh VDTT Students Introduction to UNIX July 28, 2001 Anup Gangwar Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 2 Overview • Prerequisites and goals of this course • Differences between UNIX and Windows • Overview of unices • Basic UNIX commands and utilities • Lunch Break • File editors in UNIX • Programming and Shell Scripting • Document formatting using UNIX • References and further study • Thank You Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 3 Prerequisites and Goals • What you should know – Basic familiarity with computers – Working Knowledge of atleast one operating system – A will to learn • What you will know – This is not a complete UNIX tutorial – Don’t try to learn the whole UNIX in one day – How to do the most common set of tasks with UNIX – Self-Help is the best help – Pointers for further information Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 4 Differences: UNIX and Windows • The UNIX and Windows philosophies • Client-Server model of Computation • Multi-User and Multi-Tasking. Login? • Concept of the Kernel and User Shell • Concept of file ownership and groups • GUI on UNIX and X windows • Tips: – UNIX is the most used OS in scientific and industrial community – Instead of avoiding UNIX take it heads on – Learning UNIX now will help you save precious time later on Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 5 Overview of Unices-1 • The ?original? UNIX • The AT&T SVR and BSD • Others: HP-UX, Solaris, Linux, AIX, IRIX etc. • Why are there so many unices? Vendor Wars! • How do I understand all of them? POSIX! • Tips: – Learn the common set of commands for all the unices – Linux utilities will contain enhancements not found in others – Try to clear trivial doubts like command syntax yourself Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 6 Overview of Unices-2 • HP-UX – Processors: HP PA-RISC and Intel Itanium – Vendors: HP – Markets: High End Servers and Workstations • Solaris/SunOS – Processors: Sun Ultra Sparc – Vendors: Sun Microsystems – Markets: All ranges of Servers and Workstations Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 7 Overview of Unices-3 • Linux/GNU Systems – Processors: Intel 386 and up, Sun Ultra Sparc, IBM PowerPC etc. – Vendors: Free/GNU GPL – Markets: Low End Servers and Workstations • AIX (Advanced UNIX) – Processors: IBM Power PC – Vendors: IBM – Markets: All ranges of Servers and Workstations Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 8 Overview of Unices-4 • IRIX – Processors: MIPS – Vendors: SGI (Silicon Graphics International) – Markets: High End Graphics Servers and Workstations • Others – BeOS, FreeBSD etc. – RTOS’s: PSoS, QNX, RTEMS, ?RTLinux? etc. Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 9 What we have • Philips VLSI Design Lab – HP Server running HP-UX – Sun Workstation – Linux Workstations • VDTT Lab – Linux Workstations – Windows NT Workstations • New VLSI Lab – Sun Workstations – Windows NT Workstations Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 1 0 Basic UNIX Commands and Utilities-1 • Files and Directories – File Types: Windows and UNIX – File and Directory creation (Editors, mkdir, ln etc.) – Listing contents of a directory (ls) – File and Directory deletion (rmdir, rm etc.) – File and Directory permissions (chmod) – File and Directory ownership (chown, chgrp) – Organizing your work in directories (mv) • Tips: – UNIX doesn’t have a recycle bin! – Try not to make the mistake of rm -rf * command [...]... • Emacs is not available by default on all unices Editors in UNIX-3 • Pico: Is there really a need? – Pico and Pine – Editor Keys • Joe?, Nedit? – Keys similar to Norton Editor – Nedit has some features similar to Emacs • Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 18 – Don’t fall for Pico or Nedit – Learn Vi and Emacs if you really want to get into UNIX – In the end it is a matter of choice Programming... WYSWYG front-end Lyx Other text formatters: ?troff? How to make Presentations? Slides? Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 30 – PowerPoint is still the best software for making presentations – It is easy to convert PowerPoint slides to html Text formatting using UNIX-2 • LaTeX – origin: LaTeX and TeX – usage – LaTeX tutorials and manuals • A not so short introduction to LaTeX • The LaTeX manual... • Learn the keypad scroll key combinations instead of arrow keys • Vi is fast, try to make the best use of its capabilities Editors in UNIX-2 • Emacs: Much more than an editor? – Why learn Emacs? History, Tutorial – Getting in and out? – Basic keys for editing • • • • Moving around, deleting a line Search and replace Formatted text, postscript spooling mail in emacs – Syntax highlighting and templates... Slide 14 – Instead of asking someone try man -k – It is a good practice to stick to one shell (csh is available on all) Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 15 Lunch Break Editors in UNIX-1 • What all is available, Vi, Emacs, Pico, Joe?, Nedit? • Vi: The king of all editors? Tutorial? – Why learn vi? – Getting in and out? – Basic keys for editing • Moving around, deleting, joining lines • Repeating commands... Programming-1 • • • • What is the need for shell programming? Bourne shell (sh, ksh, zsh and bash) c shell (csh, tcsh) Examples of shell programming – Moving all a.{i}.txt files to a.{i+1}.txt – Cleaning up your directory at the end of a day • Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 27 – Perl just might be a better option – Don’t forget ?sed? and ?awk? Introduction to Shell Programming-2 • Moving files... #!/bin/csh -f # Assume that ps, pdf etc directories are present set FILE_LIST=`ls` foreach CURR_FILE ( $FILE_LIST ) set TST=`echo $CURR_FILE | grep \.pdf\$ ` if( $TST != "" ) then mv $CURR_FILE pdf endif set TST=`echo $CURR_FILE | grep \.ps\$ ` if( $TST != "" ) then mv $CURR_FILE ps endif end Text formatting using UNIX-1 • • • • • • • What is the need for text formatting? WYSWYG or NOT? LaTeX & Emacs PS... front-ends to gdb: emacs, xxgdb, mxgdb etc • Not every system will have gdb, you just might have to use ?dbx? Programming on UNIX-5 • Gmake or GNU make • What is the need for a Makefile? – – – – – – Dependencies Targets in a makefile Patterns in makefile Automatic variables in a makefile Pattern substitution Common target names: all, clean, docs • Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 23 – Never forget... to LaTeX • The LaTeX manual • LaTeX by Lesslie Lamport • Lyx a WYSWIG interface to LaTeX • Emacs ps-renderer and troff • Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 31 – For small formatted text Emacs is still the best Before wrapping up Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 32 Any questions/doubts which you would like to clarify? Wrapping up • Self help is the best help! – The UNIX man pages ?Manual... command line interface to your programs • Using a GUI is slow Programming on UNIX-8 • Java – What is really different with the windows version? – Is Jfc, Java2D, Java3D available? – IDE’s for Java over UNIX? • Tips: Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 26 – Don’t try to use a %.class dependency with make – If you run Java from a server, graphics would be slow Introduction to Shell Programming-1 •... FILE_LIST=`ls | grep "\.[0-9]\." ` for CURR_FILE in $FILE_LIST; do FIRST_NM=`echo $CURR_FILE | cut -d'.' -f1` NUM=`echo $CURR_FILE | cut -d'.' -f2 ` SECOND_NM=`echo $CURR_FILE | cut -d'.' -f3` NUM_PLUS=`expr $NUM + 1 ` mv -i $CURR_FILE $FIRST_NM.$NUM_PLUS.$SECOND_NM Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi Slide 28 done Introduction to Shell Programming-3 • Cleanup directory script Embedded Systems Group IIT . 1 8 Editors in UNIX-3 • Pico: Is there really a need? – Pico and Pine – Editor Keys • Joe?, Nedit? – Keys similar to Norton Editor – Nedit has some features similar to Emacs • Tips: – Don’t fall for. Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 1 Orientation for fresh VDTT Students Introduction to UNIX July 28, 2001 Anup Gangwar Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e . fast, try to make the best use of its capabilities Embedded Systems Group IIT Delhi S l i d e 1 7 Editors in UNIX-2 • Emacs: Much more than an editor? – Why learn Emacs? History, Tutorial – Getting