Viet Nam Ministry of Education and training Thai Nguyen University NGUYEN ANH HUNG Studying on human affects on the sustainability of forest systems in the atk - safety zone in dinh hoa district, Thai Nguyen province ABSTRACT OF Ph.D. dissertation IN biology T T H H A A I I N N G G U U Y Y E E N N , , 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 3 The thesis is fulfilled at UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Scientific supervisor: 1. Dr. LE HONG TAN 2. Prof. Dr. Sc. TRAN DINH LY Opponent 1: Opponent 2: Opponent 2: This dissertation will be reported to the National Thesis Reviewing Board of Thai Nguyen University held at…………………… at … h……….the …… day of ……………., 2014. This dissertation can be found at - THE NATIONAL LIBRARY - LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE – THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY - THE LIBRARY OF UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION – THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY 1 FOREWORDS 1. Background of the study Forest is an extremely valuable natural resource to the countries. In fact, the value of forests is not only a basis for socioeconomic development, but also has many important ecological functions. It involves in the processes of climate regulation and limits the damaging effects of floods, drought, soil protection, etc. In addition, value of forests also creates landscapes of tourism, and scientific research. Currently, the demand of natural resources of the human is increasing more and more leading to many conflicts in the relationship between natural conservation and development. To resolve this conflict and to meet human needs in a sustainable way, the natural resources and especially forest resources should be used efficiently. The government has issued a series of policies encouraging the resident communities to receive land, forest for cultivation, protection, raising zoning and enactment of forest protection and development, decrees and directives on the management of forest fires, establishment, strengthening forest rangers, building a forecasting network of forest fire in provinces. However, the capital investment in many localities is limited and the deforestation still occurs frequently. Immensed wind The ATK-Safety Zone located Dinh Hoa district, an abundant wind capital in resistance against the French, includes 23 communes and towns. The reasons that Dinh Hoa was chosen as the revolutionary base, are due to rugged terrain, dense forest with canopy levels to ensure confidentiality. Today the war has gone, under the impact of market mechanisms and the various reasons, the forest ecosystems have been destroyed. Therefore, in order to demonstrate the ethical issue “when drinking water, remember its source” and to express the concern of the Party and Government for residents in the ATK-Safety Zone, the State has also invested to socio-economic development. Currently, the lives of people in the Safety Zone has been improved, but still coupled with many disadvantages. Residents in the studied area have still exploited forest resources to ensure their livelihood and the plant cover continues to suffer from exploitation. For above reasons, I chose the subject of my doctoral thesis 2 is: "studying on human affects on the sustainability of forest ecosystems in the ATK- Safety Zone in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province". 2. The objectives of the study: - Researching and evaluating the current state of forest ecosystems in the studied area. - Assessing human impact related to sustainability of forest ecosystems. - Proposing solutions for management and sustainable use of ecosystems in the ATK- Safety Zone of Dinh Hoa, district, Thai Nguyen province. 3. The scientific meaning and practice of the dissertation + In term of reasoning, - Through the scientific evident materials, the relationship between the human’s livelihood activities impacting on forest resources in particular and the ecosystem in the studied area in general has been clarified. - The results of the dissertation are reference materials for specialized teaching activities in universities. + In terms of practice, - It is based on a clear analysis of causes affecting the sustainability of forest ecosystems; solutions for sustainable development are proposed to contribute to the protection of the ecological environment in the studied area. - Solutions provided from the dissertation contribute to improvement of the lives of people in the studied area and reduction of pressure on forest resources. 4. New contribution of the dissertation - Studying the role of the forest ecosystem in protecting landscapes for the historical - cultural relic in the studied area. - Researching on effects and role the human in the management and sustainable exploitation of the forest ecosystem serving socioeconomic development. - Providing quantitative evidences in systematic to prove the relationship between the human activities of livelihood and the sustainability of forest ecosystem in the ATK- Safety Zone. 3 Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Some concepts 1.2. The history of human impact on the ecological environment 1.3. Issues on sustainable management and use of ecosystems 1.4. The main research trends on forest ecosystems 1.5. Trends in research on human impact on the forest ecosystems Chapter 2 SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODS OF STUDY 2.1. Subjects of the study - Forest ecosystems in the Safety Zone in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province - The impacts of human’s activities to the sustainability of forest ecosystems in the ATK-Safety Zone in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province 2.2. Research Contents - Researching on natural and socio-economic conditions in the studied area; studying the diversity of the flora and plant cover in the studied area; surveying study on human’s affects on the forest ecosystem in the studied area; assessing impact of the impacts on the forest ecosystem; studying to propose solutions for sustainable development. 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.1. Reasoning method - Accessing to humanity ecological approaches to the study of the relationship between the natural system and social system in the exploitation and sustainable use of the forest ecosystem. - Inheriting existing statistics, adding and updating information required. Using the investigating method of the involvement of residents through interviewing people, leaders at all levels, the forest officials at the localities, etc. 2.3.2. Survey Method 2.3.2.1. Method of route survey (RS) and standard plots (SP): We use the method of Hoang Chung (2008) and Nguyen Nghia Thin (2008). 2.3.2.2. Methods of data collection + For plants - Measuring the diameter at breast height (1.3 m above the ground - D1.3 cm) by glasses caliper gauge with mm accuracy and measured in both directions from the Northeast to Southwest, and then calculating the average value; Measuring total high tree (THT, m). Trees are under 4m high and are measured by a rod with divided line and dm accuracy. Trees are over 4m high and are measured by Blumeleiss according to the trigonometric principles. Total high trees are determined from stumps to the growth top of tree. 4 - Investigating regenerated trees: In the standard plots, 5 plate format cells created have an area of 25m 2 and distributed evenly on the standard plots. There is statistics of names of species. If species are unknown, specimens collected for identification. A rod with quality assessment of regenerative trees measures height of regenerative tree. Potential tree group is the trees available a height of 1.5 m, a good vitality, the competitive ability with the tier of shrubs and fresh vegetation, straight stem with evenly canopy; trees harmed by animals eating or trampling. It is expressive bruised trees, broken branches and loss of the young shoots. - Identifying the canopy cover percent (CCP) with a spherical mirror. + For the soil samples: Soil samples taken according to point method, on a sunny day in the patterns of vegetation covers: Land of the secondary forest, land of shrub vegetation land, grass hilly land, land under planted forest canopy at a depth of 0 - 10cm to analyze of soil microorganisms and at a depth of 0-15cm to analyze the physical and chemical indicators of soil. 2.3.2.3. Method of Interview Survey - Survey method of resident communities: in each commune, it surveys 10 residents as representatives for householders working with forestry production activities. - Expert method: workshops are organized with the participation of the forestrial officials, scientists, local managers in order to evaluate the survey results and survey results and comments to complete the suggested solutions. 2.3.3. Methods of analysis and data processing + For plants - Identifying the scientific names of plants according to the document of the author Pham Hoang Ho (1993), a Plant List of Vietnam (2003, 2005). - Determining life forms and the use value of the plant species-based the document "Names of Vietnam forest trees" and "1900 useful plant species of Vietnam". - Identifying rare plant species based on documents the Vietnam Red Book 2007 - The Flora part and the Decree 32/2006/ND-CP of the Government; the Red List of Medicinal Plants in Vietnam in Handbook of medicinal herbs required protection. - Vegetation Classification: It is based on UNESCO's classification (1973) for the classification of vegetations. - Determination of the group of high tree tier under following the formula: %IVi = %Ni + %Gi 2 Where:% IVi is the percentage of group of species i % Ni is the total tree number of species i % Gi is total basal area of species i - Identifying the canopy cover percent (CCP): Use of spherical mirrors to conduct measurements at five different positions in standard plots (SP), then added up numbers and divided by the number of numbers to find mean of canopy cover percent under the 5 following formula: CCP = N x 1.4 100 Where N is the number of square plots covered in a spherical mirror - Determination of biomass of dead vegetation: the method of Kurniatun et al (2001) is applied. Volume of dead vegetation on the ground is determined by weighing dead vegetation square cells with the area of 1m 2 and each vegetation status is repeated 12 cells. + For the soil samples: - Determining the number of microorganisms under the limiting dilution method on orientation-selected medium; active of cellulose resolution under the agar diffusion method and measurement of resolution circles on agar plates; Determining microbial diversity by means of morphology, physiology and biochemistry; Identifying bacteria components according to Bergey's classification 1974, Yarrow’s classification of the yeasts 1998, the classification of fungi and Hunter 1995 Bernett, Babieva’s classification of Lipomyces yeast 1987. - Identifying pH KCl measured by pH meter; Determining humus (%) by Tiurin method; Determining total protein content (N%) according to Kjeldahl method; Determining total phosphorus (P 2 O 5 %) by the method of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); Determining total potassium content (K 2 O%) by the method of emission spectra; Identifying proportion by Picnomet method; Identifying density by the density tube method, Determination of porosity by the formula: P (%) = (1 - D/d) x 100 (P - porosity of the soil (%), D - load-bearing capacity of soil; d - bearing capacity of soil); Determining moisture by the method of absolute drying in drying cabinet. - Determining thickness of topsoil eroded by pilling; Determining the soil-loss amount (tons per hectare per year) according to the equation of Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D.: A = R*K*L*S*C*P, of which, R is the rain factor. Calculated method of Nguyen Trong Ha is used by the formula: R = 0.548257 P - 59.9 (P is mean annual rainfall); K is the coefficient of soil erosion, use of a K – input lookup tables corresponding to each soil type according to studied result of Nguyen Trong Ha; exponential ranged coefficient. L is the slope length coefficient with L = (X/22.13) m , (X is the slope length (m), m is the exponential 6 ranged coefficient from 0.2-0.5, m = 0.2 if slope is ≤ 1%, m = 0.3. If the slope is from 1% - 3%, m = 0.4. if the slope is from 3% - 5%, m = 0.5. If the slope is ≥ 5%), S is the slope coefficient with S = 65.4 Sin2 (x) + 45.6 sin (x) + 0.065 (x is the slope (in degrees)). C is the cover-coefficient and an C-input lookup coefficient use d corresponding to each vegetation as a result of research of Nguyen Ngoc Lung and Vo Dai Hai. P is the coefficient of soil protection work and P = 1 due to without any measures and erosion control works. Chapter 3 NATURAL AND SCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 3.1. Natural conditions Dinh Hoa is a mountainous district, located in the West - Northwest of Thai Nguyen province. Generally, Dinh Hoa district has a complex terrain. The major part of the territory of district is high mountains, steep slope and rugged terrain heavily dissected. Dinh Hoa district is located in the tropical climate and monsoon and affected by the highland climate. There are two distinct seasons, rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season is from April to October and the dry season is from November of previous year to March of following year. - The flow system of rivers and streams: Due to geological structures under the northwest - southeast direction and interspersed terrain of hills and rocky mountains, creating the system of river and streams distributed fairly evenly over the territory with the rich and plentiful water source. The territory of Dinh Hoa district is the headwaters of streams and tributaries of streams and forms 3 systems. 3.2. Socio-economic conditions The ATK-Safety Zone of Dinh Hoa district includes 24 administrative units including 23 communes and 1 town with a total area of 52272.23 hectares. Ethnic communities living in Dinh Hoa district consists of 8 ethnic groups, of which, it is mainly ethnic groups of Kinh, Tay and Nung and the remaining ethnic groups account for low proportion (San Chi, Dao, Cao Lan, H 'mong and Thai groups). Dinh Hoa district's population is 87,722 people with the average population density of 171 7 people per km 2 . In rural areas, there are 80,144 inhabitants accounting for 92.97% of the district demographics. This shows that the population is mainly concentrated in rural areas and depends mainly on agriculture and forestry production. Currently, the rate of natural increase of population tends to increase that causes pressure on forest resources. Chapter 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. The current status of forest resources in the studied area 4.1.1. The current status of use of forestrial land The area of forest land of Dinh Hoa district is 35787ha and accounts for about 70% of the total natural land area. In particular, there are 24.792ha of forest land, accounting for 69.3% of the total forest land area and 47.4% of the total natural land area; the land area without forests accounts for the lower proportion and is 30.7% of total area of forest land, including current forest states is IA, IB, scattered bare hills, etc. 4.1.2. Vegetation characteristics 4.1.2.1. The vegetation types: According to the UNESCO classification (1973), in Dinh Hoa district, there are vegetation types as follows: the closed forest formation, sparse forest formation, shrub forest formation and grassland formation 4.1.2.2. Flora characteristics: It is initially to record 636 species in 401 genera, 126 families and 5 branches of vascular plants. 4.1.2.3. Rare plant species: Detecting the 50 rare plant species listed in the Red Book of Vietnam, Decree 32 of the Government and the Red list of medicinal plants. 4.1.2.4. Use value of groups of forest resources: Statisticing 10 groups of use value of plant species. Of which, the most tree groups are used and exploited are groups of trees for timber, medicinal plants, edible plants, trees for building materials, plants for arts and crafts and cattle feed crops. [...]... goals of conservation and development of forest resources in the ATK- Safety Zone of Dinh Hoa district - Ensuring equality between generations in the use of forest resources - Ensuring sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation - Making sure the use extent of forest resources not exceeding their regeneration capacity - Being consistent with intellectual level, cultivation and local socio-economic... Planning and expanding connections with ecological tours of Tan Trao ATK (Son Duong district, Tuyen Quang province) and Cho Don ATK (Bac Kan province), Nui Coc Lake - Developing tourist routes in scientific research - Development of tourism services - There are mechanisms to encourage, invites businesses and individuals to invest in development and to fully exploit the tourism potentials - Continuing to invest... to bring deservedly economic benefits to forest owners 25 SOME RESEARCH PAPERS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION 1 Le Dong Tan, Nguyen Anh Hung, Duong Thi Van Anh (2010), “Some research findings on the current status the vegetation in Phu Dinh commune, Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province ", Journal of Science and Technology - University of Thai Nguyen, 70 (8), P.115-120 2 Nguyen Anh Hung, Do Nhu Tien,... 0,327 0,191 1,325 2,87 5,84 0,258 0,183 1,012 2,65 2,19 4,44 4,04 0,179 0,146 0,166 0,130 0,756 0,545 According to the results of the table 4.30, pHKCl content in soil also decreases gradually with coverage of vegetation pHKCl contents of soils in the secondary forests and Manglietia glauca planted forest are 6.13 and 5.84 respectively and they is the neutral soil type Those of soil in shrub vegetation... capable of cellulose resolution are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Fusarium In addition, in the secondary forest land, there are also 2 species of fungi capable of insecticides, namely Beauveria and Mertahzium Actinomycetes is mainly Streptomyces in the soil of secondary forest and shrub land Conclusion: The results of surveys have showed that the coverage of vegetation cover is closely related... vegetation covers The secondary forest Manglietia glauca Planted forest Shrub vegetation Greensward Moisture (%) Density g/cm3 Volumetric weight g/cm3 Porosity (%) 41.902 2.43 0.79 67.490 38.454 2.48 0.87 34.426 20.742 2.54 2.63 1.02 1.20 64.919 59.843 54.373 In contrast, porosity (67.490% - 54.373%) and moisture (41.902% -20.742%) of the soil decrease gradually from the soil of the secondary forest  planted... Coating of vegetation types plays a very important role, is effective in soil erosion control To determine the extent of soil erosion in different forest states, we conducted a survey, analysis, statistical results showed in Table 4.29 Table 4.29 Soil erosion in vegetation covers Kinds of land under vegetation covers The secondary forest Manglietia glauca planted forest Shrub vegetation Greensward Thickness... infrastructures - Continuing to implement poverty reduction policies advance to poverty eradication in the studied area - Preservation and development of community organizations, the Village Convention, the indigenous knowledge related to forest management and protection, creating a movement of entire population to participate in forest protection - Implementing committed by people with the contents, namely:... soil increases gradually from greensward  scrub vegetation  panted forest the secondary forest or in other words, the higher the coverage of vegetation is, the greater the level of nutrient content is 12 Table 4.30 Some chemical properties under patterns of vegetation covers Kinds of land under vegetation covers The secondary forest Manglietia glauca Planted forest Shrub vegetation Greensward Humus... Thai Nguyen province ", the Summary Record of the 5th National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, P.1151-1156 3 Nguyen Anh Hung, Le Dong Tan, Do Nhu Tien, Pham Thai Thai (2011), “Current status of animal husbandry in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province ", Journal of Livestock, 149 (8), P.18-22 4 Nguyen Anh Hung, Le Dong Tan, Ma Thị Ngoc Mai (2012), “The survey results on the . sustainability of forest ecosystems in the ATK- Safety Zone in Dinh Hoa district, Thai Nguyen province 2.2. Research Contents - Researching on natural and socio-economic conditions in the studied area;. work and P = 1 due to without any measures and erosion control works. Chapter 3 NATURAL AND SCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 3.1. Natural conditions Dinh Hoa is a mountainous district, located. conservation. - Making sure the use extent of forest resources not exceeding their regeneration capacity. - Being consistent with intellectual level, cultivation and local socio-economic conditions