MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDTITUTE OF ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY RESOURCES NGUYEN QUOC DUNG STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF SEVERAL IMPORTANT RATTAN SPECIES OF THE GENERA OF CALAMUS L. AND DAEMONOROPS BLUME IN CENTRAL VIETNAM BIOLOGY PHD THESIS Speciality: Botany Code: 62.42.01.11 Advisor: 1. Associate Prf. Dr. Ninh Khắc Bản 2. Associate Prf. Dr. Lê Xuân Cảnh Hanoi, 2013 2 PREWORD 1. Thesis necessity Rattan is the common name of the plant species have spines, mostly vines, and scale fruits in Palmae (Arecaceae) belong to Monocotyledone. In Vietnam, rattan with a relatively hight number of species with 49 species have been recorded in 6 genera (author's survey). Especially notable fauna endemism of rattan very high (nearly 50% according to research by the author and his colleagues). Most species of rattan are used people, including nearly 20 species of economic value to be exploited for commercial use. Central Vietnam is the one of areas with the largest natural forests in Vietnam. Average coverage of natural forest in the study area was about 45% of the total land area. This is most one of the rattan species composition, diversity and rich in reserves. In recent years, with the region and Central Highlands region provides main raw materials for rattan processing for export and for the reade villages in Vietnam. However, rattan resources in the region are increasingly depleted, no appropriate solutions to management, recovery and development. To contribute to the conservation and development of rattan in the central region of Vietnnam as well as prevent degradation, endangered species in natural rattan, I choose a topic: “Study on scientific basis for conservation and sustainable use of several important rattan species of the genera of Calamus L. and Daemonorops Blume in Central Vietnam” 2. The objective - Evaluate rattan species composition in the Central region - Study the biological basis of the distribution, ecology, conservation value, economic value, growth and development of rattan. - Evaluation of extraction, use, market and rattan management in the study area. - Propose solutions to conservation and sustainable development of rattan in the area of Central Vietnam. 3 3. The significance The thesis results are basic science materials of composition of rattan species in Central region, contributing to the investigation, detection, additional species composition not only for the central region and Vietnam. The research results will contribute to the rationale and science for conservation and development of rattan in Vietnam. 3. The new records in thesis - Announcement of 18 rattan new species to science in the Central region - For the first time, lists of rattan built specifically for the Central region show their distribution characteristics, and used and science values. - For the first time the rattan proposed in the conservation activities in the Central region. - Thesis proposes a complete model of rattan intensive crop under the forest canopy in Central areas. Chapter 1 RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1. Overview of Research Issues 1.1.1. The situation overseas study 1.1.1.1. Research on the rattan classification and distribution O. Beccari is one of the first author's research on rattan studied classification and genera of Daemonorops and Calamus. Uhl and Dransfield (1987) is the author synthetic rattan on the globe and around the world have identified about 600 species of rattan in 13 genera. John Dransfield published the rattan in the Malay Peninsula (1979), Sabah (1984) Sarawak (1992), Brunei Darussalam (1997), "Plant Resources of Southeast Asia - Episode 6: The rattan" (1994); "Genera Palmarum the Evolution and 4 classification of Palms", in that Calamoideae described and identified in 619 species, separate group of Calameae in 565 species. Andrew J. Henderson has described 160 rattan species in South Asia, including 134 species of Calamus, 22 species of Daemonorops, 7 species in Korthalsia, 1 species of Myrialepis, 5 species of Plectocomia and 2 species of Plectocomiopsis. Evans and colleagues, discovered in 2000 and described four new rattan species of the genus Calamus in Laos and Thailand, book publishing field guides of _ (2001), which describe, define distribution 31 rattan species of _ the rattan in Lao PDR. K. Hourt Eang published a field guide on the rattan (2008), which describes and identifies the distribution of 18 rattan species in Cambodia. 1.1.1.2. Rattan physiology, ecology and development Xu Huang et al (2000) studied rattan morphological characteristics in China. Manokaran, N. (1985) studied ecological factors affecting the recovery and growth of rattan in several provinces of China for some species of C. Egregius, C. simplicifolius and C. Nambariensis Janmahasatien (2005) and Rao et al. (1998) studied influence of soil conditions on the growth of the rattan. Soil conditions, vegetation, microclimate, seed maturation, the formation and development stages of the trunk, etc are Manokaran N. (1985) study. Ecological adaptability of natural rattan species has been mentioned by Dransfiel (1979, 1984). A. B. Lapis et al (2005) studied of preserved fruit in Indonesia. Study in India about preserving seeds (JKRawat, DCKhanduri, 2001). Yin (2000) studied storage methods and determine the rate of seed germination. Effects of mineral nutrition and the effects of fertilizer on the growth by Qingdu Chen (2000) studied two rattan species seedlings of C. tetradactylus and D. magraritae in China. 5 1.1.1.3. Rattan conservation and use From 1981 Dansfield have evaluated the ecological problems of the rattan in Asia-related trade and conservation. FAO is one of the powerful organization concerned with the preservation and development of rattan. In particular, most clearly expressed on the use and conservation the rattan in Report No 14 on non-timber forest products. This paper also reports the rattan from Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, NBAR is bamboo and rattan network in the world, is also very interested in conservation issues. In INBAR Working Paper No. 7 also mentioned the conservation status and rattan resources in China (Xuhuangcan et al, 1996). Report No. 11 of INBAR mentioned problems rattan selection priority for conservation and development (Rao et al, 1998) WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) in addition to the common interest in preserving biodiversity, also interested in the programs of sustainable management of natural resources, of which there are many research activities on rattan. Analysis by Wang Kanglin (2004) refers to the variety of rattan resources in China, given the traditional experience of regeneration and protection of the cloud forest region in Xishuangbana Mengsong community. 1.1.2. Study the situation in Vietnam 1.1.2.1. Species composition and distribution The first time the rattan published in the book "Flora of Indochina". Pham Hoang Ho (1993 and 2000) have identified 30 rattan species of the rattan 6 genera. Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) suggested that the rattan in Vietnam has 6 genera, 30 rattan species and 1 variatae. Tran Thi Phuong Anh is one of the authors deeply research on the classification system the rattan in the research process classification system they Cau in Vietnam. Andrew Henderson and colleagues from 2008 to today announced 20 new rattan species for science. Regarding distribution, Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong 6 (1996), Nguyen Minh Thanh studied distribution by elevation, the rattan space distribution. 1.2.1.2. Study on ecological characteristics and cultivation Vu Van Dung, Le Huy Cuong (1996) studied the ecology of seedlings, and ecology of the rattan under the forest canopy. Pham Van Dien (2005) provide ecological characteristics of the stages of development of the rattan. Vu Van Dung and Le Huy Cuong (1996) technical guidance rattan species planted for 2 species of C. tetradactylus and C. platyacanthus. Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (2000) have studied the project for 5 high value rattans in Vietnam. 1.1.2.3. Rattan conservation and use The only document referring to preserve the rattan as the Vietnam Red Data Book Red Book of Vietnam (Flora 1996) and the Vietnam Red Data Book (2007) only mention the status of two rattan species of Calamus platyacanthus (VU - Vulnerable) and Calamus poilanei (EN - endangered). Regarding the use of the rattan in Vietnam Nguyen Quoc Dung (2006) evaluated the use, production, market. Ninh Khac Ban et al (2005) analyzed the current state of deep mining, use, rattan market in Bach Ma. Relatively complete documentation of the technical measures of conservation and development by the authors the rattan Pham Van Dien, Nguyen Quoc Dung et al (2011). 1.2. Overview of the study area The study area is located in the provinces of Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien - Hue, Da Nang, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh pros and Kon Tum 7 Chapter 2 SUBJECTS, PLACES, CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Subjects and study sites 2.1.1. Study Subjects Composition rattan species in the forest of the Central region. The specimens collected from the wild. - Species of Daemonorops poilanei. 2.1.2. Study site - The special-use forests and protection forests in Central - Research on planting layout in Huong Son - Ha Tinh, and Ba to-Quang Ngai. 2.2. Study contents -To investigate and assess the status of the rattan in Central region -Research on intensive rattan planting under the forest canopy -To propose some solutions primarily conservation and rational utilization the rattan resources in the area. 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.2. Indoor study - Study of the the rattan in the museums. - Study overview material rattan planting reports. - Construction of additional forest status maps by means of satellite image interpretation Spot 5 2.3.3. Field surveys - Transect line survey for species collection, collecting all rattan presence, photographing, marking, delineation distribution. - Participatory reural appraisal (PRA) to investigate the exploitation, use, management, rattan market in the study area. 8 2.3.4. Plant layout study - Breeding; experimental layout provenance trials - Research and physiological lology of characteristics through the analysis of ecological factors, light, humidity, - Research techniques of seedlings in nurseries across treatments - Determine the influence of ecological factors on the growth of D. poilanei over the experimental formula layout. - Distribution of site condition - Leaf anatomy and soil analysis 2.3.5. Handling of specimens and data Handling specimens, the species composition statistics, describing new rattan species, assessinh distribution and expansion distribution in the map. Chapter 3 RESULTS AND FINDINGS 3.1. Status of the rattan resources in the study area 3.2.1. Diverse of the rattan species composition in the study area 3.1.1.1. Species diversity So far Vietnam has recorded for 49 rattan species in 6 genera. Central Vietnam found 5 genera, accounting for 83% of genera in the country, and 41 rattan species, accounting for 84% of the total number of rattan species in the country. This demonstrates that central area with a rattan species diversity in Vietnam. Therefore, the interest in the rattan conservation and development in central areas is essential. Among of the 41 rattan species identified in Central up to 22 endemic species to Vietnam. In that species distributions are very narrow, usually only found in geographic scope than 4 adjacent provinces. 9 3.1.1.2. The new rattan species described to science The surveys of the rattan in nationwide, we have discovered and described 20 new rattan species to science. Among them, there are 18 species in Central region of our country. This also proves, the central focus area distribution of rattan species in Vietnam. Below is a list of newly discovered rattan species rattan and described to science in the Central region: (1) Calamus acaulis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov. Local Name: Mây lùn, mật cật, mây cật Body not climb, short, grow the cluster, detected only in protected areas Krong Trai, Phu Yen province, on the steep cliffs in secondary forest. (2) Calamus bachmaensis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov. Local Name: Mây cám tre, Mây tre Climbing, clusters, up to 10 m long, 1.3 cm diameter of the sheath. First discovered in Bach Ma National Park (Thua Thien Hue) and the surrounding areas. (3) Calamus batoensis Henderson & N. Q. Dung sp. nov. Local name: Mây rắc Climbing, growing clusters, 1-10m long, 0.5 to 0.8 cm in diameter and 0.6 cm steelhead steelhead not. Only found in Quang Ngai (Ba protection forests) (4) Calamus centralis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov. Local name: Mây mật, Mây gà, Mây trung bộ Cluster, climbing up to 20 m, r 0.8-1cm in diamete, first detected in Ninh Binh (Cuc Phuong National Park), Nghe An (Pu Huong and Pu Mat), then discovered in Ha Giang (last recorded in 2009 in the district of Quang Binh province), Phu Tho province. (5) Calamus crispus Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov. Local name: Mây tôm, Mây tắt 10 [...]... (2006) Diễn biến một số tài nguyên lâm sản ngoài gỗ ở Việt Nam Tạp chí NN&PTNT, tr 75-78 4 Nguyễn Quốc Dựng (2009) Những phát hiện mới về khu hệ song mây ở khu BTTN Bà Nà - Núi Chúa, thành phố Đà Nẵng Tạp chí NN&PTNT, tháng 10, tr 101-104 5 Phạm Văn Điển, Nguyễn Quốc Dựng, Nguyễn Minh Thanh và Bùi Thế Đồi (2011) Kỹ thuật bảo tồn và phát triển tài nguyên song mây ở Việt Nam Nhà xuất bản Nông nghiệp,... PUBLISHES BY AUTHOR RELATIVE TO THE THESIS 1 Ninh Khắc Bản, Jacinto Regalado, Nguyễn Phú Hùng, Nguyễn Quốc Dựng, Bùi Mỹ Bình, Trần Phương Anh (2005) Tài nguyên Song mây tại VQG Bạch Mã, Tỉnh Thừa Thiên-Huế Tạp chí NN&PTNT, 14, tr 55-58, Hà Nội 2 Ninh Khắc Bản, Jacinto Regalado, Nguyễn Phú Hùng, Bùi Mỹ Bình, Nguyễn Quốc Dựng (2005) Thị trường Song mây khu vực VQG Bạch Mã, Tỉnh Thừa Thiên-Huế Tạp chí NN&PTNT,... Province (16) Daemonorops ocreata A.J.Hend & N.Q.Dung, sp nov (Plate 2) Local name: Mây giá Stam climbing, clusters, 12m long, 3.2 cm diameter with the sheath Only found in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh) (17) Korthalsia minor Henderson & N Q Dung, sp nov., Local name: Mây đùng đình, Mây rã, Mây rã nhỏ, Phướn nhỏ Stem climbing, clusters, branching Distributed in Bien Hoa, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai (Cat Tien), Quang Tri... Park) (10) Calamus quangngaiensis Henderson & N Q Dung sp nov Local name: Mây cật Stem clusters, 3-4m long, the sheath diameter 1-1, only found in Quang Ngai (Ba To protection forests) (11) Calamus seriatus A.J.Hend & N.Q.Dung, sp nov Local name: Mây cám Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 1.8 cm diameter with the sheath, just find a spot in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests) (12) Calamus spiralis Henderson,... Calamus parvulus A.J.Hend & N.Q.Dung, sp nov Local name: Mây chỉ, Mây rắt chỉ Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 3mm diameter at all, just find a spot in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests) (9) Calamus phuocbinhensis Henderson & N Q Dung sp nov Local name: Mây cát Climbing, clusters, 8-15m long, 1.3 to 2.1 cm in diameter at all, only to find in Ninh Thuan province (Phuoc Binh National Park) (10) Calamus. .. Dong Nai (Cat Tien), Quang Tri (Dak Rong) and Thua Thien - Hue (Bach Ma NP) (18) Plectocomiopsis songthanhensis A.J.Hend & N.Q.Dung, sp nov Local name: Mây phun, Mây rút 13 Stem climbing, clusters, often forming large clumps, 20-30 m long, 1.5-1.7 cm in diameter with sheath Found in Quang Nam (Song Thanh sanctuary) and Thua Thien - Hue (Bach Ma National Park, Sao La sanctuary) 3.1.1.3 Diversity of... Thien Hue (Bach Ma National Park) and Danang (Ba Na - Nui Chua) (6) Calamus flavinervis Henderson & N Q Dung sp nov Local name: Mây lá vân Climbing, clusters, 8m long, 1 to 1.3 cm in diameter with leaf sheath, found only in the province of Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh) (7) Calamus kontumensis Henderson, N K Ban & N Q Dung, sp nov Local name: Mây kon tum Climbing, clusters, 10 m long, 0.8 to 0.9 cm in diameter... Dung, sp nov 12 Local name: Mây cám mỡ Climbing, clusters, forming large clumps, up to 15 m long, 0.7 cm diameter with the sheath Newly collected in Thua Thien Hue (Bach Ma National Park) (13) Daemonorops brevicaulis A.J.Hend & N.Q.Dung, sp nov Local name: Mây Đất Stem solitary, non-climbing, stand straight, 0.5 m high, 3 cm in diameter with sheath Distributed in Khanh Hoa (14) Daemonorops fissilis (Henderson,... and C dioicus their population in the wild is lower than the other species 3.2.2 Growth of some species in the genus Calamus and Daemonorops Studies of growth in 1 year for 6 rattan species with economic values in the destination of Bac Huong Hoa, Dak Rong, Phong Dien, Sao La and Song Thanh showed the average length growth in the wild from 0.4 m-1, 23m/year C nambariensis only increase the amount of... areas proposed that are Ba (Quang Ngai), and Hon Heo and Khanh Vinh (Khanh Hoa) 3.2.3.2 Ex situ Choose species for ex situ, collecting plants grown in the botanic gardens, experimental forests, building the breeding forests 3.2.4 Proposed solutions for sustainable rattan Nine elements for sustainable exploitation: understand the current state; just under 30% extraction quantity, not cut the stems; . steelhead steelhead not. Only found in Quang Ngai (Ba protection forests) (4) Calamus centralis Henderson, N. K. Ban & N. Q. Dung, sp. nov. Local name: Mây mật, Mây gà, Mây trung bộ Cluster,. area. 8 2.3.4. Plant layout study - Breeding; experimental layout provenance trials - Research and physiological lology of characteristics through the analysis of ecological factors, light, humidity,. N.Q.Dung, sp. nov. Local name: Mây chỉ, Mây rắt chỉ Climbing, clusters, 10m long, 3mm diameter at all, just find a spot in Khanh Hoa (Khanh Vinh protection forests) (9) Calamus phuocbinhensis