1 INTRODUCTION 1. RATIONAL Environmental Quality (EQ) in almost all provinces has been transformed towards negative trend, especially soil environment with the reduced produce ability and popularity of pollution in everywhere. Habitat quality of both human and organisms has been declining. This causes considerable impacts on life and socio-economic development each locality. Not surprisingly, there exists an urgent need of review and assessment of soil environment quality in every province. This, in one hand, is to identify areas that have not yet be degraded to propose reasonable exploitation and protection strategies. In other hand, this action enable us to find out areas that started degrade, degrade, strongly degrade, extremely degrade to build up appropriate land use plan, effectively exploit land resource, control soil environment quality development and have effectual soil environment protection methods, create highly qualified habitat and contribute to promote socio-economic development of province. Research and evaluation on soil environment quality in developed countries have long been conducted; while in Vietnam they have just been focused for 10 years. This has brought about great achievements in scientific research, planning, management and environmental protection for not only studied areas but also nation. However, this trend of research in Vietnam has landed certain difficulties and limitations in terms of collecting monitoring data, analyzing soil sample, building scientific basis of environmental maps for soil environment management and protection under national standards. In this thesis, author applied TSQI method in evaluating soil environmental quality. This method overcome the shortcomings of previous approaches, created accurate and objective assessments as well gained in high economic efficiency. Furthermore, the thesis built up a scientific base for establishing the map of soil environment in provincial level to serve soil environment management and protection with case study in Haiduong province, which can be replicated in many other localities. 2. SUBJECTS AND SCOPES OF PROJECT 2.1. Subjects - Identifying scientific base for establishing the map of soil environment in provincial level to server soil environment management and protection, and contribute to the rules of technical process in establishing soil environment map. 1 2 Besides, this can be viewed as scientific basis supporting for finalizing national standards in soil environment in Vietnam. The thesis then applied this scientific basis in establishing the map of evaluation of soil environment quality in Haiduong province to verify. - Appling TSQI method in evaluating soil environmental quality in Haiduong province. 2.2. Scopes - Reviewing literature on establishing thematic maps and evaluating soil environment quality for the purpose of soil environment management and protection. - Researching scientific base of establishing the thematic maps of soil environment quality, proposing technical process in establishing soil environment map in provincial level. - Building up the plan and collecting data as well as soil samples in Haiduong province. Processing data, calculating parameters to define TSQI in evaluating soil environment quality. - Establish the maps as follow: the map of network of soil sampling locations, the map of soil environment quality assessment in land for rice, in land for rice and crops, in land for food crops in Haiduong province in the scale of 1:100,000. - Proposing solutions for soil environment management and protection in Haiduong province, contributing to sustainably promote socio-economic development. 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH CONTENTS 3.1. Reseach objectives The thesis research the following issues: formation factors, processes of soil formation and degradation; criteria to evaluate soil; principle and method to represent SEQ in map; technique process to establish the map of evaluating SEQ in provincal level applying GIS and observation in practice. 3.2. Research contents - Spatial respect: researching the scientific basis for establishing map of soil environmental quality in provincial level, which was applied for study area - Hai Duong province. - Time respect: almost all contents were from 2007 to 2010, except for a minority of data was up-to-date to 2012. - Content respect: + General scientific base for establishing provincial soil map in which focus on technical process of establishing the map. Applying synthetic indicators method in evaluate soil environmental quality in Hai Duong province. + For the reason that agriculture land prevail in land use structure in Haiduong province, in which, land for rice, or land for rice and crops account for the vast 2 3 majority, the thesis did not evaluate SEQ in the whole province and just focused on agriculture land, to be more specific, land for food. + The thesis did not apply the method of evaluating SEQ by separate indicators. Alternatively, we employed the method of evaluating SEQ named total environment quality indicator (TEQI) developed by Pham Ngoc Ho [83] to build TEQI indexs taking the weight of indexs groups of soil quality and metal contamination into account. + Set up principles, methods and processes in establishing the maps of evaluating SEQ in Haiduong in 2010 at the scales of 1:100.000.4. SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS - Scientific significance: the results of the thesis contributed to finalizing theoretical basis of thematic map establishment for provincial level, which can be replicated for other localities in the country. - Practical significance: the results presented in the thesis, the maps, and the analysis results are important scientific arguments serving effectively for the territory organization, exploiting, monitoring, using and protecting environment. The suggestions and recommendations in the thesis also are considered as arguments helping local authorities in soil environment management and protection towards sustainable development. 4.RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS 4.1. Research perspectives The study apply some perspectives in research, such as: soil formation perspective, system perspective, historical perspective, territorial synthesis perspective, sustainable development perspective. 4.2. Research methods 4.2.1. Statistic, analysis and materials synthesis method This is a group of methods was employed in the process of approaching research objectives and territory. 4.2.2. Using maps and GIS We used maps and GIS as versatile research tools to extensively and intuitively approach the research territory. 4.2.3. Field survey The author went field trip to investigate the reality of using land in Haiduong as well as the source of waste generation, the implementation of environmental regulations and to collect data. 4.2.4. Sociological survey We conducted surveys to gather information on using land and its effectiveness, pros and cons in using land, trend in using land and soil protection. 5. SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS 3 4 - Scientific significance: results of the study contribute to finilize the theoretical basis in establishing the map of provincial soil environment, which can be applied for other province. - Practical significance: research results together with maps presented in the thesis are important scientific arguments serving effectively in territory organization, exploitation, monitoring, exploitation monitoring, environmental use and protection. The recommendations of the thesis can be viewed as appropriate suggestions for local authorities in managing and protecting soil environment towards sustainable development. 6. NEW CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS - Applying TSQI method in assessing soil environment, contributing to finilizing methods of assessing soil environment and building scientific base for establishing the map of provincal soil environment to meet the needs of researching, evaluating land resource for soil environment management and protection in Vietnam. - Develop technical process for establishing provincal map of soil environment and can be applied for other provinces in soil environment mapping. 7. THEORETICAL POINT FOR DEFENSE - The first point: Applying GIS and monitoring in field survey to build scientific base to finalizing technical process in establishing the provincial map of soil environment quality; contributing to completing theoretical basis for establishing the map of soil environment; Creating effective tool in environment management and protection. - The second point: Applying the method TSQI in establishing the map of evaluating soil environment quality in Haiduong province. 8. THESIS’ STRUCTURE Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis includes three chapters: Chapter 1. Cơ sở khoa học thành lập bản đồ môi trường đất. Chapter 2. Establishing the maps of soil environment quality of Haiduong province serving soil environment management and protection. Chapter 3. Chất lượng môi trường đất và bảo vệ môi trường đất tỉnh Hải Dương Thesis was presented in 156 pages, 30 tables and 27 figures in which included 8 maps. The appendix was presented in 16 tables reflecting all data for mapping and assessing soil environment quality in Haiduong province in 2010. CHAPTER 1 CƠ SỞ KHOA HỌC THÀNH LẬP BẢN ĐỒ MÔI TRƯỜNG ĐẤT 1.1. REVIEWING LITERATURE ON SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY RESEARCH AND ESTABLISHING SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAP 1.1.1. In the world 4 5 - There have been many researches on evaluating soil environment. For example, J.Dumanski and C.Pieri (2000), W.R.Ott (1978) introduced the method to assess environment quality (air , water and soil) taking into account the weight of experts’ opinion. Some standard examples for this method are the method of ranking from 1 to 4 to classify environment quality of Belgium, the method of assessing soil environment quality of Canada (CCME, 2001). This approach, however, was considered as heavy subjectivity, not surprisingly, results usually lack objectivity. - The method of applying synthetic indicator in assessing every components of environment which has been used since the 80s of 21 st century in the Soviet Union, Canada and the United States [32], and has been gaining in popularity in over the world. 1.1.2. In Vietnam 1.1.2.1. Theoretical base of thematic map and its applications Research in this area focusing on building up a theoretical basis and applications of thematic maps has widenly developed and contributed to socio-economic development and science research in Vietnam. 1.1.2.2. The methods of assessing soil environment quality This is a deeply specialized research trend. Researches often use individually criteria in assessing soil environment quality or indirectly evaluate through directive indicators related to soil environment quality. Besides, there exits a number of researches apply the method of FAO in assessing soil capabilities [29], [37]. 1.1.2.3. The studies on assessing soil environment quality In 2000, Pham Ngoc Ho, Hoang Xuan Co et al, Environmental Impacts Assessment in Hoabinh province, initially launched a new method to evaluate SEQ. In 2009, the General Department of the Environment issued a method to calculate indicators serving evaluating water environment quality. However, this method has not been applied for indicators evaluating other components of environment such as soil, air. 1.1.3. In Haiduong province In 2007, the project "Environmental planning in Haiduong province from 2006 to 2020" was implemented by the People's Committee, Department of Resources and Environment of Haiduong province and the Centre of researching, monitoring and modeling, belonging to Hanoi University of Sciences, VNU [62]. In 2011, the Center of Investigating and Evaluating land resources, the General Department of Land Management has conducted a project named "Surveying and assessing soil environment in the Northern key economic region to serve sustainable land use and management "[60]. 1.2. SOME CONCEPTS RELATED TO ESTABLISHING SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAP 1.2.1. The concepts of soil and land 5 6 1.2.1.1. The concepts of soil 1.2.1.2. The concepts ò land Inheriting the concepts of V.V Docuchaev [according to 6] and FAO [according to 20]. 1.2.2. The concepts of environment and soil environment 1.2.2.1. The concepts of environment These concepts were quoted as in the Law of environment protection of Vietnam 2012. 1.2.2.2. The concepts of soil environment Soil environment is a very broad category, encompasses many issues such as: poor soil fertility, unbalanced nutrition, the pressure of rapid population growth, soil degradation due to soil erosion, land policy and the implementation, salinization, deforestation, accretion, shifting cultivation, flooding, drought, soil acidity, soil contamination, desertification, overgrazing problem, poor crop structure, etc. However, these issues are considered as two categories: the process making soil environment degradation and soil pollution [20]. 1.2.2.3. Factors altering the soil environment quality - The natural factors include parent materials, climate, hydrology, topography, the activities of animals, plants and microorganisms. These factors impact on the soil environment, enhance or deteriorate soil environment quality depending on every specific condition. - The artificial factors: human and their living activities have continuously affected to soil environment in direct or indirect ways. 1.2.2.4. Classification of soil environment - Basing on the purposes of using, soil environment can be divided into following types: agriculture and rural land, urban land, transport land, industry land, tourism land, etc. - Basing on the soil environment quality, there are five categories as following: not degrade, started degrade, degrade, strongly degrade and extremely degrade. Every degradation level corresponds to a given scale in the synthetic soil environment quality index – TSQI – which was set up based on soil environment quality evaluation method using synthetic indexes. 1.2.2.5. Indexes reflecting soil environment quality SEQ was represented through indexs of chemical, biological and physical properties of soil. 1.2.3. The concepts of environment map and soil environment map 1.2.3.1. Environment map Environment map is a model reflecting environment components and its characteristics that are distributed in space depending on specific purposes. 6 7 1.2.3.2. Soil environment map Soil environmental map is a component of environement map reflecting elements of soil environment that are distributed in space to serve for specific purpose. Soil environment fulfills requirements of an environment map and a thematic map. Hai Duong is a province located in the north of the Red River Delta region, with coordinates from 20 0 36' to 21 0 13'N and from 106 0 08' to 106 0 36'E. Haiduong province shares its border with six provinces: Bacninh, Bacgiang, Quangninh, Thaibinh, Haiphong and Hungyen. 2.1.1.2. Topography and minerals - Topography: terrain is quite flat but still witness a slight difference between Western North and Eastern South, the evaluation gradually decrease according to that direction in accordance with general characteristics of the Red river delta. Geology: limestone mixed shale accounts for large propotion in mountain; cobbles, gravel and sand are distributed in the southwest of Hai Duong; sand, clay creating fertile alluvial layer can be found in almost all everywhere in the province. - Hai Duong is not of abundant in mineral types. However, some kinds concentrated high quantity and are of good quality that can meet industrial development requirement, especially building materials produce. 2.1.1.3. Climate and hydrology - Hai Duong climate fulfills the pattern of tropical humid monsoon with a cold and dry winter and a hot, humid and rainy summer. - Hai Duong has a dense network of rivers, lakes and ponds consisting Thai Binh river system and other tributaries. 2.1.1.4. Soil change processes in Haiduong In the province exits changing processes like feralit process, leaching process, acidification process, organic transformation process, humus formation process, salinization process, alkaline process. 2.1.1.5. Soil classification in Haiduong - According to original source formation: alluvial soil and mountainous soil. - According to soil characteristics: includes 5 categories and 10 types of soil; alluvial soil prevails. - According to land use purpose: agricultural land (63.8%), non-agricultural land (35.83%), unused land (0.34%). 2.1.1.6. Organisms The most important organism resource in Hai Duong is forest in Chi Linh district with an area of 1,000 hectares [62]. Ecosystem has expeciened a decline in both 7 8 terms of area and quality making degradation of biodiversity in the area [61] after a long period of overexploiting and indiscriminate hunting. 2.1.2. Socio-Economic Characteristics of Haiduong province 2.1.2.1. Economic characteristics Haiduong’s economy is a typical symbol of agricultural economy and is transforming into industrialization. 2.1.2.2. Population Total population of the province is approximately 1,718,895 (2011), accounting nearly 2% of the national population. Hai Duong ranks 10 th in terms of population over the country. 2.1.2.3. Infrastructure and technical facilities Infrastructure and technical facilities in Haiduong gained a quite good base to motivate economic development. However, these factors also indirectly affect SEQ through produce process and transport activities [62]. 2.2. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF SOIL SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENT METHOD OF SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITI 2.2.1. Scientific bases of soil sampling Soil sampling was conducted basing on: soil map, the classification map of the study area, size and scale of study area map to choose appropriate sample size, a rating scale of key indicators of soil environment, result of soil geographic slide in study area. 2.2.2. Method of evaluating SEQ by total environment quality index 2.2.2.1. Recipe of total environment quality index (TEQI) In 2011, Pham Ngoc Ho [83, 84] proposed a new indicator named TEQI to evaluate environment quality of each element (air, water and soil) to overcome drawbacks of EQI employed broadly in over the world. Assessment threshold in TEQI has advantage of that depending on the parameter n surveys, which do not self-regulate and fix as other EQI methods. Calculation of weight and hierarchical depends on parameter n which is set by theory based on mathematical conditions: minimum value, maximum value, MIN value, MAX value, median and mean values [83,84]. In the reference number 84 has just built assessment thresholds and hierarchical for air and water environment quality, but not for soil environment quality. This problem will be addressed in this PhD thesis. 2.2.2.2. Setting total soil quality index (TSQI) to assess soil environment quality a. Recipe of TSQI By applying TEQI, we have the recipe to evaluate SEQ: 8 9 100 1 k n P TSQI P   = −  ÷   (2.5); 1 2 0 n m k m m k P P P P P P= + = + + > with 1 2 m m m= + (2.6) In which: m 1 : the number of parameters with value satisfying the condition 1 i q = . m 2 : the number of parameters satisfying 1 i q < . k : the number of survey parameters satisfying 1 i q > . 1 1 1 w m m i i i P q = = ∑ (2.7); ( ) 2 2 1 w 1 m m i i i P q = = − ∑ (2.8); ( ) 1 w 1 k k i i i P q = = − ∑ (2.9). In which: * i i i C q C = is temporary index; i C is value content of monitoring soil environment of parameter i and * i C is the permitted limit value of i according to prescribed environment standards to each type of soil (heavy metal group, total dosage group, etc). b. Converting soil rating scale to SEQ rating scale To apply the recipe 2.5, it should firstly convert soil rating scale to SEQ rating scale for each separate indicator. The following was based on researching Vietnamese and international literature regarded soil standards for each soil goup (rich, poor and medium) illustrated in appendix 2. - Target group calculated by total content will be summarized in the following table: Table 2.7. Conversion from soil rating scale to soil environment quality rating scale for total parameters Parameter Level Classification Reference source Convert to SEQ ∈ [a,b] Soil quality OM > 2,5% High Agricultural Compendium, 1989 > 2,5 Good 1,25 – 2,5% Medium 1,26 – 2,5 Medium < 1,25% Low <1,25 Bad Total N > 0,2% High Soil and fertilizers research institude, 2005 > 0,2% Good 0,1 – 0,2% Medium 0,1 – 0,2% Medium <0,1% Low <0,1% Bad Total P 2 O 5 >0,1% High Le Van Can, 1968 >0,1% Good 0,06 – 0,1% Medium 0,06 – 0,1% Medium <0,06% Low <0,06% Bad Total K 2 O >2% High Curriculum of >2% Good 9 10 Parameter Level Classification Reference source Convert to SEQ ∈ [a,b] Soil quality soil practice 1 – 2% Medium 1 – 2% Medium <1% Low <1% Bad [Appendix 2 and 9] - Criteria to calculate digestible content as the way of converting as the above table will be shown in the table 2.8. - Salt content in soil will be shown in the table 2.9. - Heavy metals group in soil will be shown in the table 2.10. c. Calculating weight W i of parameters i - Step 1: Calculating temporary weight (extra weight) W i of parameter i - Step 2: Calculating final weight W i as the formula: ' ' 1 w w w i i n i i= = ∑ (2.10), n is total number of surveyed parameters. For the reason that criteria to evaluate degradation of soil (rich, poor, average) includes many different groups, each group has different divisions, while W i is not a dimensionless parameter (it is just a specific number). Therefore, the author divided different groups to calculate the weight Wi ’ and W i for each parameter in the surveyed group. This will be applied in calculating and ranking the soil sample to point D1 as an example. d . Applying for a specific case study in the study area: the author based on table 2.7, 2.8 , 2.9 and 2.10 in the thesis to classify: d.1. Group 1: - Metal group, called as the lower standard meaning that if the value C i of parameters i is smaller than permitted limit C i * , SEQ is good; if * i i C C= , SEQ will be average; if * i i C C > , SEQ will be bad. Corresponding to this, the individual indicators: q i < 1; q i = 1 và q i > 1. In this case, temporary weight of i will be calculated as follow: * ' 1 * w i i C C = (2.11). In which, C 1 * is value of parameter choosen to be standardized parameters; C i * is permitted limitation value of i, i = 1, 2,…n. allow the survey i , i = 1 , 2 , n. C 1 * was selected from n surveyed arameters satisfying the 10 [...]... identified the scientific basis of establishing the map of provincial SEQ through researching and science-based analyzing soil, land, soil environment, thematic map, environment map, soil environment map Besides, the thesis also analyzed the technical processes and provisions in establishing environment map, topographic map, cadastral map and land use map On the other hand, we studied the location, size and. .. synthesing, analyzing and enriching geographical data, map editor, creating database for maps, testing, editing and finishing 2.5 ESTABLISHING PROVINCAL SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAPS IN HAIDUONG 2.5.1 Establishing the map of soil sampe locations in Haiduong province in 2007 2.5.1.1 Determining the name, scale, purpose and meaning of the map - Name and scale of the map: Map of soil sample locations in Haiduong. .. environment management - Basing on soil environment management goals and tasks of the province and established maps to identify critical places, routes and areas to monitor and adjust in management Regularly updating new information and changes into databases and electronic maps in GIS - Applying GIS, periodically monitoring, re-calculating the indexs of SEQ and reestablishing maps to monitore changes in... 2010, all at the scale of 1:100,000 Data source includes spatial data from the Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Hai Duong and statistical data from the General Statistics Office of Hai Duong with high precision to ensure quality of the maps There are 5 main categories of soil in Haiduong, including salinity soil, acid sulphate soil, alluvial soil, gray and barren soil and feralit soil. .. 2010, areas of each type of soil as rating scale were calculated for each district and then build up a diagram for visualization purpose SEQ of land for rice in districts range from “has not yet degraded” to “slightly degrade” 3.1.1.2 Degradation of land for rice and crops Based on the map of SEQ for land for rice and crops – figure 2.12, it is easy to extract information and build up a diagram As can... the map of environment quality of land cultivated rice and crops, the map of environment quality of land cultivated food crops, all at the scale of 1:100,000 Purposes of these maps are to serve environment management and protection, help to visually present soil environment situation and evaluate this situation of the whole province 2.5.2.2 Principles in establishing the maps - Mathematical be constructed... scientificly and intuitively represent soil environment quality The selected maps include: the map of soil samples locations in Haiduong province in 2007 and 3 SEQ assessment maps: the map of environment quality assessment of land cultivated rice in 2010, the map of environment quality assessment of land cultivated rice and crops in 2010 and the map of environment quality assessment of land cultivated food... + The map of SEQ for land for rice and crop is shown in figure 2.12 + The map of SEQ for land for food is shown in figure 2.13 CHAPTER 3 SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY AND PROTECTING SOIL ENVIRONMENT IN HAIDUONG PROVINCE 20 21 3.1 SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF HAIDUONG PROVINCE 3.1.1 SEQ distribution by districts of Haiduong 3.1.1.1 Degradation of land for rice Based on the map of SEQ for land for. .. SEQ MAPS FOR HAIDUONG PROVINCAL 2.4.1 General provisions - Technical process was applied for State management agencies in local and organizations, individuals engaged in setting up soil environment maps - Limit was set up for these maps are provincial level to serve soil environment planning and protection - Base map (data used as geographical background) in provincal soil environment maps (at scale... These above contents are designed for 3 maps - Main content: showing the level of SEQ assessment of land quality, using choropleth map method 2.5.2.4 Editoring map contents and glossary - The geographical elements are built in independent information layers as a basis for designing thematic maps - Based on the TSQI calculation results to establish each map: + The map of SEQ for land for rice in Haiduong . literature on establishing thematic maps and evaluating soil environment quality for the purpose of soil environment management and protection. - Researching scientific base of establishing the thematic. the name, scale, purpose and meaning of the map - There are three maps established in the thesis, including: the map of environment quality of land cultivated rice, the map of environment quality. assessing soil environment and building scientific base for establishing the map of provincal soil environment to meet the needs of researching, evaluating land resource for soil environment management