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Ruth F. Weiner and Robin Matthews Updated e d it i o n of Environmental Engineering, previous I y c o - a u t ho red by J. Jeffrey Peirce and P. Aarne Vesilind. FOURTH EDITION ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Fourth Edition ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Fourth Edition Ruth E Weiner Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor; MI and Robin A. Matthews Huxley College of Environmental Studies Western Washington University Bellingham, WA I$==== EINEMANN An inlprht of Elsevier science www.bh.com Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright Q 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science t Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissionsQelsevier.corn.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” @ Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier-Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. International Standard Book Number: 0750672943 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01 803 Tel: 781-313-4700 Fax: 781-313-4882 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http:l/www.bh.com 03 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America To Hubert Joy, Geojky Matthews, and Natalie Weiner Contents Preface 1 Environmental Engineering Civil Engineering Public Health Ethics Environmental Engineering as a Profession Organization of This Text Ecology 2 Assessing Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Use of Risk Analysis in Environmental Assessment Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Conclusion Problems 3 RiskAnalysis Risk Assessment of Risk Probability Dose-Response Evaluation Population Responses Exposure and Latency Expression of Risk Risk Perception Ecosystem Risk Assessment Conclusion Problems 4 Water Pollution Sources of Water Pollution Elements of Aquatic Ecology Biodegradation xiii 1 1 4 5 7 10 10 13 13 23 24 29 30 33 33 34 35 38 40 40 41 46 47 47 47 51 51 54 57 vii . 75 76 76 77 81 81 82 84 91 91 92 92 92 94 94 97 99 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 4 10 7 10 7 10 8 11 5 11 9 13 2 13 4 13 5 13 5 14 0 14 1 15 0 15 1 15 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 Collection of. Contents ix 15 3 15 3 15 4 15 7 16 4 16 5 16 7 16 7 16 9 17 1 17 2 18 2 19 5 200 202 205 205 207 210 228 230 23 1 233 235 24 1 248 248 2 51 252 254 259 2 61 26 1 26 1 263 263. 292 295 295 298 299 30 1 303 310 311 313 313 3 21 325 333 334 337 337 338 3 41 342 345 350 350 3 51 35 1 352 355 3 61 368 37 1 37 1 375 375 377 380 Contents