TLFeBOOK A Professional’s Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World TLFeBOOK For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Telecommunications Library turn to the back of this book. TLFeBOOK A Professional’s Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/IP World E. Bryan Carne Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com TLFeBOOK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carne, E. Bryan, 1928– A professional’s guide to data communication in a TCP/IP world / E. Bryan Carne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-909-2 (alk. paper) 1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol). 2. Data transmissions systems. I. Title. TK5105.585.C36 2004 004.6'2—dc22 2004053826 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Carne, E. Bryan (Edward Bryan), 1928– A professional’s guide to data communication in a TCP/IP world.—(Artech House telecommunications library) 1. Computer networks 2. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) I. Title 004.6 ISBN 1-58053-909-2 Cover design by Gary Ragaglia © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ - ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-909-2 10987654321 TLFeBOOK To Joan, Kevin, Benjamin, and Matthew with thanks for your outstanding support TLFeBOOK . TLFeBOOK Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xv CHAPTER 1 A TCP/IP World? 1 1.1 The Internet 2 1.1.1 TCP/IP Suite 3 1.1.2 Internet Protocol Stack 3 1.2 Some Application Layer Protocols 4 1.2.1 Information Retrieval 5 1.2.2 File Transfer 5 1.2.3 Mail Transfer 5 1.2.4 Using Another Computer 6 1.2.5 Resolving Names and Numbers 6 1.3 User Datagram Protocol 7 1.3.1 UDP Attributes 7 1.3.2 UDP Header 7 1.3.3 Checksum 8 1.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 8 1.4.1 Sequencing 9 1.4.2 Segmentation 9 1.4.3 TCP Header 9 1.4.4 TCP Ports 9 1.4.5 Checksum 10 1.4.6 Urgent Data 10 1.4.7 Cumulative Acknowledgments 10 1.4.8 Selective Acknowledgments 11 1.4.9 Flow Control 11 1.4.10 Retransmission Time-Out 12 1.5 Creating a Connection 12 1.5.1 OPEN Function Calls 13 1.5.2 Flags 14 1.5.3 Connection Denied 14 1.5.4 Connection Termination 15 1.6 Internet Protocol 16 1.6.1 IP Version 4 16 1.6.2 IP Version 6 20 vii TLFeBOOK 1.6.3 Other Internet Layer Protocols 22 1.7 Network Interface Layer 25 1.8 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 25 CHAPTER 2 Data Communication 27 2.1 Communication Equipment 27 2.2 Making a Data Call 29 2.3 Open Systems Interconnection Model 31 2.3.1 OSI Model 31 2.3.2 Layer Tasks 33 2.4 Internet Model 37 2.4.1 Application Layer 38 2.4.2 Transport Layer 39 2.4.3 Internet Layer 40 2.4.4 Network Interface Layer 41 CHAPTER 3 Local Area Networks 43 3.1 Ethernet 43 3.1.1 Classic Ethernet 43 3.1.2 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) LAN 45 3.1.3 New Configurations 48 3.2 IEEE 802.5 Token-Ring LAN 52 3.2.1 What Is a Token? 53 3.2.2 Token Ring Frame 54 3.3 Fiber Distributed Data Interface 56 3.4 Bit Ordering 57 CHAPTER 4 Wide Area Networks 59 4.1 Point-to-Point Links 60 4.1.1 High-Level Data Link Control Protocol 60 4.1.2 PPP and SLIP 63 4.2 Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Links 64 4.2.1 Packet-Switched Networks 64 4.2.2 Cell Relay 68 4.2.3 Frame Relay 73 4.3 Quality of Service 74 4.3.1 Differentiated Services 76 4.3.2 T-1 Performance Measures 76 4.3.3 ATM Performance Measures 77 4.3.4 Frame Relay Performance Measures 78 4.3.5 QoS 78 CHAPTER 5 Connecting Networks Together 81 viii Contents TLFeBOOK 5.1 More Than One Network 81 5.1.1 Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Gateways 81 5.1.2 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches 83 5.2 Bridging 84 5.2.1 Bridging Identical LANs 84 5.2.2 Bridging Dissimilar LANs 87 5.3 Routing 91 5.3.1 Routing over Broadcast Links 92 5.3.2 Routing over Point-to-Point Links 92 5.3.3 Routing over Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Links 92 5.3.4 Router 94 5.3.5 Static Routing 94 5.3.6 Dynamic Routing 94 5.3.7 Border Gateway Routing 95 5.3.8 Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System 96 5.4 Virtual LANs 96 5.4.1 Tags 96 5.4.2 Edge and Core Switches 99 5.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 101 5.5.1 Label Distribution 101 5.5.2 Label Location 101 5.5.3 MPLS Operation 102 CHAPTER 6 Protecting Enterprise Catenets 105 6.1 Operating Environment 105 6.1.1 Enterprise Catenet 105 6.1.2 Interconnections 107 6.2 Combating Loss of Privacy 109 6.2.1 Network Address Translation 109 6.2.2 Proxies 110 6.2.3 Tunnels 111 6.2.4 Encryption, Decryption, and Authentication 113 6.2.5 IP Security 114 6.2.6 Other Tunneling Protocols 115 6.2.7 Firewalls 116 6.2.8 Functions Performed in Firewall 116 6.3 Virtual Private Networks 118 6.3.1 Types of VPNs 119 6.3.2 Basic Connections 119 CHAPTER 7 Transmission Facilities 121 7.1 Twisted Pairs 121 7.1.1 Cable Pair Impairments 122 4.1.2 Circuit Noise 123 7.1.3 Crosstalk 124 Contents ix TLFeBOOK [...]... Header and Trailer Chapter 7: Transmission Facilities B.6 .1 IEEE 802 .11 Frame Containing IEEE 802.3 Payload 17 2 17 8 17 8 17 9 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 2 18 3 18 3 18 4 18 4 18 4 18 5 18 5 18 5 18 6 18 8 18 9 18 9 18 9 19 0 19 0 19 1 19 2 19 2 19 2 19 3 19 3 19 3 19 4 19 4 19 4 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 19 7 Glossary 205 Selected Bibliography 2 41 About the Author 243 Index 245 TLFeBOOK TLFeBOOK Preface There is nothing so certain... Signal Classification A. 4.2 Baseband Signal Formats 16 1 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 3 16 4 16 5 16 6 16 7 16 7 16 7 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 9 17 0 TLFeBOOK Contents A. 5 xi A. 4.3 Passband Formats Error Control A. 5 .1 Error Detection A. 5.2 Error Correction APPENDIX B Frames and Headers B .1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 Chapter 1: A TCP/ IP World? B .1. 1 UDP Header B .1. 2 TCP Header B .1. 3 IPv4 Header B .1. 4 IPv6 Header B .1. 5 ICMP Frame B .1. 6 Echo... 802 .11 Standard 12 6 12 6 13 1 13 2 13 2 13 3 13 3 13 3 13 4 13 4 13 5 13 7 13 9 14 0 14 0 CHAPTER 8 The Convergence of Voice and Data 14 5 8 .1 The Last Mile 8 .1. 1 The Local Loop 8 .1. 2 Modems and Digital Subscriber Lines 8 .1. 3 Cable Television 8.2 Voice over IP (VoIP) 8.2 .1 Packet Voice 8.2.2 Telephone Signaling 8.2.3 Real-Time Transport Protocols 8.2.4 Major Signaling Protocols 8.3 Final Word 14 5 14 5 14 8 15 2 15 2 15 3... and other features are employed to ensure reliable data transfer TCP is a transport layer protocol that provides reliable data transfer over point -to- point duplex channels TCP accepts data from the application layer, adds data required to achieve reli- TLFeBOOK 1. 4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 9 able operation, and sends the combination to IP TCP associates port numbers with specific applications,... addresses available to guide data across networks IP includes several management protocols that are essential to the operation of the Internet Together, TCP, UDP, IP, and associated protocols are known as the TCP/ IP suite TCP/ IP facilitates interconnection and internetworking Since 19 82, when the Defense Communications Agency declared it to be the protocol suite for ARPAnet, the basic technology has... In addition, I want to thank Judi Stone of Artech House for showing me that her PC world and my Mac world are compatible, Mark Walsh and his staff for helping me focus my efforts, Barbara Lovenvirth for editing the final manuscript, and Jill Stoodley and Rebecca Allendorf for managing its production Finally, I want to thank my wife Joan, my son Kevin, and my grandsons Benjamin and Matthew for keeping... data communication over metropolitan, continental, and intercontinental 1 TLFeBOOK 2 A TCP/ IP World? distances Soon, it became obvious to many that what eventually became known as TCP/ IP was more flexible (i.e., could accommodate any style of networking) and more scalable (i.e., could handle growing networks efficiently) than the OSI contender These advantages remain true today 1. 1 The Internet In 19 69,... Request and Reply Messages B .1. 7 Destination Unreachable Message B .1. 8 ARP Request and Reply Messages Chapter 3: Local Area Networks B.2 .1 Classic Ethernet Frame B.2.2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame B.2.3 IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Frame B.2.4 FDDI Frame Chapter 4: Wide Area Networks B.3 .1 Point -to- Point Protocol (PPP) Frame B.3.2 X.25 Data Frame B.3.3 ATM Cell Structure B.3.4 AAL5 Frame Containing IP Datagram B.3.5... identifying numbers for the ports through which the application layer communicates with the transport layer The next layer is the Internet layer It contains IP and other associated protocols They provide the frame with originating and terminating addresses to guide the PDU to its destination The bottom layer is the network interface layer It employs standard data link protocols and converts the data stream... stream to a signal stream for transmission over physical facilities to the destination stack Here, the frame is handed off from layer to layer in reverse The bottom layer passes the PDU to the Internet layer, the Internet layer passes the PDU to the transport layer, and the transport layer passes it to the application that can use the data being delivered In doing this, each receiving layer makes use . Detection 17 8 A. 5.2 Error Correction 17 9 APPENDIX B Frames and Headers 18 1 B .1 Chapter 1: A TCP/ IP World? 18 1 B .1. 1 UDP Header 18 1 B .1. 2 TCP Header 18 1 B .1. 3 IPv4 Header 18 2 B .1. 4 IPv6 Header 18 3 B .1. 5. Professional’s Guide to Data Communication in a TCP/ IP World E. Bryan Carne Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com TLFeBOOK Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Carne,. 20 vii TLFeBOOK 1. 6.3 Other Internet Layer Protocols 22 1. 7 Network Interface Layer 25 1. 8 TCP/ IP Protocol Stack 25 CHAPTER 2 Data Communication 27 2 .1 Communication Equipment 27 2.2 Making a Data Call 29 2.3