CHAPTER 6 Groundwater Melvin Rivera CONTENTS Section 6A Groundwater — United States . . . . . . 6–2 Section 6B Water Wells — United States . . . . . . 6–17 Section 6C Water Wells . . . . 6–22 Section 6D Injection Wells . . 6–39 Section 6E Pumping of Water . . . 6–49 Section 6F Subsidence . . . . . 6–59 Section 6G Aquifer Characteristics 6–64 Section 6H Soil Moisture . . . 6–76 Section 6I Springs 6–79 Section 6J Artificial Recharge . . . 6–85 Section 6K Geophysical Logging . 6–88 6-1 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC SECTION 6A GROUNDWATER — UNITED STATES THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6-2 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC EXPLANATION Unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers Sandstone aquifers Basaltic and other volcanic-rock aquifers Semiconsolidated sand aquifer Coastal lowlands aquifer system Texas coastal uplands aquifer system Mississippi embayment aquifer system Basin and Range aquifers Rio Grande aquifer system California Coastal Basin aquifers Pacific Northwest basin-fill aquifers Puget-Willamette Lowland aquifer system Northern Rocky Mountains Intermountain Basins aquifer system Central Valley aquifer system High Planes aquifer Pacos River Basin alluvial aquifer Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer Seymour aquifer11 Surfical aquifer system Unconsolidated-deposit aquifer (Alaska) South Coast aquifer (Puerto Rico) Colorado Plateaus aquifer Denver Basin aquifer system Lower Cretaceous aquifers Rush Springs aquifer Central Oklahoma aquifer Ada-Varnoosa aquifer Southern Nevada volcanic-rock aquifers Northern California volcanic-rock aquifers Pliocene and younger basaltic-rock aquifers Miocene basaltic-rock aquifers Volcanic and sedimentary-rock aquifers Snake River Plain aquifer system Carbonate-rock aquifers Sandstone and carbonate-rock aquifers Glacial deposit aquifers overlie bedrock aquifers in many areas Not a principal aquifer Basin and Range carbonate-rock aquifers Roswell Basin aquifer system Ozark Plateaus aquifer system Bialine aquifer Arbuckle Simpsion aquifer Silarian-Devonian aquifers Ordovician aquifers Upper carbonate aquifers Eoxiden aquifer system Biscayne aquifer New York and New England carbonate rock aquifers Early Mesozoic basin aquifers New York sandstone aquifers Pennsylvantan aquifers Mississippian aquifer of Michigan Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system Jacobsville aquifer Lower Tertiary aquifers 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 6 30 20 21 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 31 38 35 36 37 39 25 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 51 52 58 59 60 61 48 17 Southeastern Coastal plain aquifer system 18 Northern Atlantic Coastal plain aquifer system 19 32 Upper Cretaceous aquifers 33 Upper Tertiary aquifers (Wyoming) 34 40 Columbia Plateaus aquifer system 41 Volcanic-rock aquifer-Overlain by sedimentary deposits where patterned (Hawaii) 42 53 Piedmont and Blue Ridge carbonate rock aquifers 54 Castle Hayne aquifer 55 North Coast Limestone aquifer system (Puerto Rico) 56 Kin g shill a q uifer ( St. Croix ) 57 Kilometres Scale Miles Figure 6A.1 Principal aquifers of the United States. (From http://capp.water.usgs.gov.) GROUNDWATER 6-3 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Figure 6A.2 River valley aquifers in the United States. (From Water Information Center, 1973, Water Atlas of the United States. H.E. Thomas, The Conservation of Ground Water, McGraw-Hill, 1951. With permission.) THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6-4 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 6A.1 Occurrence of Aquifers in the United States (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Geologic Age and Rock Type Western Mountain Ranges Arid Basin Columbi Lava Plateau Colorado Plateau High Plains Unglaciated Central Region Glaciated Central Region Unglaciated Appalachian Region Glaciated Appalachian Region Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Special Comments Cenozoic Quaternary Aluvium and related deposits (primarily. Recent and Pleistocene sediments and may include some of Pliocene age) S and G deposits in valleys and along stream courses. Highly productive but not greatly developed — P to M S and G deposits in valleys and along stream courses. Highly developed with local depletion. Storage large but perennial recharge limited-P S and G deposits along streams, interbedded with basalt — I to M U S and G along water courses. Sand dune deposits —P (in part) S and G along water courses and in terrace deposits — I (limited) S and G along water courses —M S and G along water courses and in terrace deposits. Not developed S and G along water courses and in terrace and littoral deposits, especially in the Mississippi and tributary valleys. Not highly developed in East and South. Some depletion in Gulf Coast — I The most widespread and important aquifers in the United States. Well over one-half of all groundwater pumped in the United States is withdrawn from these aquifers. Many are easily available for artificial recharge and induced infiltration. Subject to saltwater contamination in coastal areas Glacial drift, especially outwash (Pleisto- cene) S and G deposits in northern part of region — I S and G deposits especially in northern part of region and in some valleys — I S and G outwash, especially in Spokane area — I U S and G outwash, much of it reworked (see above) — I S and G outwash especially along northern boundary of region —I S and G outwash, terrace deposits and lenses in till throughout region — P (in part) S and G outwash in northern part. Not highly developed —M S and G outwash, terrace deposits and lenses in till. Locally highly deve- loped —I S and G outwash in Mississippi Valley (see above) —I Other Pleisto- cene sediments Alluvial Fm and other basin deposits in the southern part — M to P (see Alluvium above) U U Alluviated plains and valley fills — M to I U U U Coquina, limestone, sand, and marl Fms in Florida — M (Continued) GROUNDWATER 6-5 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 6A.1 (Continued) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Geologic Age and Rock Type Western Mountain Ranges Arid Basin Columbi Lava Plateau Colorado Plateau High Plains Unglaciated Central Region Glaciated Central Region Unglaciated Appalachian Region Glaciated Appalachian Region Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Special Comments Tertiary Sedi- ments, Pliocene S and G in valley fill and terrace deposits. Not highly developed —M Some S and G in valley fill — M U U Ogalalla Fm in High Plains. Extensive S and G with huge storage but little recharge locally. Much depletion —P (in part) U U Absent Absent Dewitt Ss in Texas. Citronelle and LaFayette Fms in Gulf States — I Miocene Ellensburg Fm in Washi- ngton — I; elsewhere —U U Ellensburg Fm in Washington —I; elsewhere —U U Arikaree Fm — M Arikaree Fm — M Flaxville and other terrace deposits, S and G in north western part — M Absent Absent New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia — Cohansey and Calvert Fms — I Delaware Aquifers in coastal areas subject to saltwater encroachment and contamination to North Carolina — St. Marys and Calvert Fms — I Georgia and Florida — Tampa Ls, Alluvium Bluff Gp, and Tamiami Fm — I Eastern Texas — Oakville and Catahoula Ss — I Oligocene U U U U Brule, clay, locally — I; else where — U U U Absent Absent Suwannee Fm, Byram Ls, and Vicksburg Gp — I THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6-6 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Eocene Knight and Almy Fm in south- west Wyoming —M U U Kngiht and Almy Fm in southwest Wyoming, Chuska Ss, and Tohatchi Sh in northwest Arizona and north- east New Mexico —M U Claibourne and Wilcox Gp in southern Illinois (?), Kentucky, and Missouri — M; else- where — U Absent Absent Absent New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia — Pamunkey Gp — I. North Carolina to Florida — Ocal a Ls and Castle Hayne Marl — P (in part) Florida — Avon Park Ls, South Carolina to Mexican border, Claibourne Gp, Wilcox Gp — I Includes the principal formations (Ocala Ls, especially) of the great Floridan aquifer. Subject to saltwater contamination in coastal areas but source of largest groundwater supply in southeastern United States Paleocene U U U U Feet Union Gp — M Feet Union Gp — M Feet Union Gp — M Absent Absent Clayton Fm in Georgia —I Volcanic rocks, primarily basalt U Local flows — M Many interbeded basalt flows from Eocene to Plio- cene — P Local flows — M Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Mesozoic upper creta- ceous U Ss lenses in southern California —M; elsewhere —U U Dakota Ss and other not clearly distinguishable Ss a notable source of water from Minnesota and Iowa to the Rocky Mountains and south into New Mexico; also in Utah and Arizona — I In northwestern part of region Fox Hills and related Ss (Lennep, Colgate, etc.) locally valuable as water sources — M U U New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware — Magothy and Raritan Fm — I North and South Carolina — Peedee and Black Creek Fms — I In coastal areas subject to saltwater encroachment and contamination. Ss aquifers of the central regions and the west primarily valuable when water from other sources is unavailable Ss of Montana Gp — M Ss members of Mesaverde Gp in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona — M In Texas aquifers listed under col. 11 — I Alabama and Georgia — Ripley and Eutah Fms — I (Continued) GROUNDWATER 6-7 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 6A.1 (Continued) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Geologic Age and Rock Type Western Mountain Ranges Arid Basin Columbi Lava Plateau Colorado Plateau High Plains Unglaciated Central Region Glaciated Central Region Unglaciated Appalachian Region Glaciated Appalachian Region Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Special Comments Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois — McNairy Ss — I Arkansas to Texas — Navarro Gp and Taylor Fm — I Lower creta- ceous U U U In northern part of these regions Lakota, Cloverly, and Kootenai Ss — M In southern part Purgatoire and Dakota Ss—M. Texas aquifers listed in col. 11—I U U U Texas — Woodbine Ss — I. New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware — Patapsco and Patuxent Fms — I West of Mississippi River, especially in Texas — Edwards Ls and Ss in Trinity Gp — I Jurassic Locally — Ss Fm — M Locally — Ss Fm —M U Ss Fms. Some may not be develo- ped — I U U Absent Absent Absent U Triassic Locally — Ss and C Fms — M U Ss and C Fms used locally. Shinarump C and corre- latives give rise to springs — I U U Absent Ss, C, jointed shale, and basalt beds of Newark Gp in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina — M Water from Ss, C, and Ls Fms west of Mississippi river, especially valuable when water from other sources is unavailable THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6-8 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Paleozoic Permian U U U DeChelly Ss — I U San Andres Ls in Roswell Basin — P U U Absent U Kaibab Ls — M Quarter- master Gp gives rise to many springs — M Other Ss and Ls in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas — M Pennsyl- vanian Tensleep Ss in Wyoming and other Ss else- where — M U U U U Ss and C beds from the Appalachians to Iowa and eastern Kansas — M to I Jointed and weath- ered Sh, Ss, and C in Rhode Island and Massach- usetts —M U Mississippian Ls locally but little deve- loped; springs arise from Ls in Rocky Mountains —M Afew springs arise from Ls locally —U U Some springs arise from Ls locally —U U In Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Kentucky the Burlington, Keokuk, and St. Louis Ls — I Some Ss (primarily Chester) — M In Alabama and Tennessee — the Feet Payne chert, Gaspar Fm, and St. Genevieve and Tuscumbia Ls — I In Kentucky many springs arise in Ls UUDo Devonian U U U U U U, except locally in Michigan (Traverse Fm), Illinois, Missouri, Ohio (Columbia Ls), and Kentucky — M Jointed Ls, Ss, and Sh, some highly metamorphosed M locally and little used U Silurian U U U U U Ls and dolomite Fms in New York, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa UUU Better-known aquifers include Monroe dolomite and related carbonate Fms in Ohio — I; “Niagaran” dolomite in Illinois — P (in part) (Continued) GROUNDWATER 6-9 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 6A.1 (Continued) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) Geologic Age and Rock Type Western Mountain Ranges Arid Basin Columbi Lava Plateau Colorado Plateau High Plains Unglaciated Central Region Glaciated Central Region Unglaciated Appalachian Region Glaciated Appalachian Region Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Special Comments Ordovician U U U U U In Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, eastern Indiana, southern Wisconsin, south- eastern Minnesota, the St. Peter Ss — I Locally Ls and Ss Fms; not highly developed — M U Overlying and subjacent Ls and Ss where present in above states and in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New York — M to I In Kentucky and Tennessee — Ls Fm — M to I Cambrian U U U U U Ss beds in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois include Jordan Ss, “Dresbach Fm” (Galesville Ss, Eau Claire Fm, Mt. Simon Ss) — P (in part) Ls Fms give rise to large springs in southern Appal- achians. Otherwise —U Eastern New York and New England Ss Fms — M; other- wise — U U Ls and Ss Fms in Missouri and Arkansas give rise to many large springs and yield water to many wells — P Precambrian (including crystalline rocks which may be younger) Weathered and jointed rocks locally — M U U U U Weathered and jointed rocks locally in Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Michigan, Piedmont Plateau, New England — M to I. Some Ss in North Central States UDo Note: Abbreviations: (1) Aquifers: P, principal aquifer in region; I, important aquifer in region; M, minor aquifer in region; U, unimportant as an aquifer in region. (2) Rock terms; S, sand, Ss, sandstone; G, gravel; C, conglomerate; Sh, shale; Ls, limestone; Fm, formation; Gp, group. Source: From Maxey, In Chow, Handbook of Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, Copyright 1964. With permission. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6-10 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... $61 $37 $39 $13 $41 $79 E6 0-1 000 E9 0 -6 00 2-1 /2 00 PS 4.0# 3.03 2.93 2.45 $39 $35 $41 $39 n/a $61 $37 $39 $21 $44 $81 W6 0-1 000 W9 0 -6 00 3 00 PS 4.0# 3. 56 3. 46 2.98 $38 $34 $43 $41 n/a $64 $39 $41 $21 $48 $92 E6 0-1 000 E9 0-3 00 4 00 PS 5.0# 4. 56 4. 46 3.98 $49 $45 $49 $49 n/a $72 $47 $49 $21 $50 $151 6 00 PS 7.0# 6. 64 6. 54 6. 02 $81 $80 $79 $1 06 n/a $1 26 $104 $1 06 $32 $66 n/a E6 0-5 00 E9 0-2 00 E6 0-2 50 E9 0-5 0... 80-Slot 100-Slot 150-Slot 250-Slot 15 20 26 30 28 36 42 37 42 36 41 61 63 26 35 45 53 51 65 77 68 60 69 77 113 118 41 57 72 85 87 108 130 97 108 124 139 131 138 52 71 90 1 06 113 141 143 132 148 169 189 182 191 59 81 102 100 133 166 171 161 180 2 06 229 2 26 237 65 88 112 112 149 1 86 195 185 208 237 264 265 278 73 101 112 132 160 200 237 232 261 298 280 343 360 82 115 132 1 56 194 243 265 292 327 375 366 449... Wt/ft W60 W90 ID 60 90 Weld Ringc NPT Thd Pkr w/WR Btm w/WR Sch40 Sch80 Clean and Bag Ball Loopd SS Pointe on Collapse Strengtha 1 00 PSb 2.0# 1.33 1.27 0.88 $31 $28 $22 $28 n/a $35 $66 $72 $13 n/a $53 W6 0-2 000 W9 0-1 000 1-1 /4 00 PS 1.5# 1 .67 1 .60 1.19 $30 $29 $24 $ 36 n/a $ 36 $33 $ 36 $13 $38 $58 W6 0-1 000 W9 0 -6 00 1-1 /2 00 PS 3.0# 2.01 1.95 1.54 $33 $31 $25 $38 n/a $37 $ 36 $38 $13 $38 $62 W6 0-1 000 W9 0 -6 00... $64 $43 $21 $47 $49 $49 $49 $48 $108 $65 $ 56 $21 $58 $60 $60 $54 $70 n/a $92 $73 $32 $104 $1 06 $1 06 $79 $82 n/a $101 $90 $32 3.334 5 4.50 5 10 5 10 10 40 10 00 PS 10 40 $29 4.37 7 .65 $34 $40 4.334 3.95 $31 4. 260 4.0 26 5 .67 10.90 $38 $60 5.345 2.295 6. 41 7.84 $49 $59 5.047 14.75 $92 6. 407 6. 357 7 .66 9.38 $ 56 $65 6. 065 19.15 $109 8.329 7.981 13.53 28.82 $104 $190 $193 $290 $1 96 $1 26 $88 n/a $188 $1 86. .. 16 3.3 C41 K2.5 K18 K32 NC K 26 3.0 4 .6 C8.3 C41 K12 1.7 2 .6 C28 C43 K31 C14 K8.5 C2 .6 100 100 Source: From Hindall, S.M., Eberle, Michael, national and regional trends in water- well drilling in the United States 1 964 –1984, U.S Geological Survey, Open File Report, 87–247, 1987 q 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6- 2 2 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 6C q 20 06. .. LLC 6- 3 6 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 6C.19 (Continued) 304 Stainless Steel Casingl Direct Attached Std Fittings Per End Dimensions Flush Threads 00 2 PS 3 00 PS 6 PS Plate Locking Add/Joint ID Wt Per ft Foot Sch 40 Sch 80 Thread Ring Bottom Point Cap/Plug Cap Cln and Bag 5 10 40 2.375 2.245 2.157 2. 067 1 .62 2 .66 3 .69 $ 16 $21 $25 $37 $39 $39 $41 $34 $67 $52 $ 36. .. (includes Alaska) 63 ,300 95,300 130,000 68 ,000 1 26, 000 123,000 62 ,100 102,000 1 06, 000 60 ,60 0 1 06, 000 95,300 50,800 93 ,60 0 87,900 60 ,200 112,000 90,900 70,800 121,000 101,000 60 ,900 107,000 96, 200 54,800 20,100 77,200 19 ,60 0 63 ,200 17,900 62 ,100 16, 700 60 ,60 0 18,100 57,300 12,500 63 ,300 13,300 61 ,300 15,700 12,000 5 ,62 0 13,000 7,200 20,700 15,000 17,700 11,400 15,100 9,750 14,800 8 ,67 0 18,300 10,300... permission q 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6- 2 8 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 6C.12 Data on Standard and Line Pipe Commonly Used for Water Well Casing Schedule or Classa Wall Thickness (in.) Weight per Foot-Plain End (Pounds) Inside Diameter (in.) Suggested Maximum Setting (ft)b 5.200 — 40 0.219 0.237 10.10 10.79 4. 062 4.0 26 1,190 1, 060 6. 625 7.390 — 40(S)... n/a n/a $809 $ 366 $ 76 $121 14P/16T 14.00 $2 06 $2 06 $2 26 $2 26 $252 $329 $404 n/a n/a na na $923 $441 $ 76 $121 $60 1 13.00 Wt/Foot 30# Large Diameter 304 Stainless Steel High Flow (HIQ)k 16P/18T 16. 00 15.00 $210 $230 $230 $235 $302 $377 $ 464 n/a n/a n/a n/a $1,014 $529 $ 76 $128 $67 0 Wt/Foot 35# 18P/20T 18.00 16. 70 Wt/Foot 40# $285 $285 $285 $330 $ 360 $ 468 $5 76 n/a n/a n/a n/a $1,045 $63 0 $ 76 $128 $755 20... applicable 5 5 5 1 Not recommended 5 5 5 1 Not recommended 6 6 6 4 Not applicable 5a 5a 5a 2–1 Not recommended 6 6 6 5 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Dune sand Loose sand and gravel Quicksand Loose boulders in alluvial fans or glacial drift Clay and slit Firm shale Sticky shale Brittle shale Sandstone — poorly cemented Sandstone — well cemented Chert nodules Limestone Limestone . Islands 18 14 2 10 4 19 21 13 22 11 8 6 16 Figure 6A.4 Regional aquifer study areas. (From http:/ /water. usgs.gov.) THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6 -1 4 q 20 06 by. Fm, Byram Ls, and Vicksburg Gp — I THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6 -6 q 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Eocene Knight and Almy Fm in south- west Wyoming —M U. in the United States THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES6 -1 2 q 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC q 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 6A.3 Basic Data