q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface “Just do an Internet search.” “It’s on the Internet.” How often have we said or been told that we could find it on the Internet. This third edition of The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources started from a premise that most of the information provided within this publication could be found on the Internet. As our team of contributing authors started reviewing each section within each chapter, it soon became apparent that you cannot always find it on the internet. This edition represents many hours of effort to identify the most current information on a wide range of water- related topics whether it can be found on the internet or in other sources. The Encyclopedia has retained many of the elements of the previous editions but has also been expanded to reflect the many changes within the environmental industry as well as the current and topical water-related matters of the last decade. Prepared by scientists and engineers, this publication is intended to serve as a valuable resource to all professionals dealing with water-related issues as well as the general public. The material presented has been footnoted to provide the user with the opportunity to return to the original source material for additional research. Where possible, an Internet URL address is provided to guide the user to the appropriate source. The third edition of the Encyclopedia has been significantly expanded beyond the previous edition. The first two chapters of this edition are new and discuss data management and international data collection. Data management concepts are presented to review the use of databases, geographic information systems (GIS), data reporting and metadata. Data repositories and availability vary around the world and range in ease of access and usability. The international data collection provides some direction on potential data sources in less developed areas as well as case histories of actual project work and Internet sources for international water-related data. This edition contains more than 1100 tables and 500 figures providing data related to weather, surface water, groundwater, water use, water quality, waste water, pollution, and water resource management. The pollution chapter alone has grown to contain some 450 plus tables and figures. Wastewater, previously included within the pollution chapter, is presented as a stand-alone chapter to facilitate use of this reference. A chapter of useful conversion factors and constants concludes this edition. Whether you are looking for a specific piece of information or exploring one or more of the many topics related to water, this edition provides its users with a tremendous wealth of data whether on the Internet or not. q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Acknowledgments We want to extend our thanks and appreciation to the many individuals, publishers, and organizations that have made this third edition a reality. Without their time, cooperation, collaboration, this work would not have been possible. Most importantly, the support and access to resources for the management of this compilation provided by ARCADIS G&M was invaluable, and their on-going support and encouragement to undertake these efforts are deeply appreciated. A number of individual contributors were involved in compiling the relevant information for each of the chapters and they are identified at the start of their chapters. Our thanks and appreciation to you and your families for the time committed to completing this task. Behind the scenes and the backbone of keeping everything organized, we want to extend a special thanks to Chris Worden and Carla Gerstner for their encouragement, patience, and the occasional stern word. Additionally, we want to acknowledge Barbara Kelly and Amanda Fierro for their efforts in preparing materials for the manuscript. q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The Editors Pedro Fierro, Jr. is a hydrogeologist and associate vice president with ARCADIS G&M, Inc., where he is involved with a wide variety of environmental assessments and remediation programs. He has been responsible for the direction of several hundred sites addressing environmental issues. Fierro has addressed various audiences on topics ranging from sampling methodologies, regulatory compliance, site assessment techniques, liability management, and remediation technologies. Fierro received his bachelor’s degree in geology from the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York and his master’s degree in geology with an emphasis on groundwater studies from the University of Kentucky. He currently holds geological professional licenses/registrations in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. He is a certified groundwater professional and a certified professional geologist. He was a contributing author to In Situ Treatment Technology. Evan K. Nyer is a senior vice president with ARCADIS G&M, Inc., where he is responsible for maintaining and expanding the company’s technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology, engineering, fate and transport, and remediation technologies. He has been active in the development of new treatment technologies for many years. He has been responsible for the strategies, technical designs and installations of more than 400 groundwater and soil remediation systems at contaminated sites throughout the United States. Nyer also lectures, provides expert testimony, and serves as the public spokesperson for one technically complicated site. Nyer received his graduate degree in environmental engineering from Purdue University and has authored five books: Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation, published by Lewis Publishers, Inc.; Groundwater Treatment Technology, first and second edition, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold; Groundwater and Soil Remediation, and In Situ Treatment Technology (now in its second edition) published by CRC Press; and is co-author of Bioremediation, published by the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Nyer is a regular contributor to Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation having had his own column “Treatment Technology” in the periodical for the past 20 years. q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC . 14 : 31 MW- 01( 111 3 01) MW- 01 N WG 11 /13 /20 01 15:22 MW- 01( 111 4 01) MW- 01 N WG 11 /14 /20 01 16: 31 MW- 01( 111 5 01) MW- 01 N WG 11 /15 /20 01 11: 00 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES1 -6 q. within MW135 18 .78 MW136 16 . 71 TW -1 6 8 TW -1 6 9 TW -1 7 0 TW -1 7 1 TW -1 7 2 TW -1 6 5 N TW -1 6 7 0 30 60 12 0 18 0 Feel TW -1 6 6 TW -1 6 4 MW133 19 .23 MW134 18 .13 MW1 31 19. 21 MW138 20.38 MW137 21. 4 17 19 20 21 18 Legend Monitoring. Data . . . . 1- 5 1. 6 Temporal Data 1- 6 1. 7 Data Validation and Verification . . 1- 7 1. 8 Data Reporting 1- 7 1. 8 .1 Querying Data . . . 1- 7 1. 8.2 Reporting Data . . 1- 8 1. 9 Metadata . 1- 8 1. 10 Conclusions