11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11 .I 3 'Would/wouldn't' ; 'that should Y ; 'there' + modal 1 l.13A 'Would' and 'wouldn't' in place of the simple present tense or 'will' future [> LEG 11.74.21 Study: I**I We often use wouldand wouldn't in place of the simple present (and sometimes in place of will/won't) when we want to sound less definite, or when we want to be very polite: That seems to be a good idea. + That would seem to be a good idea. I think Friday will be OK. + 1 would think that Friday will be OK. 1 f 100 is rather expensive for a pair of gloves. & 2 I'm sure your proposal isn't acceptable to the committee. 3 Does my idea seem reasonable to you? - I think so. 4 This new law doesn't seem to be fair to pensioners. 5 I'm not free on Thursday, but I'm free on Friday. 6 She's offered to help, but I don't imagine she's serious. 7 Does that seem a reasonable price to offer for a used car? 11.1 38 'That should' after verbs like 'suggest' [> L E G 11.75, ~pp 45.31 Study: I***I Write: If we put that after verbs like ask, propose, recommend, suggest, we continue like this: - with should I suggest that he should apply/shouldn't apply: for the job. - with the simple present: I suggest that he applies/he doesn't apply for the job. - with the 'subjunctive': I suggest that he apply/not apply for the job. Note on the 'subjunctive': In the 'subjunctive', the base form of the verb (be, go, run, etc.) remains the same in all persons. The present form is rare in British English: I suggest you go/he go/they (etc.) go to the meeting tomorrow. The subjunctive form were is used in all persons in the past [> 11.7B, 14.2Bl. a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences. b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive'). 1 Marion proposed that W.M.4 a gift for Jim who would soon be leaving the firm. (welbuy) a 2 The travel agent recommended that driving abroad during the holidays. (welavoid) - 3 1 suggest that this matter during the meeting. (helnot raise) 4 All I ask is that the rules. (theylnot break) - 5 What does he advise ? (sheldo) - 6 It's no good demanding that our performance. We're doing our best. (welimprove) - 7 1 would only request that good care of this flat while you're living in it. (youltake) - 8 Her solicitor insisted that she in signing the contract. (not/delay) - 9 1 suggest a taxi if we want to get to the meeting on time. (weltake) - 10 He asks that to visit his children once a week. (helbe allowed) - For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 11.13 'Would/wouldn't'; 'that should'; 'there' + modal 11.1 3C 'That should' after adjectives like 'essential' [> L E G 11.753, ~pp 441 Study: L***l If we put that after adjectives like essential, urgent, vital, we continue like this: - with should: It's urgent that he should send the information at once. - with the simple present: It's urgent that he sends the information at once. - with the 'subjunctive': It's urgent that he send the information at once. Write: a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences. b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive') 1 It's urgent that WC.~ w the information now. (weisend) 2 It's essential that home now. (sheireturn) - 3 It's vital that (heibe inform) - 4 I'm eager that present at the meeting. (sheibe) - 11.1 3D 'There' + modal auxiliaries [> L E G 11.761 Study: L***l Just as there will combine with be (there is, there was, there has been, etc. [> 10.3]), it will combine with modals: There could be no doubt about it. There must be a mistake. Write: Supply appropriate modal combinations. More than one answer is possible in each case. 1 There (be) a problem about this. &!W%.~ &.&.~.~ %f. 2 There (be) a witness present. 3 There (never be) a better opportunity. 4 (there be) a reason for this delay? 5 (there be) another election soon? 6 Why (there be) so much red tape? 7 Why (not there be) more university places? 11 .I 3E Context Write: Supply suitable forms of the verbs and insert could be, may be, will be, would seem. MEDICAL DETECTIVE? 'For the time being,' Dr Grey said, 'it's important that (you take) '.~.kk%?.%. it easy. Immediately after a heart attack, I suggest (you get) plenty of rest. After a month, I recommend (you begin) taking a little exercise.' Mr Fry blinked through his glasses. 'I dead!' he protested. 'If you don't do as I tell you, you will be,' Dr Grey said. 'It's vital that (you follow) my advice.' 'But I've always been so active, Doctor.' 'And you active again, but not yet. Come and see me in a fortnight.' Of course, Mr Fry didn't follow his doctor's advice. 'There people . who can sit around,' he said to his wife, 'but I can't!' He spent the morning before his next appointment painting the kitchen ceiling. In the afternoon, he visited Dr Grey. 'It : you have been painting the ceiling!' Dr Grey said sternly. 'How You've been painting the ce~ling! can you possibly know, Doctor?' 'You've got paint on your glasses!' the doctor said. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form Study: I**I 12.1 A Basic forms of the passive [> L E G 12.1 -31 1 In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action: John burnt the dinner last night. In the passive voice, the action is done to the subject: The dinner was burnt last night. 2 We form the passive with a suitable form of be + past participle. Only verbs which take an object (transitive verbs [>1.2B]) can go into the passive: The dinner was burnt. (But not 'The plane was arrived. *) 3 Basic tense forms are a tense of be + past participle: present: he writes -, it is written past: he wrote -, it was written presentlpast perfect: he hadhad written -, it hadhad been written 4 Basic modal forms are: modal + be/have been + past participle: will: he will write -, it will be written may: he may write -, it may be written may have: he may have written -, it may have been written, etc. 5 Infinitive: to be/@ have been + past participle [> 16.1Al: Write 1 : Mark with a P those sentences which will go into the passive. 1 Someone will drive you to the airport. _II 6 They informed me about it. - 2 Goldfish live in fresh water. - 7 1 slept till 8. - 3 The Egyptians built pyramids. - 8 It's raining. - 4 We walked for miles yesterday. - 9 You must obey the rules. - 5 They arrived at 7 last night. - 10 He's sneezing again. - Write 2: Rewrite these sentences in the passive. 1 They owe a lot of monev to the bank. :~ m.~.~.k.w.&.& 2 They have proved that there is no life on the moon. It 3 You can buy videos like this one anywhere. 4 Someone has to write the history of the European Community one day. 5 Someone may have already written the history of the European Community. 6 When we arrived home, we found that someone had broken one of our windows. 7 They have soio'their car to pay their debts. 8 They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12.1 General information about form 12.1 B The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed' [> LEG 12.3n.61 Only the present and past progressive [> 9.213,9.4B] are common in the passive. We form the present progressive: They are interviewing her now. -+ She is being interviewed now. past progressive: They were interviewing her here. -+ She was being interviewed here. Write: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided. The manager always welcomes new employees. New employees W ~.~.~.~.~ They're building a new supermarket near the church. A new supermarket They fought the battle in 1623. The battle Someone was cleaning the windows while I was there. The windows Someone has moved my desk! My desk They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village. The refugees Someone had signed all the documents before I arrived. All the documents They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time. We and our vehicle They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call. Our letters They are opening the case again because they're not satisfied with the verdict. The case 12.1 C Context Write: Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets. HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES (?) Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (die) qlced recently, he (give) ' a magnificent funeral which (attend) by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold) in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (line) the streets to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw) by six black horses. The mourners (follow) ' in silence. Lord Manners (give) a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd. They (watch) the procession with amazement. As solemn music (could hear) lo in the distance, one of them (turn) l1 to the other and (whisper) l2 in admiration, 'Now that's what I call really living!'. That's what I call really living! 183 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12 The passive and the causative 12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2A Uses of the passive [> L E G I 2.1, I 2.4.1 -31 Study: I**I 1 The passive is not just a different form of the active. It has its own uses and is very common in English. It would be hard to think of the active forms of sentences like: Rome wasn't built in a day. The origin of the universe will never be explained. 2 We use the passive mainly in three ways: - when we don't want to take responsibility for something: The matter will be dealt with soon. (We don't know or want to say who'll deal with it.) - when we want to focus on a happening, not who or what did it: Our roof was damaged in last night's storm. (We're concerned about the roof.) - when we want to avoid 'vague subjects' like one, someone, they, etc.: The form has to be signed. (Not *Someone/One has to sign the form. ') English spoken. (Not 'One speaks English') Shoes repaired. (Not 'One repairs shoes') Write: Supply suitable active and passive forms in these sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some variations in tenses may be possible. 1 It isn't clear how far the ozone layer (damage) kUM.hCWL by aerosol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Antarctic (widen) h@ after Am2 the area (investig& - hi g h - fl y in g planes. 2 These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit) by tourists. Package tours (canlarrange) for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian jungle. 3 Notices such as (EnglishISpeak) and (ShoesIRepair) are common. Sometimes they (translate) into different languages for the benefit of tourists. 4 We (constantly remind) of the way the world (become) smaller when events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash) on our television screens. 5 If you (involve) in a car accident and someone (hurt) you (have to) report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage) drivers should exchange names and addresses. 12.2B The use of 'by' + agent (= 'doer') after a passive [> L E G 12.51 Study: 1 We use by only when we need to say who or what is responsible for an event: I**I The window was broken last night. (We don't know or want to say who or what did it.) The window was broken by a slate that fell off the roof. (We wish to give information.) 2 We often use by + agent with the passive of verbs like build, compose, damage, design, destro discover, invent, make and write to identify who or what islwas responsible: Write: Supply passive forms with by + agent where necessary. When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures (sell) w & to raise enough money to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale (showlthe gen&4?$t~ ~PFd-MiR.~.~ The music that (compose/Beethoven) towards the end of his life is very different from his early music. The music (write) in extremely difficult conditions. 3 Many beautiful old buildings in cities (replacelmodern ones) If this replacement (not control), it isn't very long before a city loses its character. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2C The passive with verbs of 'saying' and 'believing': 'It is said (that) ' [> LEG 12.81 Study: I***1 We need to be sure of our facts when we say: e.g. He was a spy in World War 11. If we are not sure of our facts, we can express caution by saying: It is said (that) he was a spy in World War //./He was said to be a spy in World War 11. We can express caution in three ways, with: 1 It (+ passive + that - clause) with e.g. agree, believe, consider, decide, hope, know, say. It is said (that) there is plenty of oil off our own coast. I 2 There (+ passive + to be) with e.g. allege, believe, fear, know, report, say, suppose, think: There is said to be plenty of oil off our own coast. Write: Begin these sentences with It, There or a namela noun + passive construction. 1 If &! ax;e*cted that prices will rise again this month. (expect) 2 that all the passengers had died in the crash. (fear) 3 to be an expert in financial matters. (suppose) 4 to have committed the crime. (think) 5 that the sea level is rising. (think) 6 to be a lot of coal in the Antarctic. (think) 7 to be honest and reliable. (consider) 8 to be thousands of people waiting to renew their passports. (say) 9 that thousands of new jobs will be created in the computer industry. (say) 10 to be a fall in house prices, but I haven't noticed it. (suppose) 12.2D Context Write: Use the correct tenses and passive forms of the verbs in brackets. FISHY TALES Mermaids (see) lh.*.&?2%by sailors for centuries. The basis of all mermaid myths (suppose) ' to be a creature called a Manatee: a kind of walrus! Mermaids used (to show) in funfairs until recently. It all began in 181 7 when a 'mermaid' (buy) for $6,000 by a sailor in the South Pacific. She (eventually sell) to the great circus - owner Barnum. She (exhibit) ! in 1842 as 'The Feejee Mermaid'. It (say) that she earned Barnum $1,000 a week! The thousands who saw this mermaid (musfldisappoint) 8 She (cleverly make) 9 by a Japanese fisherman. A monkey's head (delicately sew) lo to the tail of a large salmon. The job (so skilfully do) l1 that the join between the fish and the monkey was invisible. Real imagination (musfhequire) l2 to see this revolting creature as a beautiful mermaid combing her golden hair! A beautiful mermaid? For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12 The passive and the causative 12.3 Form and use of the causative l2.3A Form of the causative: 'have something done' [> L E G 12.1 0-1 I] Study: I**I 1 Note the difference between these two sentences: !had built a house. (past perfect tense = 'I did it myself' [> 9.6AI) I had a house built. (the causative = 'I arranged for it to be done' [> 12.3BI) 2 We forrr: the causative with have + noun or pronoun object + past participle. We use the causative in different tenses and with modals: Write: Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1 They've just had their living room (decorate) 2 Your car engine sounds dreadful. You ought to have it (look at) 3 Have you had your eyes recently? (test) 4 He's going to have his hair at the weekend. (cut) 5 Can I have this letter please? (photocopy) 6 This letter is so important, I'm going to have it by a lawyer. (write) 12.38 The causative compared with the active and passive [> L E G 12.121 Study: I**I 1 We use the active to describe jobs we do ourselves or when we know who's doing a job: I'm servicing the car. Jack is servicing the car. 2 We use the passive to say that a job IS being done for us, but we don't know or don't want to say who is doing it: The car is being serviced. (We're focusing on the car [> 12.2AI) 3 We use the causative to stress the fact that we are 'causing' someone to do a job for us: I'm having the car serviced. I have had my car serviced. I'm going to have my hair cut. Not 'I'm going to cut my hair'which means 'I'm going to cut it myself'. [compare > 16.2BI Write 1: Supply the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1 What are you doing? - I kt the car. (clean) 2 Where's your car? - It at the moment. I'll collect it in an hour. (clean) 3 1 never find time to clean the car myself, so I (clean) 4 Did you decorate the room yourselves? - No, we (decorate) 5 We can't use the living room. It at the moment. (decorate) 6 You They look quite worn. (musthepair your shoes) 7 My shoes It was an expensive job! (just repair) 8 The heel came off my shoe and I it myself. (repair) 9 'I'd like this film ,' I said. 'Certainly,' the assistant said. (develop and print) 10 'Can I use the photocopier this document?' I asked. (photocopy) 11 Who the children's clothes, in this house? - Who do you think? I do! (mend) 12 What's happened to my report? - It at the moment. (photocopy) For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 12.3 Form and use of the causative Write 2: Today is Wednesday. Look at the notes Maria wrote yesterday and early today. Then write: a what she had done yesterday; b what she is having done today; c what she is going to have done tomorrow. T-apv Wed + (today) best sk* ckd eye ma '-% a too& &arted tw - pC4 a &h de-d t~ &h filkd car sewiced sacra funiidJiwcd hair done 12.3C 'Get' in the causative: 'get something done' [> L E G 12.1 I , 12.131 Study: I**I Write: Use get in place of have in these sentences. 1 I must have I %.@ this report photocopied and sent off straightaway. 2 They're finally having their central heating repaired. 3 We'll be having the job done by a local builder. 4 Why don't you have that suit cleaned? It's filthy! 5 Have your hair cut! 12.3D Context Write: Put in causative forms for the verbs in brackets. CONSTANT MAINTENANCE! The more you own, the more there is to go wrong. You invest in a new hi - fi system and in no time you have to (it repair) l@.!?? ~.&. You (a new washing machine install) and you have to buy expensive insurance to maintain it. You buy a car and need to (it service) regularly. You buy a camera and then spend a fortune (films develop and print) It's not only things that need constant attention. How often we have to (our eyes test) (our teeth fill) and (our chests X - ray) ' ! But I had to smile last time I went to (my hair cut) A bold notice in the window announced: 'All our customers promptly executed!' You certainly wouldn't need to (any jobs do) after that! customers promptly executed! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 13 Questions, answers, negatives 13.1 YesINo questions, negative statements, YesINo answers 13.1 A YesINo questions (expecting 'Yes' or 'No' in the answer) [> L E G 13.1-31 Study: El 1 We make Yes/No questions from statements. In the case of be, have (auxiliary) and modal verbs like can and must [> 11.1A] we do this by inversion, that is by putting be, have or can, etc. in front of the subject: He is leaving. -, Is he leaving? She can drive a bus. -, Can she drive a bus? 2 With all other verbs, we form Yes/No questions with Do and Does in the simple present and Did in the simple past. The form of the verb is always the bare infinitive: We turn left here. -, Do we turn left here? He works well. -, Does he work well? They arrived late. -, Did they arrive late? Write: You want to know if What do you say? 1 you're late. AmZ.W.7 2 this is the London train. 3 your photos are ready. 4 John is working in the garden. 5 the children are studying. 6 Jane gives piano lessons. 7 Tony was enjoying himself. 8 they live in the south. 13.1 B Negative statements [> L E G I 3.2, I 3.41 9 she should be here. 10 she could ask a question. 1 1 it will be fine tomorrow. 12 my friend will be staying. 13 they would like an invitation. 14 they often argue like that. 15 1 run a mile every morning. 16 Sheila went to the lecture. He can leave. -, He cannot (can't) leave. 2 With all other verbs we use do not (don't) and does not (doesn't) after the subject in the simple present and did not (didn't) after the subject in the past. The verb is always a bare infinitive: We turn left here. -, We do not (don't) turn left here. Write: Say 'no', disagree or contradict with full negative statements. 1 Are you ready? !%.~.'fi ?M%.~: 9 He can speak Russian. 2 She's right. 10 He'll be leaving soon. 3 They're late. 11 It would be a very good idea. 4 You're being silly. 12 It looks like rain. 5 He's working in London. 13 They always win. 6 They're playing tennis. 14 They missed the last lesson. 7 I'm going to fail. 15 She's always been good at sport. 8 She was waiting for you. 16 You've met her. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 13.1 YeslNo questions, negative statements, YeslNo answers 13.1 C Yes/No short answers [> L E G I 3.5-71 Study: El 1 When answering with Yes or No, we usually repeat the first word in the question: Was James late? - Yes, he was./No, he wasn't. Can he play chess? - Yes, he can./No, he can't. Note: Are you ? - Yes, I am./No, I'm not. Were you ? - Yes, I was./No, I wasn't. where we repeat the verb, but in a different form. 2 We do not usually answer a YeslNo question in full: Did James go out last night? - Yes, he did./No, he didn't. rather than 'Yes, he went out last night.' 'No, he didn't go out last night.' We do not usually answer a YeslNo question with just Yes or No: Do you like dancing? - Yes, I do./No, I don't. Not 'Yes./No.'which can sound rude. 3 We can put a lot of expression into short answers and use them to give information, agree, disagree, confirm, etc. e.g. Write: Answer these questions with either Yes or No. 1 Are you ready? ve~,.l %?&.: 2 Is she still at college? 3 Are they on their way here? 4 Are you still learning French? 5 Is Carla applying for that job? 6 Are we staying at the same hotel? 7 Are you going to help me? 8 Was she joking? 9 Were they living there then? 10 Should I go with them? 1 1 Will you be at the meeting? 12 Would you do that if you were me? 13 Does she still write to you? 14 Do you like curry? 15 Did he tell you about the party? 16 Has he finished yet? 17 Have you ever eaten swordfish? 18 Has she been working here long? 13.1 D Context Write: Put in suitable YeslNo questions, negatives or short answers. GUESS WHAT! Before setting out on holiday, the Weeks family sat in their car and went through their usual quiz. MR WEEKS: (we/turn off) l.G?uL.~.?hx.~~~~.~~.~. the electricity? MRS WEEKS: (Yes) I turned it off myself. 7 MRWEEKS: (allthetap~off)~ JIMMY: (Yes) I checked every one of them, dad. SALLY: You (not remember) my teddy - bear! MRS WEEKS: (Yes) darling. I packed him in your case. 7 MRWEEKS: (thereanywindo~sopen)~ JIMMY: (No) I shut them all, dad. MRS WEEKS: (the front and back doors/lock) ? MR WEEKS: (Yes) lo I've just locked them. After they had been on the road for an hour, Mr Weeks suddenly turned pale and said, 'Guess what! I (notlgot) l1 my house keys. They're still in the back door!' They're still in th For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org [...]... brother and sister Read this information about them, then write good sentences, beginning each sentence with 'Rudi ' Rudi He can speak English, but not Italian He plays tennis and goes skiing He doesn't like classical music He visited London last year Roxanne She can speak English and Italian She plays tennis, but doesn't go skiing She doesn't like classical music She visited Rome last year 13.48 Parallel... John was annoyed, wasn't he? You like fish, don't you? or negative - affirmative: John wasn't annoyed, was he? You don't like fish, do you? 3 Many languages have a phrase which means 'Isn't that so?' In English, we use tags to say this, but we also use expressions like don't you think?, right? etc 4 If our voice goes up on the tag, we are asking a real question which needs an answer: You left the gas... want any of them (none) She didn't say anything (nothing) We didn't go anywhere (nowhere) Please don't tell anybody (nobody) She doesn't understand English (hardly) 13.28 Cancelling what has just been said: 'No, not Wednesday' [> LEG 13.121 Study: I**I Write: Cancel the following by referring to the words in italics .o&'%, .Jw: Ask Diana... did Frank meet? -Alice 2 Who(m) ?refers only to people and can be used to ask about masculine, feminine, singular or plural: Who(m) did you see? - Tim/Ann/lhe Robinsons 3 We still use Whom ?in formal English, spoken or written, but we often prefer Who ?in everyday style: Whom did you meet at the party? (formal) Who did you meet at the party? (informal) 4 We often use Who(m) ?in questions with verbs... some travel brochures I work as an assistant in a book shop I use 'Woodland' shampoo It's lovely She's good-looking, but very unpleasant Wonderful! Lots of sunshine and no rain It's called a 'spade' in English It's a Saab He's Nigerian I think they're leaving at 9.00 It's March 13th It's for scraping paint off windows 13.5D Context Write: Supply questions with Who(m) ?and What ? TAKING RISKS MAGISTRATE: . she's serious. 7 Does that seem a reasonable price to offer for a used car? 11.1 38 'That should' after verbs like 'suggest' [> L E G 11 .75 , ~pp 45.31 Study:. is rare in British English: I suggest you go/he go/they (etc.) go to the meeting tomorrow. The subjunctive form were is used in all persons in the past [> 11.7B, 14.2Bl. a Supply. water. - 7 1 slept till 8. - 3 The Egyptians built pyramids. - 8 It's raining. - 4 We walked for miles yesterday. - 9 You must obey the rules. - 5 They arrived at 7 last