8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.7 Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive) 8.7A Type 1 and Type 2 phrasal verbs compared [> L E G 8.28, ~pps 32,331 Study: I**I 1 We use prepositions after Type 1 verbs. We cannot separate the preposition from the verb: I'm looking at the camera. (Not 'I'm looking the camera at. ') 2 We can separate the adverb particle from a Type 2 verb and put it immediately after the noun object: She gave away her books. She gave her books away. 3 If the object is a pronoun, we cannot put the particle in front of it: Give it away. (Not Give away it. ^) Give them away. (Not 'Give away them. ') Special note: In She gave away her books, away is an adverb particle [> 8.1 B], not a prepositio even if it has an object after it. Unlike a preposition, a particle is 'mobile' and can be used befor Write: Use arrows to show which adverb particles you can move in these sentences. 1 I'm looking for my glasses. 2 1 read about it in the papers. 3 Did you turn%=@ 4 Yes, I've just turned it off. 5 Have you given the papers out? 6 Yes, I've given them out. 7 Write the information down here please. 8 A crowd emerged from the cinema. 9 Don't associate with him. 10 We've dealt with the problem. 8.7B Type 2: Particles that extend the verb: 'write down' [> L E G 8.28.3-4, ~pp 321 Study: I**I A single particle can strengthen or extend the meaning of a verb: a The scarecrow frightened the birds away. (away refers to 'distance') b I was holding my hat and the wind snatched it away. (away refers to 'detachment') c I got a cloth and wiped away the coffee I had spilled. (away refers to 'disappearance') s' this meaning: e.g. pull Write: Match these meanings to the adverb particles in the sentences below. a 'put on paper' f 'movement out' k 'removal' p 'distribution' b 'exclusion' g 'permanence' I 'reduction' q 'inwards' ('destroy') c 'addition' h 'movement in' m 'to the ground' r 'up from the surface' d 'out of bed' i 'enclose' n 'extension' s 'confine' e 'completely' j 'clearly' o 'into pieces' t 'upwards direction' f out 1 drive the car out 2 leave that word out 3 take that stain out 4 put out your hand 5 copy this out 6 give these out in 7 let him in 8 lock him in 9 write this in 10 beat the door in , up 11 pull that line up : 12 pick that up 13 fill this car up 14 chop that wood up 15 let the patient up 16 wrap this box up down 17 cut the tree down 18 turn the heat down 19 close the shop down 20 write this down For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 8.7 Phrasal verbs: Type 2, verb + particle (transitive) 8.7C Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: 'bring about a change' [> LEG 8.28.5, App 331 Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I What brought about this change? What brought this change about? What brought it about? (= caused to happen) Write: Match these verbs (1 - 1 5) with the explanations on the right (a - o) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. When will they bring your article out? So she's broken off her engagement! Don't bring that subject up again please! Why don't you call up your mother? Shall I do your room out? What excuse did he cook up this time? They're sure to find him out. You've given away the secret. I can't make out what he means. If you're angry, have it out with her. I'll pay you back for this! Can you put me up for the night? Shut him up! The earthquake wiped the village out. Why don't you top up the battery? get my revenge discuss your grievance fill give me accommodation publish invent destroyed make him stop talking ended clean reveal his dishonesty mention revealed phone understand 8.7D Context Write: Look at the phrases in italics. Show with arrows which particles can be moved and where. NOT ONLY RED IN THE FACE! Ken Rose is a company director and he has to sit at a desk all day. He likes to keep fit by running to work every morning. He 'arrives at the office early, 2gets out of his shorts and vest and 3puts@ business sui? Last week, Ken 4got to his office earlier than usual, dressed in red shorts and a red vest. He had just 5put on his shirt and tie, when the phone rang. Ken 6picked up the receiver and sat behind his desk. A business colleague 'had called him up early. Could he see Ken later? Could he 8bring someone round! Could they gcheck over some figures? Could they lothink of ways of l1 cutting down expenses? Could they "put off the meeting till later in the week? Ken I3was writing down some notes when he noticed the time. It was after 9. 'Excuse me,' Ken said. 'I'll 14call you back.' He 15had just put the receiver down when someone I6knocked at the door. The Managing Director ''came into the room with six important guests. 'Ah, Ken,' he said, 'I want to I8introduce you to our visitors and I'd like you to lgshow them round the company.' 'Of course, sir,' Ken said and he got up to shake hands, forgetting he still 20had on his red shorts! He got up to shake hands For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.8 Phrasal verbs:Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive) Type 4, verb + particle + preposition (transitive) 8.8A Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, non - idiomatic: 'hurry up' [> L E G 8.29.21 Study: We use these verbs in their normal sense. Many combinations are possible: I**I Hurry up! Sit down! Stand up! Compare Type 1 [> 8.6A-B]: Look! (Not *Look at3 Write: Combine the following verbs with the following particles in different ways: come, go, hurry, sit, stand + along, away, down, in, up 8.88 Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, idiomatic: 'break down' Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I She broke down when she heard the news (= collapsed). [> LEG 8.29.3, App 361 Write: Match these verbs (1 - 17) with the explanations on the right (a - q) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. 1 All this information doesn't add up. 6 2 I'm glad to say my plan came off. 3 1 need the money and you'd better cough up. (informal) 4 You're tired. You should ease off. 5 When did the plane take off? 6 Please don't let on I told you this. 7 I'm going to lie in tomorrow morning. 8 Is there sufficient food to go round? 9 Business is looking up. 10 You work and I'll look on. 1 1 My car's playing up again. 12 1'11 be late, so don't wait up. 13 Mind out! He's turning left! 14 1 waited for him, but he never showed up. 15 What time are you going to set out? 16 I'm glad to say business is picking up. 17 How did that come about? a) be careful! b) make sense c) improving d) improving e) work less hard f) reveal the secret g) happen h) succeeded i) not working properly j) pay k) start your journey I) arrived m) leave the ground n) not go to bed o) be enough p) be a spectator q) stay in bed late 8.8C Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition + object, non - idiomatic: 'walk up to the top' Study: These verbs are used in their normal sense. [> LEG 8.30.2,8.8] I**I Write: Write sentences with the following. 1 (come down from) .~.~&.~ @ ~.~ & ~.* ~ *.~ f&. 2 (drive on to) 3 (hurry over to) 4 (run along to) 5 (stay away from) 120 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 8.8 Phrasal verbs: Type 3, verb + particle (intransitive) Type 4, verb + particle + preposition (transitive) 8.8D Verb + particle + preposition + object, idiomatic: 'put up with it' [> LEG 8.30.3, App 371 Study: We cannot relate the parts of these verbs to their literal meanings: e.g. I**I How do you put up with it? (= tolerate) Write: Match these verbs (1 - 20) with the explanations on the right (a - t) after you have tried to explain them in your own way. Your argument boils down to this. e I can't go back on my word. Please let me in on the secret. You'd better talk him out of his plan. Some of his good luck has rubbed off on me. I can't live up to my reputation. I've set up in business That ties in nicely with my plan. Who put you up to this? I don't feel up to this party. This won't make up for the damage. You've got to face up to reality. The Cabots look down on us. We've had to fall back on our savings. I think it would be a good idea to keep in with her. I'll get on to them immediately. The bill comes out at El 00 exactly. If you're angry, you don't have to take it out on me. I'm glad they've done away with that bad law. I'm looking forward to the holidays. use allow me to share expecting to enjoy contact can be summarized as totals started treat unfairly benefited accept with courage fits fail to honour abolished maintain the high standard consider us inferior compensate for gave you this idea stay on good terms feel well enough for persuade not to do 8.8E Context Write: Put in about, down, down on, in, in on, up, up on, up to, up with or to. A CURE FOR SNORING It's very difficult for people who sleep silently to 'put M@.& the sound of snoring. Some people are asleep the moment they 'lie others %tay half the night waiting for the miracle of sleep to 4come Even insomniacs snore. Insomniacs are the ones who need to =lie in the morning to katch lost sleep. Snorers will never admit to snoring. They know the rest of the world 'looks them and they just can't 8face reality. My friend, Henry, a champion snorer, has just found a cure and he 91et me his little secret. He has just locoughed good money for a band with a stud on it. He wears the band round his head at night and if he tries to sleep on his back, the stud gives him a jab. I'm sure this news will " cheer all snorers, who now have a new experience to " look forward With one of these on their heads, all they have to lose is their sleep! 'I He wears this round his head For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.1 The simple present and present progressive tenses (1) 9.1 A Pronunciation and spelling of the 3rd person, simple present [> L E G 9.6-71 Study: I**I Write: 1 Pronunciation [compare plural nouns > 2.5AI: We pronounce -s as Is/ after these sounds: If/ laughs; /p/ drops; /k/ kicks; It/ lets. We pronounce -s as /IZ/ after /z/ loses; /dg/ manages; Is/ passes; /J/ pushes; /tJ/ stitches, and /ksl mixes. We pronounce -s as /z/ after all other sounds: /b/ robs; /dl adds; /g/ digs; /I/ fills; /m/ dreams; /n/ runs; lql rings; after vowels: sees; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs. 2 Spelling Add -s to most verbs: worklworks, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs. Add - es to verbs ending in -0: do/does; -s: misses; -x: mixes; -ch/-sh: catches/pushes. a Give the third person forms of the verbs in these sentences. b Show whether you would pronounce the third person form as Is/, /z/ or /IZ/ 1 They laugh a lot. He / s / 8 1 rush around a lot. She / / 2 1 often drop things. She / / 9 1 always saw the wood. She / / 3 We drink a lot of tea. She / / 10 1 wear old clothes at home. He / / 4 1 often forget things. She ./ / 11 I love sweets. She /I 5 We often lose things. He / / 12 1 often see them. He / / 6 They manage all right. She / / 13 They pay •’30 a week rent. He / / 7 1 often pass your house. He / / 14 1 cry at sad films. She 11 9.1B Uses of the simple present tense: 'I worklhe works' [> L E G 9.8.9.121 Study: I**I There are seven basic uses of the simple present tense [compare > 11.1 lA]. We use it for: 1 Permanent truths: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated. 2 'The present period' (= 'this is the situation at present'): My sister works in a bank. 3 Habitual actions: I get up at 7. 1 sometimes stay up till midnight. It says here that I love you. I hate him. Write: Give the correct form of the simple present of each verb. 1 Water &I& at 100•‹C. (boil) 2 Hot air (rise) 3 My uncle in a factory. (work) 4 John and Sue glasses. (wear) 5 The children a lot of sweets. (eat) 6 He only at weekends. (work) 7 1 always out on Saturdays. (go) 8 She to London once a week. (drive) She never up very early. (get) I occasionally meat. (eat) The coach at 6 this evening. (leave) The concert at 7 next Friday. (start) I Barcelona won again. (see) It's not right, you (know) - I (agree) Can he manage? - I so. (hope) It in the paper it'll be hot. (say) For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9.1 The simple present and present progressive tenses (1) 9.1 C Stative and dynamic verbs [> L E G 9.3, ~pp 381 Study: (**I 1 We call a few verbs like love stative because they refer to 'states'. A state has no beginning and no end. We don't 'control' it, so we don't normally use stative verbs in progressive tenses: She loves her baby more than anything. (Not 'is loving') 2 Most verbs in English are dynamic. We can use them in two ways: - in the simple present tense to describe habits, etc. [> 9.161: 1 often make cakes. - in the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress [> 9.281: I'm making a cake. 3 We can describe three classes of verbs: a Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English): I often listen to records. (simple present tense) I'm listening to a record. (present progressive tense) b Verbs which are always stative: This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not 'is belonging') c Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses: I'm weighlng myself. (a deliberate action: present progressive tense) I weigh 65 kilos. (a state) (Not *I'm weighing 65 kilos. ') 4 There are five groups of stative verbs referring to: a feelings (like, love, etc.); b thinkinglbelieving (think, understand, etc.) c wants (want, prefer, etc.) d perception (hear, see, etc. [> 11.281) e beinglhavinglowning (appear, seem, belong, etc. [> 10.41 Write: Tick the sentences that are right. Cross out the verbs that are wrong and correct them. la You're never ill. I envy you. d 2a I understand English well. - 3a You're knowing what I mean. - 4a Is he seeming unfriendly? - 5a I prefer fish to meat. - 6a Do you see that bird over there? - 7a Why is he smelling his coffee? - 8a She's weighing herself again. - I b You're never ill. I'm envying you. - 2b I'm understanding English well. - 3b You know what I mean. - 4b Does he seem unfriendly? - 5b I'm preferring fish to meat. - 6b Are you seeing John tomorrow? - 7b Something smells strange. - 8b She weighs 75.5 kilos. - 9.1D Context Write: Put in the simple present or the present progressive tenses. CHOMP CHAMP! '(you sit) h.%.@W comfortably? Good! I 2(hope) you =(study) this text carefully because I 4(have) news for you. The Guinness Book of Records =(not include) records for eating any more. People who =(try) to swallow 47 hard boiled eggs in half a minute will have to do it for ~ ~ pleasure and not to get into the record book. 'We '(regard) these records as unhealthy,' said the book's editor, Mr Donald McFarlan. However, one record - holder will remain. He is Michel Lotito of Grenoble ('Monsieur Mangetout'). Since 1966, he has chomped his way through 10 bicycles, 7 TV sets and a light aircraft. He's likely to remain world champ, unless you 8(want) to challenge him, of course! Chomp! chomp1 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2) 9.2A Spelling: how to add '-ing' to a verb: 'waitlwaiting' [> L E G 9.101 Study: El 1 We add -ing to most verbs, without changing the base form: waivwaiting: Wait for me. -, I am waiting for you. 2 If a verb ends in - e, omit the -e and add -ing: use/using: Use a broom. -, I am using a broom. 3 A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sivsitting: Sit down. -, I am sitting down. [> compare 6.5AJ 4 We double the last consonant of two - syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: bdginhdginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: 'differ/'differing: Begin work. -, I am beginning work. Write: Add -ing to the verbs in these sentences. 1 I'm W the beds. (make) 4 I'm always things. (forget) 7 I'm the 9.04. (catch) 2 I'm a sandwich. (eat) 5 I'm on my coat. (put) 8 I'm of thirst. (die) 3 I'm a letter. (write) 6 I'm abroad. (travel) 9 I'm your case. (carry) 9-28 Uses of the present progressive tense: 'I am workinglhe is working' [> LEG 9.1 I] Study: I**I Write: There are four basic uses of the present progressive tense. We use it for: Actions in progress at the moment of speaking: He's working at the moment. Temporary situationslactions, not necessarily in progress at the moment of speaking: My daughter is studying English at Durham University. Planned actions (+ future adverbial reference): We're spending next winter in Australia. [> 9.9Al a Use the present progressive in the sentences below. b Number the sentences 1, 2, 3 or 4 to show uses of the present progressive. 1 Don't rush me. ~.dt+r ~ b~b as fast as I can. (Ilwork) 2 What ? It looks awful. (youldrink) 3 to see the boss. (Shelstill wait) 4 to catch his train. (Helhurry) 5 , aren't you? Calm do~n! (You/constantly/panic) 6 more and more politically aware these days. (Young peoplelbecome) 7 What nowadays? (Johnldo) - for the British cycle team. (Helride) 8 our holiday here very much. (Welenjoy) 9 people by asking personal questions. (Helalhayslupset) 10 What time tomorrow? (helarrive) 1 1 to lock the front door. (Shelforeverlforget) 12 treatment on my bad back for a few weeks. (Ilhave) 13 You can't believe a word he says. (Helalwaysllie) 14 the 1,500 metres in the next Olympics. (Shelrun) 124 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2) 9.2C The simple present and the present progressive tenses in typical contexts [z LEG 9.1 21 Write: a b 1 2 3 Use the correct present tense form. Say what the context for each extract could be, written and/or spoken. Let me explain what you have to do. First 4 you (take) &?& the photos and (sort) ACT$ them into categories. Then you (file) f& them according to subject. We (hope) you (enjoy) this marvellous weather 5 as much as we are. We (sunbathe) and (go) swimming every day. Next week we (go) snorkelling. The play is set in London in 1890. The action (take) place in 6 Sir Don Wyatt's mansion. When the curtain (go) up, the hero and heroine (sit) in the lounge. They (argue) The house is in a mess because we've got the workmen in. The plumber (put) in a new bath, the electricians (rewire) the system, and the carpenter (build) us some new bookshelves! Dear Jane, Sorry to hear about your problem at work I (think) you (do) the right thing, but I (doubt) whether your boss really (know) his job from what you (tell) me! Pym (pass) to Smith, who (run) straight at the central defence and (shoot) and Gomez (push) it over the bar for a corner. 9.2D Context Write: Put in the simple present or present progressive. Note where both forms are possible. A HOLIDAY JOB W1TH.A DIFFERENCE! I (study)l.@% ~ English at Exeter University. I'm on holiday at the moment and I (work) in a public library. I'm lucky to have this job. I (not have to) get up early. The library (open) at 10 and (close) at 7. It's interesting work because people (always come in) and (ask) 7. me to help them, so I (learn) a lot about different subjects. I (enjoy) the job and (find) lo it very amusing, too. People (use) " the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a rasher of bacon (uncooked!). Matchsticks (be) l2 common and so (be) 13 bus tickets. My colleagues (always find) 14 things too - even a •’10 note, but I haven't been so lucky! I often (think) l5 of the photo of a beautiful woman which I found. On the back were the words: 'I (love) I6 you. I (miss) l7 you and I'll never forget you.' The strangest bookmarks! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives 9.3 The simple past tense 9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs [> L E G 9.14, ~pp 391 Study: I**I Write: 1 Regular verbs always end with a - din the simple past, but we do not always pronounce the -d ending in the same way. We usually add -edto the base form of the verb: I play - I played, I open - I opened. We do not pronounce - ed as an extra syllable. We pronounce it as /dl: I played /ple~dJ Not 1ple1-1d1 *; I opened laupandl Not */aupan~d/ *; I arrived /ararvd/ Not /ara~~d/ *; I married /mrerrd/ Not 'Imreri-rd/ [compare > 2.5AI. 2 Verbs which end in the following sounds are pronounced It/ in the past: /W packed; Is/ passed; /tJ/ watched; /J/ washed; If/ laughed; /p/ tipped. 3 A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /dl or It/: burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt. 4 Verbs ending in the sounds It/ or Id/ have their past ending pronounced 11dI: added, decided, counted, excited, needed, posted, shouted, started, tasted, wanted. ' ' ""'''""-i' -' - - 3 "8 - a Give the past forms of these regular verbs. b Show whether you would pronounce these past forms as /dl, It1 or 11dI. 1 We , an hour yesterday. (wait) hdl 10 1 TV all evening. (watch) I 1 Joan I She her room on Friday. (clean) I 11 1 We when we saw them. (laugh) 1 I squash last night. (play) I I 12 He the sergeant's orders. (obey) / I my letter yesterday. (post) I I 13 We into the house. (hurry) 1 1 5 1 at her. (smile) I I 14 You to me! (lie) 1 I 6 She when she saw me. (stop) I I 15 1 early yesterday. (finish) I 1 7 1 of you last night. (dream) I I 16 It's in the bill. (include) I 1 8 Who the cakes? (burn) I I 17 1 the door before I left. (lock) 1 1 9 He a lot as a baby. (cry) I I 18 We first class. (travel) 1 1 9.3B Irregular past forms [> L E G 9.1 5-1 6, ~pp 401 - - Study: [I Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit - hit - hit, cut - cut - cut. / 2 Some change one part only: keep - kept - kept, make - made - made, sell - sold - sold. 3 Some change two parts: break - broke - broken, know - knew - known, ride - rode - ridden. Write: Supply the past forms of the irregular verbs in italics. 1 I often see Giulio. I &W him again only yesterday. 2 As teenagers, we always each other very well. We still understandeach other now. 3 1 hardly Ray's wife. Did you know her at all? 4 We always meet on Sunday. We last Sunday as usual. 5 1 often findthings on the beach. I this very old bottle yesterday. 6 Someone's always leaving that window open. Who it open this time? 7 1 a lot of letters when I was young. I hardly ever write letters now. 8 They sellall kinds of rubbish now, but they once good handmade furniture. 9 She is very good at figures, you know. She first in maths at school. 10 1 have the same car now that I five years ago. 1 1 I don't keep pets now, but I a dog when I was a boy. 12 Where did you eat last night? - We at a restaurant. For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9.3 The simple past tense 9.3C Uses of the simple past tense: 'I workedthe worked' [> L E G 9.17-181 Study: I**I We use the simple past to talk about events, actions or situations which happened in the past and are now finished. We always have to say (or imply) when the action happened, so we often use time references like yesterday, ago, last summer [> 7.2AI. We use the past: - to describe actions which happened in the recent or distant past: Sam phoned a moment ago. (Not *Sam has phoned') [> 9.5AI The Goths invaded Rome in A.D. 410, (Not 'The Goths had invaded') [> 9.61 - to describe past habit: I smoked forty cigarettes a day till I gave up. [compare > 1 1 .11] If we do not use time references (a moment ago, when I was young, etc.) we imply them: I saw Fred in town. (i.e. when I was there this morning) I never met my grandfather. (i.e. perhaps he died before I was born) Write: Give complete answers to these questions using the time references in brackets. 1 How long ago did you work as a civil servant? (five years ago) - - I m.r;t & m.w w , : 2 When did you last play football? (when I was 14) 3 When did the Carters leave for their summer holiday? (last night) 4 What time did John arrive? (at 4) 5 When did you last see 'Gone with the Wind'? (recently) 6 How long did you wait at the airport? (till they arrived) 7 When did Sally tell you about her engagement? (when she was here) 9.3D Context Write: Put in the correct forms of the simple past tense of the verbs in brackets. red eyes and green scaly skin LIZARDMAN Christopher Davis, a young driver from South Carolina, (claim) &W??Wd a monster (attack) him while he was driving along a lonely road. The monster (be) seven feet tall and (have) red eyes and green, scaly skin. It (chase) Christopher's car and (jump) on the roof. Many people (believe) the story and the newspapers (call) the monster 'Lizardman'. Seventy hunters recently (set out) to trap Lizardman and a local radio (offer) lo $1 million to anyone who (capture) l1 him dead or alive. Lizardman had so much publicity that thousands of people (visit) l2 South Carolina to find him. No one has found him yet. As everyone knows, monsters may or may not exist, but they are very good for the tourist industry! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org [...]... progressive tense of the verbs in brackets 1 I'm tired I 2 3 4 5 130 ~ h W all day (dig) ~ How long here? (you wait) 1 ' here'since 6 o'clock (stand) How long Chinese? (you learn) She English for five years (study) 6 7 8 9 10 You're out of breath ? (you run) We here for twelve years (live) Your eyes are red (You cry) How long ? (the children sleep) What all afternoon?... Show where both are possible I was tired I h& &W all day (dig) We for your call all evening (wait) How long there? (you wait) I there since 6 o'clock (stand) She English for five years before she visited Canada (study) It started raining last Monday and it ever since (rain) I to the firm regularly for a month before, but they still hadn't answered... 'Will' and 'shall' to refer to the future [> LEG 9.35-371 Study: I**I Forms of 'will' and 'shall' 1 When we are referring to the future, we use will with all persons (I, you, he, she, etc.), but in British English, we often use shall with //we (Not *he/she/it/you/theyshall'): //We will (I'II/We'll) see you tomorrow Or: I shal11Weshall see you tomorrow 2 In speech, we weaken shall to /Salt We often use 'I1in... consonants: Tom'll be here soon When'll I see you? 3 Negative short forms are: '11 not, won't (= will not) or shan't (= shall not): 1'11not be tkere/l won't be there// shan't be there tomorrow In American English shall and shan't with a future reference are rare Uses of the 'willlshall' future 1 Prediction: We invite prediction or we say what we think will happen: Who will win on Saturday? Tottenham will . (the children sleep) 5 She English for five years. (study) 10 What all afternoon? (you do) 130 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 9 .5 The simple present. You're never ill. I envy you. d 2a I understand English well. - 3a You're knowing what I mean. - 4a Is he seeming unfriendly? - 5a I prefer fish to meat. - 6a Do you see that bird. ill. I'm envying you. - 2b I'm understanding English well. - 3b You know what I mean. - 4b Does he seem unfriendly? - 5b I'm preferring fish to meat. - 6b Are you seeing