6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives 6.4D Word order: adjective + noun: 'a big round table' [> L E G 6.201 Study: I**I The order of adjectives in front of a noun is as follows (in reverse order): 3 where from? + past participle: a French handmade kitchen cupboard Or: past participle + where from?: a handmade French kitchen cupboard 2 sizelagelshapelcolour + where from? + past participle: a large French handmade cupboard 1 qualitylopinion + size, etc. The most general adjective usually comes first: a beautiful large French handmade teak cupboard summary: opinion size age shape colour from? past part. noun a valuable - - - brown Victorian handmade teak cupboard Or: handmade Victorian Write: You're looking for items you want to buy. Begin each sentence with I'm looking for 1 clock radio - white - Taiwanese - cheap - for my bedside table I'mhrhqh-aGheap&u&T-Wradco &mg,hb.&M. 2 sports car - well - maintained - second - hand - with a low mileage 3 polished - beautiful - antique - dining - table - mahogany - English 4 canvas - American - a pair of - trainers - grey and red - which I can use for jogging 5 cottage - stone - built - small - old - country 6 cotton - dress - summer - pink and white - for my holiday 6.4E Context Write: Put in the right word order or choose the right forms. NOT A DOG'S DINNER!! &- hU&ZW& &Z&W& &f&UH"AhMd (shoes leather Italian expensive handmade) I : these are my pride and joy. I own a (old beautiful pair) - or I did until yesterday, when I discovered that one of the shoes was missing. I had left the shoes on my (doorstep back) to do some gardening. My neighbour has a (dog friendly large) called Sam. When I saw that one of my shoes had disappeared, I knew that Sam had taken it. I can't say he behaved (bad/badly) He just behaved like a dog. Leather looks (good/well) and tastes (good/well) ' too. I unwillingly gave Sam the (remaining Italian shoe) and then followed him. I not only found one (Italian unchewed shoe) but also a pile of things Sam had been borrowing, including my wife's (slippers fur - lined red) which Sam had tried to have for dinner! had tried to have for dinner! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 6 Adjectives 6.5 The compzrison of adjectives 6.5A Common comparative and superlative forms: 'cold - colder - coldest' [> LEG 6.5, 6.22-291 Study: Write: 1 2 3 4 1 We add - er and -est to form the comparative and superlative of most one - syllable adjectives: clean - cleaner - the cleanest, cold - colder - the coldest. 2 Adjectives like hot (big, fat, sad, wet) double the consonant: hot - hotter - the hottest. 3 Adjectives like nice (fine, large, late, safe) add - r, -st nice - nicer - the nicest. 4 With adjectives like busy we use -i in place of -y: busy - busier - the busiest. 5 We use the comparative when comparing one person or thing with another. 7 6 We use the superlative when comparing one person or thing with more than one other. My room's big. (in the house) ~v m.w.m.~ r.tj.~.~ v ~ My room's cold. (in the house) My garden's nice. (in the street) My desk is tidy. (in the office) 6.58 Adjectives with two or more syllables: 'clever', 'expensive' [> L E G 6.22-291 Study: I**I 1 Some two - syllable adjectives like happy (clever, common, narrow, pleasant, quiet, simple, stupid) have two comparative or superlative forms: - either with -er/-est She's cleverer than you. She's the cleverest person I know. Write: Give both forms where possible. She's happy. than I am ~~.~~~ ~ ~.~.W?Z ., person I have ever met &!.~.&@./W.~.~ r.haue ~ &: His work was careless. than mine in the class This problem is simple. than that one in the book This watch is expensive. than that one in the shop This engine is quiet. than mine ever built For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5C Comparative and superlative forms often confused: 'olderlelder' [> LEG 6.24 - 26, 7.4 - 5, App 121 Study: I**I 1 Further and farther refer to distance: London is five miles further/farther. Further (Not *farther') can mean 'in addition': There's no further information. 2 We use elder/eldest before a noun only with reference to people in a family: my elder brother/son, the eldest child, he's the eldest (but not *He is elder than me. ') We use older/oldest for people and things: He is older than I am. This book is older. 3 Irregular comparisons: good/well, better, the best; bad, worse, the worst; much/many, more, the most; little, less, the least. Good is an adjective; well is adjective or adverb [> 6.4AI. 4 Lesser is formed from less but is not a true comparative. We cannot use than after it. Lesser means 'not so great' and we use it in fixed phrases like the lesser of two evils. 5 LatesVlast I bought the latest (i.e. most recent) edition of today's paper. I bought the last (i.e. final) edition of today's paper. 6 The comparative and superlative of little is smaller/smallest: a small/little boy, a smaller/the smallest boy. Very young children often use littler and littlest. Write: Circle the right forms in these sentences. In some cases both forms are right. 1 Is your house muc- 2 Who is the (oldestleldest) in this class? 3 Your driving is (worse/worst) than mine. 4 It's the (lessllesser) of two evils. 5 Have you heard the (lastllatest) news? 6 We have no (furtherlfarther) information. 7 Jane Somers writes (goodlwell). 8 His (latestllast) words were: 'The end'. 9 This is the town's (oldestleldest) house. 10 My flat is (littlerlsmaller) than yours. 11 I've got (lessllesser) than you. 12 Jane is (olderlelder) than I am. 13 This is the (morelmost) expensive. 14 His English is (bestlbetter) than mine. 15 It's the (betterlbest) in the shop. 16 It's the (furthestlfarthest) point west. 17 It's the (oldestleldest) tree in the country. 18 She's my (elderlolder) sister. 19 I've got the (leastlless)! 20 You've got the (morelmost)! 6.5D Context Write: Put in the right forms. Alternatives are possible. THE CHAMP The two men were sitting at the bar. The one (near) I WWK to me was the (big) and (strong) man I have ever seen. The one (far) from me was the (small/little) and (weak) They were having the (violent) argument I had ever heard. Suddenly the little man said, 'It's a case of the (small) brain in the world fitted into the (big) head!' They were his (IasV latest) lo words. The little man didn't know what hit him as he fell to the floor. 'When Shortie wakes up, tell him that was my (better/best) l1 Karate chop,' the big man told the barman as he left. The next evening, King Karate was at the bar as usual when Shortie crept in quietly, swung his arm and the champ fell to the floor. 'When Karate wakes up,' Shortie said, 'tell him it was my (oldesVeldesf) l2 Land Rover starting handle.' King Karate was at the bar as usual! 89 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner 7.1A Adverbs with and without '-ly': 'carefully', 'fast' [> L E G 7.7, 7.13, ~pps 14, 15.11 Study: 0 1 1 An adverb adds to the meaning of a verb. Adverbs of manner tells us how something happens: How did John behave? - (He behaved) badly. I 2 We form adverbs of manner by adding -1y to an adjective: slow/slowly. After a consonant, -y changes to -i: heavy/heavily. I It was a slow train./The train went slowly. It was heavy rain./lt rained heavily. 3 We can use some words as adjectives or adverbs without adding -1y or -ily It was a fast train. -r The train went fast. Write: Supply the right adverb. Some adverbs end in -1y and some do not. 1 He's a baddriver. He drives w: 2 She's.a hard worker. She works 3 He's a fast runner. He runs 4 I'm a better player than you. I play 5 This is an airmail letter. Send it 6 He made a sudden move. He moved 7 She gave a rude reply. She replied 8 The train is early. It has arrived 9 Make your best effort. Do your 10 She's glad to help. She helps 11 He's a quick thinker. He thinks 12 She's an eager helper. She helps 13 My name is last. I come 14 The plane is very high. It's flying 15 Be careful. Act 16 The bus was late. It came 17 She was brave. She acted 18 The house was near. We went 19 What a wide window! Open it 20 1 get a monthly bill. I pay 7.1 B Study: 0 Two forms and different meanings: 'hardlhardly' [> L E G 7.14, ~pp 15.21 Write: Choose the right adverb in each sentence. 1 Farm workers have to work very && during the harvest. (hardlhardly) 2 Farm workers earn enough money to pay their bills. (hardlhardly) 3 1 got off first in the race but managed to come (lastllastly) 4 - and I'd like to thank all those who made my success possible. (lastllastly) 5 We've been receiving a lot of junk mail (latellately) 6 The postman brings my mail so I rarely see it before I go to work. (latellately) 7 I'm sure the boss thinks very of you. (highlhighly) 8 If you want to succeed, you should aim (highlhighly) 9 1 don't think you were treated very (justljustly) 10 I've been offered a job in Mexico! (jusffjustly) 11 Please don't go too the edge of the platform. (nearlnearly) 12 1 fell off the edge of the platform! (nearlnearly) For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7.1 Adverbs of manner 7.1C Adjectives which end in '-ly': 'friendly'[>~~~7.12] Study: I**( Write: Change the adjectives into adverbs or adverbial phrases in the following sentences. That was a cowardly thing to do. You acted c"t.& That was a quick response. She responded I The music was very loud. The band played far too That was a silly thing to do. You acted , The orchestra gave a lively performance. They performed She's a slow runner. She runs The singers gave a bad performance. They performed She can't control her motherly feelings. Even though he's 40, she looks after him She's a lovely teacher. She handles young children She delivered a careful speech. She spoke He looks pale and sickly. He always greets me You don't have to be so unfriendly! You needn't look at me 7.1D Context Write: Put in the missing adjectives and adverbs. Add -1y or make other changes where you need to. beautiful, best (twice), careful, cheap, early, far, fast, full, hurried, important, last, new, past, quick, rapid, silly A SPLASH OF COLOUR & ' Thursday I had an interview for a job. I got up and dressed I put on my jacket and trousers, to look my I had to travel by train, so I walked to the station which isn't from my house. I was walking quite when I saw a man just ahead painting his fence with red paint. He didn't notice me as I walked Then he turned suddenly and splashed my lo trousers! He had acted l1 and he apologized, but the damage was done. There was a big store on the corner, so I decided to buy a new pair l2 I could change on the train. 1 l3 found a nice pair, which I bought quite l4 The shop was Is so I paid l6 grabbed my shopping - bag and left. On the train, I went to the toilet to change. I took off my stained trousers and threw them out of the window. Then I opened the bag to get my " ones, but all I found was a pink woollen sweater! threw them out of the window For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 Adverbs 7.2 Adverbs of time 7.2A Points of time: 'Monday', 'this morning' [> L E G 7.21-22, ~pp 481 Study: 1 Adverbs of time tell us when something happens. 'Points of time' tell us 'exactly when': e.g. today, yesterday, this/next/last week, on Monday, at 5 o'clock. 2 We can refer to days of the week without this, last, next or on: I'm seeing him Monday. (= thislnextlon Monday). (Not *I'm seeing him the Monday. 3 I saw him Monday. (= lastlon Monday). (Not *I saw him the Monday. 3 3 This morning, etc. (Not *today morning* *today afternoon*etc.) can refer to: - now: I feel terrible this morning. - earlier: I spoke to him this morning. - later on today: 1'11 speak to him this morning. 1 4 Note: tonight, tomorrow night and last night (Not *yesterday night'). / 5 Note: the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow (in the evening), etc. / 6 We do not use the in phrases like next Monday, last Monday: I'll see him next Monday. 7 We normally put time references at the end of a sentence or clause, but we can also put them Write 1: Fill in the missing points of time. today tbmn~vw this morning at noon this afternoon this evening tonight this Monday this January this week this year Write 2: Today is Tuesday. Write sentences using the right points of time (today, etc.) Monday Tuesday Wednesday 1 When is she arriving? (Tuesday morning) sh.&.W'WW# & ~.: 2 When can you see him? (Tuesday) 3 When did she arrive? (Monday night) 4 When are you expecting her? (Wednesday night) 5 When will you be home? (Tuesday night) 6 When can I make an appointment? (Tuesday afternoon) 7 When can I see you? (Thursday) 8 When did she leave? (Monday in the evening) 9 When can I see you? ( Thursday morning) 10 When can I come to your office? (Tuesday midday) 11 When did he leave? (Monday morning) 12 When will she phone? (Wednesday in the afternoon) For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7.2 Adverbs of time 7.28 'Still' and 'yet' [> L E G 7.25,7.27] Study: I**I 1 Stilland yet mean 'until now' and we often use them with the present perfect [> 9.5AI. 2 We use stillto emphasize continuity, mainly in affirmatives and sometimes in questions: I'm still waiting for my new passport. Is Martha still in hospital? We can also use still in the negative for special emphasis: John still hasn't written to me. Still has the same position in a sentence as adverbs of frequency [> 7.4BI. 3 We use yet mainly in questions and negatives and often put it at the end of a sentence: Has your new passport arrived yet? - No, not yet. It hasn't arrived yet. Write: Rewrite these sentences supplying still or yet. Sometimes both are possible. Thc ' acc&atUzeGinema. 1 The children are at the cinema. &!&% 2 1 haven't met your brother. 3 Jim works for the same company. 4 Has she phoned you? - No, not 5 The new law hasn't come into force. 7.2C 'Already' and other adverbs of time [> L E G 7.23-24, 7.26, 7.28-291 This machine is already out of date. It's out of date already. 1 Have you had breakfast? - I've had it, thanks. ~.'fc.~.~ &&f?&: 2 1 haven't received an invitation to the party. 3 1 have received an invitation to the party. 4 Have you finished eating? 5 Haven't you finished eating? 7.2D Context Write: Put in already, immediately, this week, still, then, yesterday, yet. Use each word once only. FIT FOR HUMANS, BUT NOT FOR PIGS! I &d w there's going to be a festival of British Food and Farming in Hyde Park in London. The festival hasn't begun and farmers are bringing their animals. But a pig farmer has run into a serious problem. he arrived with his pigs from the Welsh Hills - hundreds of miles away. The pigs were very thirsty when they arrived in Hyde Park and the farmer gave them some London water. ' he got a big surprise because the pigs refused to drink the water. London water is fit for humans but not for pigs! Not fit for pigs! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 Adverbs 7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration 7.3A 'Since', 'for' and 'ago' [> L E G 7.31,7.32,9.18] Study: I**I 2 'For' + period of time answers How long? We use forto refer to periods of time: - in the past: My wife and I worked in America for five months. - in the future: John will be staying in New York for two weeks. - in the present perfect: I've known Susan for five years. [> 9.5A, 10.2DI 3 Period of time + 'ago' answers How long ago? and marks the start of a period going back from now. We use ago with the simple past [> 9.3CI: I arrived here two months ago. Write 1 : Show where since or ago will fit into these sentences. Si*tce when k 1 When have you been interested in jazz? 4 1 saw her last week and haven't seen her. 2 1 saw your mother a week. 5 1 haven't been home 1987. 3 1 started work here seven months. 6 How long did you become a director? Write 2: Show where since or forwill fit into these sentences. 1 They lived here *fwr five ye rs before moving. 4 I've been expecting a letter weeks. 2 They have lived here 1984. 5 I've been expecting a letter last week. 3 I've known him six years. 6 I've enjoyed jazz I was a boy. 7.38 'Till' (or 'until') and 'by' [> L E G 7.341 Study: I***I 1 Some verbs naturally refer to 'periods of time' or 'continuity' [> 9.5Bl: e.g. learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, stay, wait and work. 2 Till (or until) and by mean 'any time before and not later than'. We cannot use by at all with these 'continuity' verbs. (Not *I'll wait here by 5 o'clock.') We can only use till (or until) with these verbs: 1'11 wait here till (or until) 5 o'clock. I won't wait here till (or until) 5 o'clock. 3 We use by with verbs which do not refer to periods of time. We can think of these as 'point of time verbs': e.g. arrive, come, finish, go, leave: She will arrive by 5. (= any time before and not later than 5.) She won't arrive by 5. She'll arrive at 6. Write: Supply by or till. 1 I'll wait &% Monday before answering his letter. 2 1 intend to stay in bed 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. 3 Your suit will be ready Friday. 4 Your suit won't be ready Friday. You can collect it then. 5 Your suit won't be ready Friday. You can collect it next Monday. 6 I'm sure I will have left Monday. 7 Your aunt says she won't leave Monday. Monday's the day she's going to leave. 94 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration 7.3C Study: I**I Write: 7.3D Write: 'During', 'in' and 'for' [> L E G 7.351 1 During means: - either: 'from the beginning to the end': We had a lot of fun during the holidays. - or: 'at some point during a period of time': 1'11 mend the gate during the weekend. We watched a very nice film during the flight to New York. 2 We use in like during to refer to time: We had a lot of fun in the holidays. (Or: during the holidays) But we cannot use in to refer to an activity or event: We watched a film during the flight. (Not *in the flight') 3 For tells us 'how long' [> 7.3AI: We stayed in Recife for a weeklfor three weeks. (Not *during three weeks') *a': " &_:""' .'LA ,B~-"**'C - -' I' ' "' "- "' - Supply in, during and for. Show which sentences take both in and during. 1 It was very hot dcwl*t4f August. 7 Many people gave up the course. 2 1 was sent abroad my military service. 8 1 suddenly felt ill my speech. 3 It rained the night. 9 There was an accident the race. 4 1'11 see you the lunch hour. 10 1 sleep the daytime. 5 1 woke up twice the night. 1 1 I'm going abroad June. 6 1 tried to get a taxi a whole hour. 12 Can you hold your breath two minutes? Context Put in during, in, by, till, since, for or ago. PEACE AND QUIET I moved to this area seven years ' Q$?Q years I have had noisy neighbours. Ever 1 moved into this flat, I've had to put up with noise the night. I decided I'd had enough and I've been looking for a new flat the beginning of the year. I haven't found anything now. Every week I go to the local estate agent's office, but it's the same story. 'I might have something the end of the week,' he says, or, 'Wait next week. I think I might have a few flats then.' I've seen a few flats lo my search, but I don't like any of them. One flat I saw has been empty l1 two years. 'It's got a busy road on one side and a railway on the other!' I exclaimed. 'I want peace and quiet.' Last week I visited the agent again. 'I won't leave l2 you show me something,' I said. He smiled and said, 'I've got just the flat for you.' I went to see it and I was horrified. 'But it's next to a cemetery!' I cried. 'But you won't have noisy neighbours,' my agent said. You won't have noisy neighbours! For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 Adverbs 7.4 Adverbs of frequency 7.4A Position of adverbs of frequency ('often') in affirmatives and questions [> LEG 7.37-401 always, almost always, generally, usually, normally, frequently, often, sometimes, hardly ever, seldom, ever, not ever, never. 2 Adverbs of frequency have three basic positions in affirmative sentences: - after be when it is the only verb in a sentence: I am always late. - after the first auxiliary when there is more than one: I would always have been late. Write: Rewrite these sentences using any suitable adverb of frequency in each one. 1 I am late. r ctm w @: 2 1 was late for work. 3 1 can tell the difference between the two. 4 1 would have been able to find a job like yours. 5 You tried hard enough. 6 You got good marks at school. 7 Are you late? 8 Have you lived in this town? 9 Did you get good marks at school? 7.4B The position of adverbs of frequency in negative statements [> L E G 7.40.21 Study: I**I 1 These usually come after not: always, generally, normally, often, regularly, usually: Public transport isn't always (etc.) very reliable. 2 Generally, normally, often and usuallycan come after the subject for special emphasis: We normally don't worry if the children are late. 3 We use sometimes and frequently before not or before isn't, doesn't, don't, didn't, etc.: Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does. He is frequently not at home. She sometimes isn't reliable. He frequently doesn't get home till 10. 4 We can't use not to form negatives with hardly ever, etc. [> 13.2AI: He hardly ever writes. (Not 'He almost always doesn't write. 'or *He doesn't hardly ever write. ") Write: Write these sentences again using the adverbs in brackets. Make changes where necessary. 1 Public transport isn't reliable. (always) ??.& &&. .: 2 He wasn't late when he worked here. (often) 3 She doesn't arrive on time. (usually) 4 She doesn't arrive on time. (sometimes) 5 We don't worry if the children are late. (normally) 6 You don't phone. (hardly ever) 7 We don't complain. (generally) 8 You're not at home when I phone. (sometimes) 96 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org [...]... adjectives and adverbs (good, nice, well, etc.) It is generally 'less complimentary' than quite We do not use 'enough' [> 16.4BI to mean quite or fairly What's Yoko's English like ? - It's quite good ('complimentary') Not 'enough good* What's Yoko's English like? - It's fairlygood ('less complimentary') Not *enough good' We can't use fairly with some 'absolute' adjectives: Not 'fairly dead/fairly wonderful*... receptionist We also use as to give a reason [> 1.91: As the last bus had left, we walked home We use like informally to introduce a clause, especially in American English: Like I told you, it's an offer I can't refuse A lot of native speakers of English think this is wrong 112 For more material and information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2) Write:... particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1A Study: I**I Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs [> LEG 8.4,7.3.4] 1 There are many 'small words' in English such as up, down, and by which we call prepositions In fact, we use these as prepositions or adverb particles Understanding the difference between the two will help us to understand 'phrasal verbs'... on your suggestion I can't make anything of this I won't stand for your rudeness Is there anyone here to wait on us? The cost runs into millions She took to English quickly He's been sitting on my application You take after your father You can look over the house You don't have to stand over me, you know decide later . information, please visit www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 .4 Adverbs of frequency 7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence [> L E G 7 .40 .41 Study: For special emphasis, we can begin. www.tailieuduhoc.org 7 Adverbs 7 .4 Adverbs of frequency 7.4A Position of adverbs of frequency ('often') in affirmatives and questions [> LEG 7.37 -40 1 always, almost always, generally,. [> 16.4BI to mean quite or fairly. What's Yoko's English like ? - It's quite good. ('complimentary') Not 'enough good* What's Yoko's English like?