[...]... consumer From 19 78 through 19 88, the total production of chlorinated solvents in the United States declined modestly, by about 11 % After 19 88, the decline was more substantial, amounting to about 45% between 19 78 and 19 85 The decrease in the demand of chlorinated solvents during 19 78 to 19 85 reflects the production ban on 1, 1 , 1- trichloroethane (1, 1 , 1- TCA, or TCA) and Freon -1 1 3 (1, 1,2-trichloro -1 , 2,2-trifluoroethane)... Table 1. 11 (Huling and Weaver, 19 91; Montgomery, 19 92) ©2000 CRC Press LLC TABLE 1. 11 Kinematic Viscosity of Selected Solvents Chemical Trichloroethylene (TCE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) 1, 2-Dibromomethane (EDB) cis -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene trans -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane (TCA) Chloroform (TCM) 1, 2-Dichloropropane Kinematic Viscosity (cSt) 0.39 0.54 0.79 0.38 0.32 0.62 0.38 0.75 1. 3.7 VAPOR... perchloroethylene (PCE) have an ethylene or double-bonded carbon ©2000 CRC Press LLC TABLE 1. 6 Classification of Chlorinated Solvents Based on Degree of Halogenation and Volatility Halogenated Volatiles Chlorobenzene, 1, 2-dichloropropane; 1, 1-dichloroethylene; 1, 2-dichloroethane; trans -1 , 2-dichloroethylene; cis -1 , 2-dichloroethylene; 1, 1 , 1- trichloroethane; methylene chloride; 1, 1,2-trichloroethane; trichloroethylene... chloroform; carbon tetrachloride; 1, 1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; tetrachloroethylene (PCE); ethylene dibromide Halogenated Semi-Volatiles 1, 1-dichlorobenzene; 1, 2-dichlorobenzene; Aroclor -1 2 42; Aroclor -1 2 54; Aroclor -1 2 60; chlordane; dieldrin; 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol; pentachlorophenol Non-Halogenated Semi-Volatiles 2-methyl naphthalene; o-cresol; p-cresol; 2,3-dimethylphenol; m-cresol; phenol; naphthalene;... Density (g/cm3) 1. 46 1. 63 2 .18 1. 28 1. 26 1. 35 1. 49 1. 16 1. 34 1. 17 1. 59d 0.90d 1. 60 1. 44 0.91d 1. 49 1. 35e Also known as ethylene bromide and ethylene dibromide Also known as trichloromethane Also known as tetrachloromethane At 20∞C At 15 ∞C 1. 3.4 LIQUID DENSITY The density (also called specific gravity) of a substance is the ratio of its density relative to distilled water (a mass-to-volume ratio) The... Kingdom), and Solvay/Belgium (France and Italy) (European Chlorinated Solvent Association, 19 96) 1. 2.3 1, 1 , 1- TRICHLOROETHANE (1, 1 , 1- TCA, OR METHYLCHLOROFORM) 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane was created in 18 40 by the reaction of chlorine with 1, 1dichloroethane TCA was first reported in the U.S in 19 46 (U.S Tariff Commission, 19 47) In the U.S., it is produced via the chlorination of vinyl chloride derived from 1, 2-dichloroethane,... transported in groundwater due to sorption TABLE 1. 13 Boiling Point and Latent Heat of Vaporization Compound Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane (TCA) Chlorofluorocarbon -1 1 3 (CFC -1 1 3) Methylene chloride (MC) ©2000 CRC Press LLC Boiling Point (∞F) Latent Heat of Vaporization (Btu/lb) 250 18 8 16 5 11 8 10 4 90 10 3 10 2 63 14 2 1. 3 .10 HYDROLYSIS Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown... in 19 95 and 19 96 is due to the replacement of 1, 1,1trichloroethane with TCE for vapor degreasing 1. 2.2 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PCE, OR PERCHLOROETHYLENE) Tetrachloroethylene was first formulated in 18 21 (Izzo, 19 92) Global demand of PCE decreased from 513 ,000 metric tons in 19 90 to 338,000 metric tons in 19 93 The use of PCE as a precursor in the production of chlorofluorocarbon -1 1 3 (CFC -1 1 3) ceased in 19 96... (Feenstra and Cherry, 19 88) In the early 19 90s, research indicated that concentrations 1% or more of a compound’s ©2000 CRC Press LLC TABLE 1. 10 Calculated and Literature Solubilities of Chlorinated Solvents Compound Trichloroethylene (TCE) Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) 1, 2-Dibromomethane (EDB) cis -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene trans -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane (TCA) Chloroform (TCM) 1, 2-Dichloropropane... et al., 19 97): ©2000 CRC Press LLC TABLE 1. 5 Use of Methylene Chloride in the U.S and Western Europe Applications United States (19 96) Western Europe (19 94) 30 16 11 10 10 9 8 6 19 .14 — 11 .73 — 40. 71 8.67 — 17 .92 Paint stripping Adhesives Aerosols and coatings Foam manufacturing Pharmaceuticals Chemical processing Metal cleaning Miscellaneous Note: Figures are percent of total usage • NAPL (non-aqueous . 19 78 and 19 85. The decrease in the demand of chlorinated solvents during 19 78 to 19 85 reflects the production ban on 1, 1 , 1- trichloroethane (1, 1 , 1- TCA, or TCA) and Freon -1 1 3 (1, 1,2-trichloro -1 , 2,2-trifluoroethane) TCE a PCE b MC c TCA d Freon -1 1 3 e Total Vapor degreasing 47 .1 18 .1 5.8 10 6.0 17 .7 19 4.7 Drycleaning — 12 0.0 — — 2.0 12 2.0 Intermediate 7.0 80.0 — 22.5 5.3 11 4.6 Cold cleaning 14 .1 6.7 17 .2 17 .0 40.2 90.2 Electronics. Introduction 1. 2 Chronology and Use of Chlorinated Solvents 1. 2 .1 Trichloroethylene (TCE) 1. 2.2 Tetrachloroethylene (PCE, or Perchloroethylene) 1. 2.3 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane (1, 1 , 1- TCA, or Methylchloroform)