[...]... concepts and clinical relevance Springer Verlag, London, 19 95, pp 247–259 14 Holdsworth F Fractures, dislocations and fracture-dislocations of the spine J Bone Joint Surg 19 70; 52A: 15 34 15 51 15 Denis F The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries Spine 19 83; 8: 817 –8 31 Page 17 2— The Cerebral Circulation David K Menon Introduction 19 Functional... left side (two-thirds of cases) and arises between T10 and T12 in 75% of patients In 15 % it lies between T5 and T8 and in 10 % at L1 or L2 As in the cervical region, it accompanies one of the nerve roots and is known as the artery of Adamkewicz It has a characteristic hairpin appearance on angiography because it ascends up the nerve root and then splits into a large caudal and a small cranial branch when... effect of nerves and neurotransmitters Elsevier, NewYork, 19 82, pp 267–273 9 Mueller SM, Heistad DD Effect of chronic hypertension on the blood–brain barrier Hypertension 19 80; 2: 809– 812 10 Kano M, Moskowitz MA, Yokota M Parasympathetic denervation of rat pial vessels significantly increases infarction volume following middle cerebral artery occlusion J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 19 91; 11 : 628–637 11 Moskowitz... Functional Anatomy of the Cerebral Circulation 19 Microcirculatory Transport and the blood–brain Barrier 20 Measurement of rCBF 21 Physiological Determinants of RCBF and rCBV 21 Pharmacological Modulation of CBF 24 CBF in Disease 26 Mechanisms in CBF Control 28 References 29 Page 19 Introduction The brain receives 15 % of the resting cardiac output (700 ml/min in the adult) and accounts for 20% of basal oxygen... motor neurone signs and those below it, a lower motor neurone pattern Lesions of the conus itself may produce a mixed picture Page 15 Figure 1. 10 Non-union of a fracture of the dens (A) Vertebral alignment is satisfactory in extension (arrows) (B) Flexion of the neck causes subluxation of C1 on C2, thereby severely compromising the spinal canal A detailed account of the ascending and descending pathways... artery Figure 1. 1 Topography of the brain A = Angular gyrus; C = Central sulcus (Rolandic fissure); PC = Pre-central sulcus; S = Sylvian fissure There are many functions to the temporal lobe including memory, the cortical representation of olfactory, auditory and vestibular information, some aspects of emotion and behaviour, Wernicke's speech area (in the dominant hemisphere) and parts of the visual... foramen of Monro, which is situated just in front of the anterior pole of the thalamus The third ventricle is a midline slit, bounded laterally by the thalami and inferiorly by the hypothalamus It drains via the narrow aqueduct of Sylvius through the dorsal aspect of the midbrain to open out into the diamond-shaped fourth ventricle This has the cerebellum as its roof and the dorsal aspect of the pons and. .. MA, Macfarlane R Neurovascular and molecular mechanisms in migraine headaches Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev, 19 93; 5: 15 9 17 7 12 Macfarlane R, Moskowitz MA, Sakas DE, Tasdemiroglu E, Wei EP, Kontos HA The role of neuroeffector mechanisms in cerebral hyperperfusion syndromes J Neurosurg 19 91; 75: 845–855 13 Macfarlane R, Moskowitz MA The innervation of pial blood vessels and their role in cerebrovascular... examination of 700 specimen J Anat 19 06; 40: 63–70 4 Papanastassiou V, Kerr R, Adams C Contralateral cerebellar hemorrhagic infarction after pterional craniotomy: report of five cases and review of the literature Neurosurgery 19 96; 39: 8 41 852 5 Toczek MT, Morrell MJ, Silverberg GA, Lowe GM Cerebellar hemorrhage complicating temporal lobectomy Report of four cases J Neurosurg 19 96; 85: 718 –722 6 Kobayashi... Kobayashi S, Waltz AG, Rhoton AL Effects of stimulation of cervical sympathetic nerves on cortical blood flow and vascular reactivity Neurology 19 71; 21: 297–230 7 Harper AM, Deshmukh VD, Rowman JO, Jennett WB Influence of sympathetic nervous activity in cerebral blood flow Arch Neurol 19 72; 27: 1 6 8 Heistad DD, Marcus M, Busija D, Sadoshima S Protective effects of sympathetic nerves in the cerebral . w0 h0" alt="" Pa g e i Textbook of Neuroanaesthesia and Critical Care Pa g e ii DEDICATION To our patients Pa g e iii Textbook of Neuroanaesthesia and Critical Care Edited by Basil F Matta. University of Cambridge U K Pa g e iv © 2000 GREENWICH MEDICAL MEDIA LTD 13 7 Euston Road London N W1 2AA ISBN 1 90 015 1 73 1 First Published 2000 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of. University of Cambridge Director of Neurocritical Care Addenbrookes Hospital University of Cambridge U K John M Turner MBBS FRCA Consultant in Anaesthesia and Neuro-intensive Care Addenbrookes