10 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES Cellular telephones are rugged and reliable. They have to be, since their very nature dictates that they will be banged around and subjected to extremes of heat and cold in briefcases, automobiles, and other places. They rarely fail. Most of any difficulties with your cellphone will arise from the conditions under which it is used and, possibly, from your initial unfamiliarity with the equipment and with cellular systems in general. This chapter will help you to understand some of the difficulties you may encounter in using your cellular phone, and, when possible, will show you what you can do about them. BAD CONNECTIONS As with any phone system, once in a while you will get a bad connection with your cellular phone. This is particularly true in fringe areas — near the edge of a company’s area of service or where the terrain interferes with the system’s radio signals. Often it is possible to continue a conversation under poor conditions, but sometimes things get so bad that you are automatically disconnected. Disconnects occur because of signal dropouts — either your phone loses the signal from the cell site or the cell loses the signal from your phone. These two things do not always happen simultaneously ; The Cellular Connection: A Guide to Cellular Telephones, Fourth Edition. Robert A. Steuernagel Copyright  2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-31652-0 (Paper); 0-471-20340-8 (Electronic) 97 sometimes you will be able to hear the other party, but they won’t be able to hear you, or vice versa. Sometimes there is a way to tell when a disconnect is going to happen, allowing you to exit gracefully from a call before you are cut off. All phone systems — landline and cellular — provide some sort of audio feedback. That is, when you speak, you can hear a portion of the electrical signal (your end of the conversation) in the earpiece of your phone. This phenomenon is sometimes called side tone. You’re usually not conscious of this little voice whispering in your ear, but you always hear it, and it reassures you that your phone is operating properly. When you don’t hear this feedback signal, you know you’re in trouble. Those times when you pick up a phone and its dead, that ‘‘deadness’’ you hear is due to the absence of the feedback signal. Try this experiment on your home phone. Pick up the receiver, put it to your ear, and blow into the mouthpiece. You’ll hear yourself blowing in your ear, as it were. Now unplug the phone and do it again. You’ll hear the difference immediately — no feedback. Sometimes when you’re speaking on a cellular phone you’ll notice a momentary loss of feedback as you talk. This indicates either that the cell site lost your signal for a moment or that you lost its signal. Cellular phones are designed to take these momentary dropouts into account and will not disconnect unless a dropout exceeds a certain period. However, if you experience a number of dropouts one after the other, be prepared to be disconnected. Multiple dropouts are a sign that you’re in an area of poor signal reception or transmission and that there may be more, one of which may be long enough to cause the system to disconnect you, thinking you’re no longer there. Should you experience these dropouts, tell the party at the other end of the line that you may be disconnected from them abruptly and that you’ll call them back if this happens. SIGNAL DROPOUTS AND DEAD SPOTS Signal dropouts are annoying. They can ruin conversations by causing you to lose words, by having to repeat words, and by causing disconnection. Dead spots are regions where your cellular phone doesn’t work at all, and dropouts occur when you run into a series of dead spots. There isn’t much you can do about these when you 98 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES Figure 10.1 DEAD SPOTS CAN OCCUR IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN encounter them, but there are steps you can take to avoid them. What causes dropouts and dead spots? The answer lies largely in the behavior of radio waves at the frequencies used by cellular phones. At these frequencies, almost a billion cycles per second, radio waves start to act a bit like light waves. They travel in straight lines, can be weakened by water in the air (which is why UHF TV signals aren’t as strong on rainy days), and are easily reflected by man-made and natural objects (the same principle that makes radar work). For reasons that are not entirely clear, some areas are just naturally dead to radio waves. This may be due to the terrain or to disturbances in the signal path caused by objects many miles away; whatever the cause, some areas are just not good for reception or transmission at certain frequencies. Dead spots are frequently encountered in mountainous or hilly terrain and sometimes in heavily wooded areas. But they are not restricted to rural areas (see Figure 10.1). There are many dead spots in cities. These have two causes. The first is simply the blockage of signals by buildings between your phone and the cell site. Although the site antennas are located as strategically as possible for optimum coverage, there is bound to be something in the way somewhere. Dead spots also occur because of multipath reception (or just multipath), which happens when two or more signals interfere with one another. The signals may be different or they may have the same source (see Figure 10.2). SIGNAL DROPOUTS AND DEAD SPOTS 99 Figure 10.2 MULTIPATH RECEPTION Multipath reflected waves can mix with each other (and with direct signals), resulting in dead spots or badly distorted reception. One example of multipath is the ‘‘ghosts’’ on your TV screen. The original TV signal arrives at your antenna from two or more different directions. One signal comes directly from the TV station’s transmit- ter, but the others are portions of that same signal that have been reflected from buildings in your vicinity. Because the path traveled by the reflected TV or radio signals is slightly longer than that traveled by the direct signal, the reflected ones arrive at your TV antenna slightly later. Even at the speed of light, your TV set discerns the time delay and displays the picture carried by the reflected signal a minuscule fraction of a second later than that carried by the direct one, causing the ghost on the screen. Cellular telephone signals can be reflected in the same way and, since the direct and reflected waves can mix and cancel out one another, communications can thus be seriously affected (see Figure 10.3). When the peak of one radio wave mixes with the trough of 100 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES Figure 10.3 DEAD SPOTS FROM MIXED SIGNALS Where the top of a direct signal mixes with the bottom of a reflected signal, a dead spot occurs. another, the result is effectively zero — the combination results in no signal at all, or a badly distorted one. If you are at the spot where this happens, you will be in a dead spot. Depending on conditions and which frequency your conversation is currently randomly assig- ned to, dead spots can be small or huge. Dropouts happen when you pass through a number of dead spots, one right after the other. The conditions that give rise to one dead spot frequently give rise to many. What can you do about dead spots or dropout areas? Not much. If you routinely travel the same route, try changing your path by a block or so, or try not to use your phone when you’re in a trouble spot. You may find, especially in the case of multipath, that simply moving a foot or two will restore signals both ways (that’s why you can make TV ghosts shift or even disappear by adjusting an indoor antenna slightly). If this doesn’t work, you’ll just have to wait until you’re in a better place. Dead spots are frequently responsible for causing a phone’s NO SERVICE indicator to light. This light comes on not because there’s no signal in the city you’re in but because, since there’s no signal in its immediate area, it thinks it’s in a no-service area. And, in a sense, it’s right. There is, however, a bright side to the multipath phenomenon. Sometimes, even if the direct signal is blocked, you may be able to use your phone via a reflected one (see Figure 10.4). There is no rule to guide you in this, but you’ll often find that you can make and receive calls from the most unlikely places. Cellular carriers continue to find ways to provide signal in some unlikely places. Tunnels and subways have traditionally been areas SIGNAL DROPOUTS AND DEAD SPOTS 101 Figure 10.4 REFLECTED SIGNALS Even if a direct signal is blocked, your phone may be able to use a reflected signal. where no one would expect to find cellular service available. Yet, advances in technology have permitted carriers to find ways to provide coverage in these areas. One additional problem may cause you to encounter areas of poor signal. If you are heading away from a cell site and the system gets ready to hand off your call to the next, the next cell may be fully occupied on all channels with calls in progress. The signal from the current cell may continue to deteriorate beyond the point where it would normally hand off the call to the next, causing all the symptoms we’ve described earlier in this section. This condition would not occur on a regular basis, though the others might. OTHER INTERMITTENT EFFECTS When placing a call from an area of marginal service, your phone’s IN USE indicator may come on and then, after a few seconds, be replaced by the NO SERVICE indicator. This happens because, 102 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES when the phone makes contact with the cell site, it (or the cell site) decides that the signals are not good enough to maintain a connec- tion and disconnects you. There’s nothing to do about this but to move elsewhere. Similarly, you may find that, even though you can carry on conversations when passing through certain areas, you can’t place calls from them. This is because the thresholds of the cellular system are set to stop a call being initiated when the chances are that it won’t be successful, but to allow an in-progress call to continue as long as possible. Dead spots come in all sizes and intensities of deadness. ‘‘Picket fencing’’ or ‘‘flutter’’ happens when you drive quickly through alter- nate zones of strong and weak signals, causing the signal strength at your antenna (or at the cell site) to fluctuate up and down. If you slow down, the rate of flutter may also slow down. You can usually carry on a conversation under these conditions, suffering nothing other than a little annoyance until it passes. With digital service, you may experience muting instead of the sounds described here for regular analog cellular service. Even though the FM radio signals used by cellular phones are immune to most interference, you may still occasionally experience some static, particularly in some metropolitan areas. This is often due to interference from nearby powerful transmitters, such as those used by broadcast stations (New York City’s infamous Intermod Alley is located directly beneath the Empire State Building, which bristles with broadcast and other commercial service antennas). You can’t do anything about this except to get out of their way, but it’s reassuring to know that the difficulty is not being caused by your phone. Static may also interfere with your conversation when you are near the limit of a region’s coverage with no adjacent cell site to be handed off to. As the signal level drops, outside noise, normally covered up by the cell’s signal, may sneak in. Should you encounter this, tell the person with whom you are talking that you may be suddenly disconnected if the cell site signal drops so low as to be useless. Indoors is one place you might not expect to have difficulty in using your cellular phone. Yet, in certain buildings — even if they’re right under a cell-site antenna — you may find your NO SERVICE indicator lit, or find yourself disconnected when you talk while carrying your portable phone from place to place. OTHER INTERMITTENT EFFECTS 103 This is because the steel used in high-rise buildings for beams and girders, and for the reinforcing rods and mesh used to strengthen concrete, works as a radio-wave shield. Notice how the performance of broadcast-band AM and FM radios falls off in certain parts of office and apartment buildings. Reception may be good near the outside walls, especially by windows, but it becomes more difficult the deeper into the building you get. The effect is the same on cellular phones. It is these same materials, by the way, that reflect radio signals and both help reception in some areas and sometimes cause multipath interference. If you must use your cellular phone in a metal-frame building (wood-frame construction won’t faze it), try it near a window, preferably one facing in the direction of the cell site you’re using. Or try positioning your phone near or under an air-conditioning duct. The duct acts as a pipe for high-frequency radio waves; just moving your phone six inches or so in one direction or another may help you to establish a connection or clear up a noisy one. MECHANICAL OR ELECTRONIC FAILURE A time may come when your cellular phone refuses to work. Before you blame the manufacturer or dealer who sold it to you, try to find the source of the problem yourself. It may be — and usually is — something that’s completely unrelated to the phone proper, and you can often fix it yourself with a minimum of fuss. Power Problems When you turn your cellular phone on and nothing happens — no lights, no reassuring beeps as the unit checks itself out — it’s probably a lack of power. This usually happens because the battery is dis- charged or is improperly installed and making a poor connection to the phone. If your phone is powered from the cigarette lighter receptacle of your car, make sure the ignition switch is turned on. In many cars, power to the lighter is controlled by this switch, and if the ignition is off, the phone won’t work and its battery won’t charge. You may also have accidentally locked the phone, or forgotten that you locked it. If you don’t often use this feature, check the manual for the procedure to unlock it. 104 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES No Service If you find you’re getting a NO SERVICE indication when you know you’re in a good signal area, or if the operation of your phone seems to be deteriorating, the problem may be your antenna or reception. If you are using an external vehicle antenna, make sure you haven’t forgotten to replace it after removing it for a car wash or other hazard. There are occasions when areas with normally good recep- tion may have a temporary cell-site outage or a transient or indoor signal interference problem. If you can’t make a call, you may have entered the number incorrectly, or are experiencing a temporary system blockage or outage. To guard against fraud some systems require a personal identification number (PIN) code to make a call, and you may have forgotten to enter it or entered it incorrectly. A-B Switch Although the A-B switches of most phones can be programmed for a priority mode — that is, they will always look first for an A or B carrier, depending on how they are programmed, and then for the other only if there is no service from the priority carrier — it is sometimes better to lock your phone into the service you normally use at home, with no secondary choice. Then, if you roam to another city, switch it if necessary from A to B or vice versa if you have a carrier preference when roaming. This will ensure that, if you enter a spotty region within your home area, your phone will not acciden- tally lock onto the service you don’t subscribe to, which would get you no service at all, or a recording telling you to call that carrier’s business office to get service. If your phone is locked into a single A or B mode when no service is provided on that block at the moment, you will get a NO SERVICE indication. Try switching to the alternate service, just to make sure there is nothing wrong with the phone. You may get a ROAM indicator and not be able to place calls, but you will know your phone is working correctly. SERVICE AND REPAIR Even the most reliable equipment may suffer a component failure. The conditions under which some cellular phones are used, and the SERVICE AND REPAIR 105 ease with which they can be left in places where they may suffer water or heat damage, may eventually cause it to malfunction. At some time your phone may start to act up or refuse to work at all as a result of an internal electronic failure. Unless you have the training and lots of expensive test and alignment equipment to back you up, there is little you can do to correct such a failure. If, after making sure all the phone’s connections are secure and checking for other obvious sources of trouble, you decide that whatever is ailing your phone is nothing you can take care of yourself, return the unit to your dealer or to another source of reliable service. A well-equipped service shop will check out your phone, isolate the problem, and correct it in a matter of a day or two. Most cellular phones are designed on a modular basis, with various parts of their circuitry situated on individually replaceable circuit boards. Once a problem has been located, a defective module can be removed and a good one installed. Often, the phone’s warranty will cover the cost of repair. In the unlikely event that your phone has to go into the shop, your carrier may provide you with a ‘‘loaner’’ to make sure you have a phone to use until yours is repaired. It is in their interest to keep you in service as much as possible. 106 DEALING WITH OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES . either your phone loses the signal from the cell site or the cell loses the signal from your phone. These two things do not always happen simultaneously ; The Cellular Connection: A Guide to Cellular. Steuernagel Copyright  20 00 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-4 71- 316 52- 0 (Paper); 0-4 71 -20 340-8 (Electronic) 97 sometimes you will be able to hear the other party, but they won’t be able to. cause the system to disconnect you, thinking you’re no longer there. Should you experience these dropouts, tell the party at the other end of the line that you may be disconnected from them abruptly