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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater ORDER FORM © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater THE COPUBLISHERS To obtain complete publications catalogs, membership benefits, or other information, please contact each organization directly: American Public Health Association (APHA) American Public Health Association (APHA), founded in 1872, is the largest organization of public health professionals in the world, representing more than 50,000 members from 77 public health occupations The mission of APHA is to protect and promote personal and environmental health APHA brings together researchers, practitioners, administrators, teachers, and other health professionals in a unique multidisciplinary environment of professional exchange, study, and action Contact information: APHA 1015 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Phone: (202) 789-5600 Fax: (202) 789-5661 American Water Works Association (AWWA) The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is a nonprofit scientific and educational association dedicated to providing safe drinking water to the public Founded in 1881, AWWA comprises more than 54,000 water professionals worldwide Through educational and technical information programs, AWWA promotes the improvement of the quality and quantity of the drinking water supply Contact information: AWWA 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235 © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Phone: (303) 794-7711 Fax: (303) 794-7310 Water Environment Federation (WEF) The Water Environment Federation is a not-for-profit technical and educational organization, which was founded in 1928 Its mission is to preserve and enhance the global water environment Federation members are 41,000 water quality specialists from around the world, including environmental, civil, and chemical engineers, biologists, government officials, treatment plant managers and operators, laboratory technicians, college professors, students, and equipment manufacturers and distributors Contact information: WEF 601 Wythe Street Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 Phone: (703) 684-2400 Fax: (703) 684-2492 Preparation of Common Types of Desk Reagents Specified in This Book Acid Solutions Prepare the following reagents by cautiously adding required amount of concentrated acid, with mixing, to designated volume of proper type of distilled water Dilute to 1000 mL and mix thoroughly See Table A for preparation of HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3solutions Alkaline Solutions a Stock sodium hydroxide, NaOH, 15N (for preparing 6N, 1N, and 0.1N solutions): Cautiously dissolve 625 g solid NaOH in 800 mL distilled water to form L of solution © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Remove sodium carbonate precipitate by keeping solution at the boiling point for a few hours in a hot water bath or by letting particles settle for at least 48 h in an alkali-resistant container (wax-lined or polyethylene) protected from atmospheric CO2 with a soda lime tube Use the supernate for preparing dilute solutions listed in Table B Alternatively prepare dilute solutions by dissolving the weight of solid NaOH indicated in Table B in CO2-free distilled water and diluting to 1000 mL Store NaOH solutions in polyethylene (rigid, heavy-type) bottles with polyethylene screw caps, paraffin-coated bottles with rubber or neoprene stoppers, or borosilicate-glass bottles with rubber or neoprene stoppers Check solutions periodically Protect them by attaching a tube of CO2-absorbing granular material such as soda lime or a commercially available CO2-removing agent.*#(1) Use at least 70 cm of rubber tubing to minimize vapor diffusion from bottle Replace absorption tube before it becomes exhausted Withdraw solution by a siphon to avoid opening bottle b Ammonium hydroxide solutions, NH4OH: Prepare 5N, 3N, and 0.2N NH4OH solutions by diluting 333 mL, 200 mL, and 13 mL, respectively, of the concentrated reagent (sp gr 0.90, 29.0%, 15N) to 1000 mL with distilled water Indicator Solutions a Phenolphthalein indicator solution: Use either the aqueous (1) or alcoholic (2) solution 1) Dissolve g phenolphthalein disodium salt in distilled water and dilute to L 2) Dissolve g phenolphthalein in 500 mL 95% ethyl or isopropyl alcohol and add 500 mL distilled water If necessary, add 0.02N NaOH dropwise until a faint pink color appears in solution 1) or 2) b Methyl orange indicator solution: Dissolve 500 mg methyl orange powder in distilled water and dilute to L TABLES Table A: PREPARATION OF UNIFORM ACID SOLUTIONS* Desired Component Specific gravity (20/4°C) of ACS-grade conc acid Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 1.174–1.189 1.834–1.83 Percent of active ingredient in conc reagent 36–37 96–98 Normality of conc reagent 11–12 36 © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Desired Component Volume (mL) of conc reagent to prepare L of: 18N solution Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) — 500 (1 + 6N solution 500 (1 + 1)† 167 (1 + 1N solution 83 (1 + 11)† 28 8.3 2.8 Volume (mL) of 6N reagent to prepare L of 0.1N solution 17 17 Volume (mL) of 1N reagent to prepare L of 0.02N solution 20 20 0.1N solution *All values approximate †The a + b system of specifying preparatory volumes appears frequently throughout this manual and means that a volumes of the concentrated reagent are diluted with b volumes of distilled water to form the required solution Table B: PREPARATION OF UNIFORM SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS Normality of NaOH Solution Required Weight of NaOH to Prepare 1000 mL of Solution g Required Volume of 15N NaOH to Prepare 1000 mL of Solution mL 6.0 240 400 1.0 40 67 0.1 6.7 Standard Atomic Weights, 1995[Scaled to Ar(12C) = 12] The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material The standard values of Ar(E) and the uncertainties (in parentheses, following the © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater last significant figure to which they are attributed) apply to elements of natural terrestrial origin The footnotes to this Table elaborate the types of variation which may occur for individual elements and which may be larger than the listed uncertainties of values of Ar(E) Names of elements with atomic number 104 to 111 are temporary Name Symbol Atomic Number Actinium* Aluminium Americium* Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine* Barium Berkelium* Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium* Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium* Dysprosium Einsteinium* Erbium Europium Fermium* Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 83 35 48 20 98 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 66 99 68 63 100 Atomic Weight Footnotes 26.981538(2) 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) g g, r 137.327(7) 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) g, m, r g g 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.4527(9) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) g, r g 162.50(3) g 167.26(3) 151.964(1) g g m r © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Name Symbol Atomic Number Fluorine Francium* Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium* Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium* Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium* Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium* F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No 87 64 31 32 79 72 67 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 71 12 25 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 102 Atomic Weight Footnotes 18.9984032(5) 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.61(2) 196.96655(2) 178.49(2) 4.002602(2) 164.93032(3) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.80(1) 138.9055(2) g 207.2(1) [6.941(2)]† 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) g, r g, m, r g g, r g, m, r g, m g 200.59(2) 95.94(1) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) g g g, m 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.00674(7) g, r © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Name Symbol Osmium Os Oxygen O Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Plutonium* Pu Polonium Po Potassium K Praseodymium Pr Promethium* Pm Protactinium* Pa Radium* Ra Radon* Rn Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Samarium Sm Scandium Sc Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulfur S Tantalum Ta Technetium* Tc Tellurium Te Terbium Tb Thallium Tl Thorium* Th Thulium Tm Atomic Number 76 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 Atomic Weight Footnotes 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973762(4) 195.078(2) g g, r g 39.0983(1) 140.90765(3) g 231.03588(2) 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.066(6) 180.9479(1) 127.60(3) 158.92534(3) 204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2) g g g r g g, r g, r g g © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Name Symbol Atomic Number Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilennium* Unnilhexium* Unniloctium* Unnilpentium* Unnilquadium* Unnilseptium* Ununnilium Unununium Uranium* Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Sn Ti W Une Unh Uno Unp Unq Uns Uun Uuu U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 50 22 74 109 106 108 105 104 107 110 111 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 Atomic Weight Footnotes 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) g 238.0289(1) 50.9415(1) 131.29(2) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.39(2) 91.224(2) g, m g, m g g * † Element has no stable nuclides Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.94 and 6.99; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material g geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the Table may exceed the stated uncertainty m modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the Table can occur r range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise Ar(E) being given; the tabulated Ar(E) value should be applicable to any normal material Source: INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1996 Atomic weights of the elements, 1996, Pure Appl Chem 68:2339 © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations are used throughout this book: Abbreviation Referent AA A or amp AC ACS amu APHA ASTM AWWA atomic absorption ampere(s) alternating current American Chemical Society atomic mass units American Public Health Association American Society for Testing and Materials American Water Works Association BOD biochemical oxygen demand °C c Ci COD conc cpm cps degree(s) Celsius count(s) curie(s) centimeter(s), square centimeter(s), cubic centimeter(s) chemical oxygen demand concentrated counts per minute counts per second d DC diam DO DOX dpm day direct current diameter dissolved oxygen dissolved organic halogen disintegrations per minute g gram(s) cm, cm2, cm3 © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Abbreviation Referent g GC GC/MS gravity, unit acceleration of gas chromatograph gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer h HPLC hour high-performance liquid chromatography IC ICP ID IU ion chromatograph inductively coupled plasma inside diameter international unit(s) KeV kg kPa kiloelectron volt(s) kilogram(s) kilopascal L liter(s) M mole or molar meter(s), square meter(s), cubic meter(s) m, m2, m3 MCL MDL me meV mg mL mm, mm2, mm3 mol wt MPN MS mV µA maximum contaminant level method detection level milliequivalent(s) megaelectron volt(s) milligram(s) minute(s) milliliter(s) millimeter(s), square millimeter(s), cubic millimeter(s) molecular weight most probable number mass spectrometer millivolt(s) microampere(s) © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Abbreviation Referent µCi microcurie(s) µg microgram(s) µL microliter(s) µm micrometer(s) N nCi ng NIST No NTU normal nanocurie(s) nanogram(s) National Institute of Standards and Technology number nephelometric turbidity unit(s) OD outside diameter Pa pCi pg PTFE PVC pascal picocurie(s) picogram(s) polytetrafluoroethylene polyvinyl chloride rpm rps revolution(s) per minute revolution(s) per second SD SDI s sp., spp sp gr ST SVI standard deviation sludge density index second(s) species specific gravity standard taper sludge volume index TFE THM tetrafluoroethylene trihalomethane(s) © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Abbreviation Referent TOC TON TOX Toxicity terms total organic carbon threshold odor number total organic halogen see Section 8010B U USGS USP UV unit(s) U.S Geological Survey United States Pharmacopoeia ultraviolet V v/v volt(s) volume ratio W WEF WPCF watt(s) Water Environment Federation see WEF Abbreviations of periodical titles in reference lists and bibliographies are based on those given in Biosis List of Serials with Title Abbreviations, 1970 Biosciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, Philadelphia, Pa General Information Table A: UNIT PREFIXES Symbol Prefix Multiples and Submultiples M mega- 106 k kilo- 103 m milli- 10–3 µ micro- 10–6 © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Symbol Prefix Multiples and Submultiples n nano- 10–9 p pico- 10–12 Table B: METRIC-ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS Metric Unit Multipled by = English Unit m lux L cm kg g kPa 3.279 0.0929 0.2642 0.394 2.203 0.0353 0.145 ft ft-c gal in lb oz psi About Prepared and published jointly by: American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Environment Federation Joint Editorial Board Lenore S Clesceri, WEF, Chair Arnold E Greenberg, APHA © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Andrew D Eaton, AWWA Managing Editor Mary Ann H Franson Publication Office American Public Health Association 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW Washington, DC 20005-2605 Copyright Copyright 1917, 1920, 1923, and 1925 by American Public Health Association Copyright 1933, 1936, and 1946 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Copyright 1955 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Federation of Sewage and Industrial Waste Associations Copyright 1960 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Pollution Control Federation (formerly Federation of Sewage and Industrial Waste Associations) Copyright 1965, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1985, and 1989 by © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Pollution Control Federation Copyright 1992 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Environment Federation (formerly Water Pollution Control Federation) Copyright 1995 and 1998 by American Public Health Association American Water Works Association Water Environment Federation All rights reserved This publication is protected by copyright No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers 30M11/98 ISBN 0-87553-235-7 ISSN 55-1979 User Tips No Product Endorsement At several places in this text, a manufacturer’s name or trade name of a product, chemical, or chemical compound is referenced The use of such a name is intended only to be a shorthand reference for the functional characteristics of the manufacturer’s item These references are not intended to be an endorsement of any item by the copublishers, and materials or reagents with equivalent characteristics may be used © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Endnotes (Popup - Footnote) * Ascarite IIđ, Arthur H Thomas Co.; or equivalent â Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater .. .Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods. .. American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater last significant figure to which they are attributed) apply to elements of. .. American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Andrew D Eaton, AWWA Managing Editor Mary Ann H Franson Publication Office