E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course Unit 2 NOUN PHRASE 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns Issues Issues 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories of nouns 4. Pronouns Issues Issues Noun – Noun classes 1.1 Noun Noun = a word used TO NAME … • A person (E.g.: Tom, John, Bill Jones) • A thing (E.g.: bed, chair, table, house) • An animal (E.g.: cat, dog, tiger, lion) • An abstract concept (E.g.: peace, war, independence) 1/1 Noun – Noun classes 1.2 1/2 Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Common nouns See more in 4.2 - 4.4 Noun – Noun classes 1.2 1/3 Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Proper nouns Bill Clinton the Nile the UNICEF geographical names personal names names of institutions/ organizations calendar items Easter Noun – Noun classes 1.2 1/4 car cars Noun classes Noun classes Common nouns Common nouns Count Ns Count Ns Non-count Ns Non-count Ns Singular Plural Singular salt Noun – Noun classes 1.2 1/5 Common nouns Common nouns Count Ns Count Ns Non-count Ns Non-count Ns Concrete Abstract chair gold activit y beauty Noun – Noun classes Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Common nouns Count Ns Count Ns Non-count Ns Non-count Ns E.g. Tom, John Concrete Concrete Abstract Abstract 1.2 cat failure rice peace 1/6 Noun – Noun classes  Let’s check – To which classes does each of the following nouns belong to? • furniture • garden • victory • serenity • Friday 1.2 1/7 [...]... ten dollars a day… 2/ 21 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE substitute and generic function = any representative of the class E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man 2/ 22 2 .2 Reference – The articles Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases in a copular relation Noun phrases with sporadic reference Parallel structures Fixed phrases 2/ 23 2. 2 Reference – The... (3) 2/ 17 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an The referent: not mentioned before, and assumedly unfamiliar to the speaker or hearer C/f: (1) A house on the corner is for sale (2) The house on the corner is for sale 2/ 18 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Non-referring uses Substitution uses for ONE 2/ 19 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Non-referring... tigers 2/ 7 2. 2 Reference – The articles The articles Definite Indefinite Zero (Ø) E.g.: - The earth goes around the sun (definite) - He bought a new bike yesterday (indefinite) - He has just arrived in Ø London (zero) 2/ 8 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the” Immediate situation Cataphoric reference Larger situation Sporadic reference Anaphoric reference Logical use of THE With body parts 2/ 9... only) - Of the three newspapers we have in • Superlative Adjs this city, this is the best (E.g.: best, largest) 2/ 16 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ With body parts = when the possessor… • is subject (1) E.g.: - My mother complains of a pain • may be implied rather in the neck (1) - The doctor diagnosed a fracture than stated (2) of the collarbone (2) • is relevant or clear (3) - Keep...1/8 1 .2  Noun – Noun classes Let’s check • Furniture: Non-count, concrete • Garden: Count, concrete • Serenity: Non-count, abstract • Friday: Proper (calendar item) • Victory: Count, abstract Issues 1 Noun and noun classes 2 Reference and the articles 3 Grammatical categories of nouns 4 Pronouns 2/ 1 2. 1 Reference – The articles Reference Generic Specific See more in 4.16 - 4.30 Unique 2/ 2 2. 1 Reference... E.g.: John bought a new bicycle, but found that one of the wheels was defective 2/ 12 2 .2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Immediate situation = derived from the extra-linguistic situation E.g.: - The roses are beautiful (said in the garden) - Have you fed the dog? (said in the domestic context) 2/ 13 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Larger situation = general knowledge... Pole the Renaissance 2/ 14 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Logical use of THE = the unique reference explained by the logical interpretation of certain words as post-determiners and adjectives 2/ 15 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Logical use of THE • Ordinals (E.g.: first, second) E.g.: - When is the first flight to Chicago? • General ordinals - This is the only... descriptive role rather than a referring role E.g.: - What a miserable day it is! = sometimes not referring to anything in reality E.g.: - Bob wants to marry a princess who speaks five languages 2/ 19 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE numerical or quantifying function substitute and generic function 2/ 20 2. 2 Reference – The articles Indefinite articles a/an... E.g.: - John loves Mary Unique 2/ 3 2. 1 Reference – The articles Reference Generic vs Specific C/f (1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage (2) Tigers are dangerous animals 2/ 4 2. 1  Reference – The articles Specific or generic? (1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage (1) = SPECIFIC (referring to particular specimens of the class ‘tiger’ (2) Tigers are dangerous animals  (2) =... 2/ 10 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference Direct = The same head noun has occurred in the text and a relation of coreference exists between two NPs E.g.: Susan bought a TV and a video recorder, but she returned the video recorder because it was defective 2/ 11 2. 2 Reference – The articles Definite article ‘the’ Anaphoric reference Indirect = A reference becomes part . E _English Grammar Course E _English Grammar Course Unit 2 NOUN PHRASE 1. Noun and noun classes 2. Reference and the articles 3. Grammatical categories. 2. 1 2/ 1 Reference Reference Generic Generic Specific Specific Unique Unique See more in 4.16 - 4.30 Reference – The articles 2. 1 2/ 2 E.g.: - John loves Mary. Reference Reference Unique Unique proper noun Reference – The articles 2. 1 2/ 3 Reference Reference Generic Generic Specific Specific vs. C/f. (1). independence) 1/1 Noun – Noun classes 1 .2 1 /2 Noun classes Noun classes Proper nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Common nouns See more in 4 .2 - 4.4 Noun – Noun classes 1 .2 1/3 Noun classes Noun classes Proper